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Conférence invitée; International audience

International audience; This volume is a synthesis of the Antalya International Geographical Indications Seminars that were held in 2008, 2010 and 2012 respectively. The volume seeks to contribute to the growing body of research on GIs in Turkey and around the Mediterranean through a review ans summary of the presentations and discussions from the three Seminars hosted by the Akdeniz University, Center for Economics Research on Mediterranean Countries.

International audience; In an earlier paper, we interpreted the resolution of the 2005 WTO dispute on GIs as a stalemate and suggested a shift of the balance of power in favor of the pro-GI coalition. Since then, international negotiations continue to be stalled. The record of GIs as a tool for the promotion of rural development shows that few non-European GIs have been registered. The case of Morocco illustrates the difficulties faced by a government eager to use GIs as a development instrument. International recognition of GIs is difficult. The TTIP might not resolve institutional and doctrinal GI problems.

Collective report of the Advanced Master “Forest, Nature & Society” Option “Nature and Society Management at an International level”. Teaching module “Environmental assessment of international projects on natural resource management” from 22nd of February to 27th of March 2016; The aim of this study was to inform the Geographical Indications (GI) building process in Western Balkans countries though two case studies similar enough to draw some general conclusions in a comparative perspective. Both Kosovo and Montenegro are engaged in the same convergence process with the European Union countries – through a process of acquis communautaire adoption and though an “Europeanization” dynamic. The two countries are at a different stage (potential candidate versus candidate country), however, Geographical Indications implementation is identified as a political priority in both countries for agriculture and rural development. To that end, governments are working to adapt the legal and institutional European frameworks to their national contexts. They are also working to identify some emblematic pilot’s products that could be registered as GI in a near future. Sharri Cheese in Kosovo and Pljevlja Cheese in Montenegro are two traditional livestock products, already benefiting from a local and national (and even regional) reputation based on their origin and quality, and therefore susceptible to be registered as GI. Moreover, these two pastoral products are representative of the current challenges and opportunities faced by rural mountainous territories all over Europe: rural exodus, decreasing territorial attractiveness, mutation of traditional economic activities, and erosion of natural and cultural heritage.

Document réalisé dans le cadre du programme BiodivBalkans et en partenariat avec le programme Life+ Mil'Ouv et le Parc National des Cévennes; This short report is produced within the frame of the BiodivBalkans project (2012-2016). This project is dedicated to foster rural development in mountainous regions through the construction of Signs of Quality and Origin (SIQO). One of its main outputs was to shed the light on the pastoral and localized livestock systems in Albania and in Balkan's surrounding countries, as a central issue for biodiversity conservation through the maintenance