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The landscapes and, implicitly, the surfaces of secondary grasslands in the mountain areas have been intensively modified and transformed by humans. In this context, this paper analyses the spatial and temporal changes of grassland surfaces following the impact of human population reduction. Thus, the study proposes the implementation of the Grassland Anthropic Impact Index (GAII) as a "measurement tool" to functionally link the two components, grassland surface and human population. The spatiotemporal analyses are based on Corine Land Cover data and demographic data, processed via Geographic Information Systems (GIS) methods and the Land Change Modeler (LCM) tool. The research shows that over a period of 28 years, the population, which was continuously decreasing, caused a series of transformations to the grasslands over an area of 33343 ha. The influence of the reduction in the number of inhabitants was also demonstrated by the direction of the changes produced in the grassland surfaces: in the better populated areas, the grasslands expanded over lands with other uses, and in the sparsely populated areas, they were abandoned. GAII values generally increase with the decrease of the population in the target area, meaning that for an inhabitant (potential user) a greater grassland surface is reported, resulting in a greater responsibility for the management of this resource on a space and time scale. Following the evaluation of the trend of the last 28 years, it was observed that the depopulation of mountain areas can be seen as a threat to grassland ecosystems, either through the transition to other categories of use, or through abandonment. The implications of these phenomena are much broader: they produce chain reactions and affect other components of the regional geosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzed three genotypes of industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa L., under the aspect of fiber productivity indices in relation to plant parameters. The study took place in ARDS Lovrin, Romania. The genotypes Silvana (control), Teodora and Lv-300 were evaluated. The experiment took place under the conditions of a chernozem type soil, non-irrigated system. Several parameters and indexes were analyzed: total plant weight (TPW), stem length (SL), inflorescence length (IL), technical length (TL), middle stem diameter (MSD), dry sample weight (DSW), dry fiber content (DFC), pure fiber weight (PFW), and technical fiber (TF). The DFC index showed positive correlations with SL (r=0.708***), with MSD (r=0.712***), with DSW (r=0.739***), with TPW (r=0.546**), and with TL (r=0.399*). The PFW index showed negative correlations with TPW (r=-0.493**) and with DSW (r=- 0.373*). Technical fiber (TF) showed very strong, positive correlations with PFW (r=0.999***) and negative correlations with other parameters (e.g. with TPW, r=-0.493**, with DSW, r=-0.373*). From the comparative analysis of Teodora in relation to Silvana, average values TFT=31.355 (Teodora) and TFS=28.388 (Silvana) resulted, and the differences showed statistical certainty (t=2.5948, with p=0.013; U=72, p=0.0045; p<0.05). From the comparative analysis of Lv-300 in relation to Silvana (control), mean values TFT=29.357 (Lv-300) and TFS=28.388 (Silvana) resulted, but the differences did not show statistical certainty (t=0.763, with p=0.451; U=117, p=0.158; p>0.05). The regression analysis led to equations and graphic models that described the variation of fiber productivity indices in relation to plant biometric parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study comparatively analyzed the productivity level of 48 commercial sunflower hybrids, under the specific crops conditions of the Western Plain of Romania. The field experiment took place within ARDS Lovrin, agricultural year 2021-2022. 27 hybrids from the Imazamox class (IH; IH1 to IH27) and 21 hybrids from the Tribenuron Methyl class (TMH; TMH1 to TMH21) were cultivated. The cultivation of the 48 hybrids was carried out under the conditions of a chernozem type soil, and non-irrigated system. In the case of Imazamox class hybrids (IH), the production varied between 2012.47 kg ha-1 (IH4) and 3,545.08 kg ha-1 (IH1, and IH23). In the case of hybrids from the Tribenuron Methyl class (TMH), production varied between 2,437.64 kg ha-1 (TMH17) and 3,713.15 kg ha-1 (TMH4, and TMH19). Based on the production data recorded for each hybrid, the average value was calculated for each class of hybrids (IH-Avg=3,038.13 kg ha-1, TMH-Avg=3,287.98 kg ha-1). In order to verify whether there are differences between the two groups IH (N=27) and TMH (N=21) regarding the recorded production, the Null Hypothesis (H0) was defined. The application of the t-test for Equality of Means, led to the value of t=2.302 with p=0.02. Additionally, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was applied. The U=180 value with p=0.03 also indicated significantly different productions between the related series of the two classes of hybrids. The increase in production (kg ha-1, %) was calculated for each class of hybrids (ΔIH, ΔTMH) and a classification was made within each class. The cluster analysis facilitated the clustering of sunflower hybrids in relation to the recorded production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to use a technique based on aerial images (UAV) to wheat production estimation. The images were taken with the drone (UAV, DJI Phantom 4) at different image capture heights (ICH), in the range of 1.5 - 50 m from the ground level, and resulted in 18 sets of images (trials, T). The resized images (crop image, 1,000 x 2,000 pixels) were analyzed and the information for RGB color parameters was obtained. Very strong correlations were recorded between color parameters R and G (r=0.993), as well as between these two color parameters and ICH (r=0.940 in the case of R, respectively r=0.918 in the case of G). Based on the trials distribution in the PCA diagram and in the CA dendrogram, 14 trials (T1, T3-T6, T8-T10, T12-T14, T16-T18) were selected for Training & model construction (Tmc), and four trials (T2, T7, T11 and T15) for were used for Testing & model validation (Tmv). Through the regression analysis, a wheat production estimation model was obtained based on RGB parameters under statistical safety conditions (R2=0.999, p<0.001). Flowchart diagram of process was proposed for the present study, and the work process, respectively the obtained models can be adapted for various other agricultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to analyse the agronomic characteristics of a maize variety consisting of 20 inbred lines, which are used as germplasm sources for hybrid maize production at SCDA Lovrin. The statistical analysis and interpretation of the results were carried out using IBM SPSS software. Descriptive statistics, including mean, median, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum values, were calculated. To evaluate the significance of the differences, ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range tests, as well as Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, were performed. Pearson correlation coefficients and regression lines were determined to study the relationships between variables. The results indicate significant differences between the studied traits, such as leaf color, leaf orientation, anther color (tassel), silk color, ear position (degree), total number of leaves, number of leaves up to the main ear, and number of tassel branches. Additionally, a linear correlation was observed between the number of growing degree days (GDD) to flowering/silking and the total accumulated GDD until flowering/silking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study used the technique based on aerial images (UAV) to estimate the production of the sunflower crop, hybrid P64LE25. The experiment was organized within SCDA Lovrin, Timis County, Romania, in the 2021-2022 agricultural year, under the conditions of a chernozem type soil, non-irrigated system. The images were taken with the drone (DJI Phantom 4), at variable heights (H, 3 to 50 m). From the analysis of the digital images, the values of the RGB color parameters were obtained. The distribution of the RGB data series was of normal type (r = 0.950 for R, r = 0.960 for G and r = 0.965 for B). Very strong correlations were recorded between color parameters (r = 0.994 for R and G, r = 0.954 for R and B, r = 0.948 for G and B), and weak correlations between RGB and H. From PCA, PC1 explained 97.698% of variance, and PC2 explained 2.1027% of variance. Regression analysis facilitated the prediction of sunflower production based on RGB values, under statistical safety conditions (p<0.001; RMSEP = 1.7907 in relatin to R and G; RMSEP = 4.5869 in relation to R and B; RMSEP = 3.6978 in relation to G and B). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the analysis of 15 cultivated maize hybrids for further selection of the hybrids that present a high yield potential and favourable agronomical traits, in the context of actual climate change. The analysis and interpretation of the obtained results was performed with the help of the IBM Spss statistical software. Descriptive characteristics were calculated: average, median, standard deviation, minimum values and maximum values. In order to analyse the significant differences, the ANOVA and Duncan statistical test was applied, respectively Kruskal Wallis and Mann-Whitney. For the study of the links between the variables, the Pearson correlation coefficients and the regression lines were determined. The results are indicating the existence of significant differences between the analysed parameters Also, the results are corelated to the meteorological data, registered during the corresponding development phase of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phomopsis mali Roberts (Phomopsis fruit tree canker) is a fungus that infects the fruit tree trunks, branches and sprigs. There were described more than 60 species of Phomopsis. Every of the species is identified in general after the size of the conidia and after the host from which was isolated, the precise identification being sometimes difficult. Phomopsis is a fungus that can produce serious damages in production because it affects the fruitful sprigs. On the other hand, in case of massive attacks it can lead to the fruit trees decline. In the young orchards cultivated in ecologic super-intensive system, the young trees can die in the case of severe infections. The purpose of this research was to identify the Phomopsis fungus in an ecologic super-intensive apple orchard from Arad County (western Romania), in the first two years after the plantation. The biological material used was consisting in six samples sets (sprigs, stems, branches and roots) collected from four apple varieties (Primiera/M9, Crimson Crisp/M9, Golden Orange/M9 and GoldRush/M9). The identification of the disease and of the pathogen was done using visual and laboratory methods. In laboratory was identified the fungus with the humid chamber method and by placement of diseased tissue samples on culture medium followed by incubation at 23 - 24oC for seven days. The branches, sprigs and stems were analysed at stereomicroscope too. Under the cracked bark were identified numerous pycnidia of black colour and pear shaped, specific to the Phomopsis mali fungus. There were noticed young and old fructifications, the old ones were from the previous year or even from the precedent years. The obtained results after the visual analysis of the trees in the orchard and after the laboratory analyses highlighted the presence of the fungus Phomopsis mali. There were highlighted at the microscope the alpha and beta conidia, typical for this fungus. In the orchard all the trees were presenting symptoms specific to the Phomopsis fruit tree canker. The trees covered with numerous canker lesions were died. At the assessment time the dead trees rate on varieties was the following: Primiera – 16.5%, Crimson Crisp – 1.7%, Golden Orange – 16.1%, and Gold Rush – 17.2%. From all the analysed apple varieties only Crimson Crisp had reacted well to the attack of the Phomopsis mali fungus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benthic invertebrate communities, through the nature of their life cycle, are particularly sensitive to the stress caused by polluting discharge. Due to this aspect, the characteristics of the living environment act as an effective tool for detecting and reducing stress conditions. The present study was undertaken to investigate the density, numerical abundance and frequency of the benthic macro invertebrates in four different sampling points of the Bega River in the area of Timișoara and its surroundings, in order to indirectly evaluate the overall water quality condition and trends in the aquatic environment. A total of 20 water samples from each location were seasonally collected, processed and screened for the presence of benthic communities using the specific determination keys. Overall, ten groups of invertebrates including Oligochaeta subclass, Diptera order (larvae of the family Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae and Tipulidae), Lamelibranchiata, Hirudinea, Nematoda and Gastropoda classes; and Trichoptera, Isopoda, Coleoptera and Odonata orders were identified, with differences in the monitored parameters according to sampling points and seasons. The recorded values of the monitored parameters demonstrated different effects in urban towards rural environment, and the resulted consequences can be represented by undesired noticeable changes on the natural environment. The self-purification phenomenon of the Bega River is developing, with quite good results observable at the level of the monitored two sampling points located downstream from Timișoara. However, the overall water quality condition, is still not superior, fact proved by the absence of the most sensitive invertebrate groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the topic is to research ecological indices resulting from the analysis of zoo-benthos communities in order to use them combined as a method of diagnosing the water quality of the Bega River in the area of Timisoara. A major importance in achieving the strategy of conserving the biodiversity of benthic habitats is the study of benthos, especially for understanding the changes that occur in the qualitative parameters of zoo-benthic communities, but also their habitats under the influence of different types of anthropogenic pressures. The present study started in February 2014 and took place over a period of two years in which quantitative samples of benthos were taken seasonally. By locating the sampling stations at various representative points of the Bega River, upstream and downstream of the central area of Timisoara, it was possible to conduct a general analysis and investigation of benthic macro invertebrates communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 20 years, the demand for spelt wheat has increased rapidly and was anticipated that it will continuate to increase with a rate of about 5% annually. The demand is determined by the consumers perceptions and by the scientific proofs that highlight that spelt wheat has a higher nutritional value compared with common wheat. The purpose of this research was to determinate the Fusarium spp. contamination level of the spelt wheat grains treated with bio-fungicide in comparison with the non-treated variants. The biological material used in this research was the spelt winter wheat variety Rokosz. The obtained results after the incubation of the samples show the presence of the fungus Fusarium spp. in the spelt wheat grains from all the variants. The contamination index determined was 73% in the non-treated variant and 80% in the treated one. The insignificant difference was considered to be influenced by the fact that spelt wheat grains are covered with hull, that being the reason why the bio-fungicide doesn't adhere to the seed surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthropic impact, having various forms, negatively changes the parameters of water quality and disturbs the living environment of benthic macroinvertebrates. The purpose of the present study is to present how the main sources of pollution influence the way of life of the benthic macroinvertebrates community. 20 quantitative benthic samples were collected from different benthic areas of the Bega River water during from June 2014 to February 2017. In addition to identify all the changes that occur in the structure of macroinvertebrates community due to the activities performed by the human population. For the study to lead to conclusive results, samples were collected upstream and downstream from the main sources of pollution. Macroinvertebrates identified the macroinvertebrates and performed tests to determine the density, abundance and frequency of the samples. Based on these data, it is observed that, the presence of benthic macroinvertebrates that are sensitive to pollutants and higher-quality water in the upstream segment waters sector compared to the waters of the central segment where we identified benthic macroinvertebrates that prefer a polluted living environment. In the downstream segment, we could see that the river has a better quality, because naturally flowing on a long distance, allows an improvement in water quality through the self-purification process emphasized by the occurrence of some sensitive groups to pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to assess the impact of using specific teaching tools to students regarding the role and functions of the grassland ecosystem so that they understand the functioning of this ecosystem without anthropogenic intervention. It is important for students to know the role, structure and functioning of this ecosystem because it is one of the richest resources of semi-natural grassland still existing in Europe. These are classified as grasslands with high natural value and high biodiversity. In the sciences of life or biology, we can say that phenomena are understood by students when they can operate with the knowledge acquired in contexts other than those presented in the lesson. Also, in biology lessons we must also focus on what is useful for the further development and activity of the individual. In order to illustrate and explain the grassland ecosystem so that the students can understand and retain it, a division of methods was used, with an informational-operational, but especially participatory-nonparticipatory weight. As a case study, the present paper tried to approach the educational process, life, practical activity. The training through the case mediates a confrontation with a real life situation, authentic, taken as a typical representative example for a general state of affairs. The direct results obtained were analyzed by the increased interest of the students in the lesson about the grassland ecosystem due to the multiple attraction systems generated by its functions as landscape, habitat for rare species of animals and plants, present near houses in the form of lawn, etc. We can appreciate that in the future the presentation of lesson topics in attractive interactive forms will both as a teaching method and as content will contribute to increasing the interest of the students towards the school but you have chosen the life sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays the species Triticosecale has started to gain ground in Banatului Plain and in Romania, mainly due to the increased yields of biomass and grains in comparison with other cereals and due to the high adaptability to different climate and soil conditions. Triticale is interesting for inbreeding due to its features mainly as fodder plant. Triticale proved during time that it is sensitive to the attack of the cereals pathogens. In Banatului Plain triticale is sensitive to the attack of the fungi Puccinia striiformis (yellow stripe rust) and Drechslera tritici repentis (tan spot). In Banatului Plain tan spot appears in every year, but yellow stripe rust isn't appearing yearly due to its demand for special conditions of temperature and moisture. This research is a case study developed in the spring of year 2018 when climate conditions were favourable to the development of the fungus Puccinia striiformis. Thus, there was monitored an experimental filed comprising nine lines and one variety of triticale in conditions of natural infection. There was evaluated the resistance to this dangerous pathogen of the cereals. The biological material used was: KT 1430 - 10, KWT 13069, 202.567, KT 390, 10T70126, 08TF01, 141 TRICAL, WINTER MAX and TM 01. Attack severity was comprised between 10% (line 10 T 70126) and 90% in line 202.567 that had proved to be the most sensitive from entire experimental field. Frequency of the plants with symptoms was maximal in five triticale lines from experience (F = 100%). Winter Max variety was highlighted by a low attack frequency of 5% plants with symptoms, the lowest from the experiment. All the analysed genotypes were reacted differently to the pathogen attack. Five triticale lines have manifested high sensitivity (FS) to the attack of Puccinia striiformis. Triticale lines 08TF01 and 141Trical and the variety Winter Max have manifested a reaction of sensitivity to the pathogen (S). Moderate resistance was noticed in only one triticale line from experimental field, respectively the line 10T70126. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research carried out refers to a study of 460 individual birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) plants in order to show relations between the cultivated seeds size and the weight of the root system, on one hand, and between the radicular system and the nodosity formation capacity of the root system (number and weight), on the other hand. The results obtained have revealed the existence of direct positive relations between these properties of the birdsfoot trefoil plants. The magnitude of these attributes values is determined by the size of the seeds used for sowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the evolution of winter wheat production, between 1996 and 2018, under the influence of 25 fertilization combinations with nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen fertilizers applied have graduations of 0,30,60,90 and 120 kg active substance/ha, and of phosphorus 0, 40,80,120 and 160 kg of active substance/ha. The research carried out on a typical chernozem in the West of Romania showed that the fertilizers are well used by the winter wheat crop. During the 1996-2018 period, the influence of chemical fertilizers with nitrogen and phosphorus has been studied in a 3 years rotation (soya bean-wheatmaize). Unilateral application of nitrogen and phosphorus bring production increases within the range 573 kg grains/ha - 1016 kg/ha, nitrogen and 282 kg grains/ha - 998 kg/ha, phosphorus. The obtained results highlight the fundamental role of the combined application of the two types of fertilizers. The optimal dose of fertilizer, from an economic point of view is N88P122, with a production of 6866 kg wheat/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is a known grass for its high production capacity and feed quality under nitrogen fertilization. Optimizing fertilization can be achieved by applying the associated culture system (mixture) of Italian ryegrass with crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum). As a result of the studies carried out, in the variant with the sowing proportion of these two species of 50:50 (%), the average production of dry matter in the fertilized variant with N100 was 8.01 t/ha, and the average proportion of crimson clover participation in the floral composition of the mixture was 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was carried out in the Banat plain area, characterized by the uneven distribution of rainfall during the vegetation period. The experimental device applied included three types of simple mixtures (Lolium perenne 50% + Festuca pratensis 50%, Lolium perenne 50% + Trifolium repens 50%, Lolium perenne 50% + Lotus corniculatus 50%) and a complex mixture (Lolium perenne 30% + Festuca pratensis 30% + Trifolium repens 20% + Lotus corniculatus 20%) used both by mowing and grazing directly with sheep. The fertilization was carried out uniformly, at all experimental variants (200 kg/ha of complex fertilizers was applied at the establishment, and during the vegetation a dose of N150 was applied in fractions, before the vegetation started and after each mowing or grazing cycle). The grazing variants was carried out with young males sheep of Ţurcana breed. The floral composition of temporary grassland reacts differently to the valorification methods (mowing and grazing) because the morphological and ecophysical peculiarities of the grass and legume species are different. In case of simple mixtures, Lolium perenne is very competitive in blends with Festuca pratensis with a share of 52% in mowed variants, and 73% in grazing variants. Perennial grasses and legumes used for the simple and complex mixtures were: Timis 81 (Lolium perenne), Tampa (Festuca pratensis), Danitim (Trifolium repens), Dragotim (Lotus corniculatus). In the two years of production, the complex blend recorded the highest production of dry matter, in both uses, under conditions of balanced floral ratio between the component species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of global warming, in our country, especially in the West Plain where we conducted our experiment, the effect is clearly visible. In this situation, the autumn crops start their vegetation earlier in spring and are better in facing the summer drought. The paper aims at assessing the growth and development of species Lolium multiflorum L. under the influence of the temperatures recorded in Timişoara until the coming of winter. Thus, The Lolium multiflorum L. crop, SPRINT variety, was set up on the 25th September 2014. The sprouting took place 12 days after that, in which time the average maximum temperature was 15°C and the average minimum temperature was 12°C. The first assessment of the externalization of some characteristics (parameters) of Lolium multiflorum L. under the influence of the temperatures in the vegetation period took place 16 days after that, and the following four assessments were performed at successive seven days intervals. The research revealed that all parameters studied of species Lolium multiflorum L. increased, irrespective of the daily temperature variations in the vegetation periods analysed, and that these parameters are, to a larger or lesser extent, directly influenced by the average daily temperature (AT). Under the conditions in Timisoara in the timeframe of the experiment, there is positive correlation between the sum of temperature degrees (AD) and most characteristics assessed at Lolium multiflorum L. The total sum of temperature degrees (ADT), recorder in Timişoara, in the period under analysis, is correlated with the development of Lolium multiflorum L. plants, respectively with the increase in the main characteristics evaluated: clump height- BH, number of tillers in the clump - SN, clump weight - BW, number of leaves in a clump - LN and of course with the growth of the main root - LPR. In conclusion, the temperatures recorded at Timişoara, between September and November 2014, on a background of optimal moisture conditions, assured the growth and development of Lolium multiflorum L. plants, so these can begin winter well-rooted, with suitable height and number of tillers to survive the harsh winter conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Festuca Arundinacea is one of the most valuable fodder plants, successfully grown in Romania. Festuca Arundinacea crop quality depends on the quality of seeds, therefore vigour tests are essential, as they describe the behaviour of seeds under various growth conditions. The paper aims at assessing the quality of Festuca Arundinacea seeds and the efficiency of the methods to determine them. The biological material used consisted of Festuca Arundinacea seeds, Palma variety, stored in uncontrolled conditions, one year after harvest. The present paper assesses several seed parameters: total germination, normal seedlings, abnormal seedlings, dead seeds, seed weight, as well as the appearance of normal seedlings ( after 7 to 14 days) through three laboratory methods : BP (between paper) test ( VI, V2, V3, V4), sand S test (V5) and top of paper TP test (V6). Seed germination percentage for Palma variety ranged from 74% (V4) to 79% (VI and V6). Low germination is especially caused by the large number of dead seeds, the main cause being the improper storage conditions. According to the results of this experiment, cluster analysis showed the efficiency of the BP test, without pre-cooling, and of TP test, in emphasizing the quality characteristics of Festuca arundinacea seeds, Palma variety. Sand test S, which is actually the hardest to run, is less suitable for this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the pollution reduction project is to facilitate exchange and evaluation of interventions on environment and health exposure reduction measures on a regional level, and promote implementation of successful initiatives in Hungarian-Romanian cross-border area. One of the problems addressed by the present project is the pollution caused by the improper management of domestic and agricultural waste in the neighbouring communities of the border area. The area is evaluated by the parteners as being of community importance and will be proposed to be included the exchange of useful practices in two key areas in environmental health policy: (1) the reduction of transport-related health hazards (air pollution and noise) and (2) the improvement of the indoor environment by reducing indoor exposure to environmental health hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the article "Dynamic of Hill Grassland Floristic Composition in Spring on the Effects of Fertilizers," by Alexandru Moisuc and colleagues is presented.

The aim of this work is to analyse a case study regarding the evolution of a turfgrass surface from Timişoara (Timiş County, Romania, respectively the Queen Maria Park turfgrass. The data have been collected in 2011 year in five stages, respectively: 17 February, 18 March, 19 April, 19 May and 16 June. The observations have been realised visually using the NTEP Turfgrass Evaluation Guidelines. There have been considered the following NTEP indexes: density, texture, genetic colour, winter injury, pests and diseases resistance, drought stress and general aesthetic aspect. The ranking scale was from 0 to 9, where 0 represents the worst situation and 9 the best one. The conclusions of the research were the following: (i) the turf has bare soil spots remained after the winter, where at the beginning of spring are setting the weeds; (ii) the turf has many weeds, both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous, their control being very difficult; (iii) presence of the weeds in turf is a consequence of the inadequate execution of the maintenance works. There is recommended to apply the maintenance work at the proper moment, mainly the over-seeding at the beginning of spring, fertilisation and mowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]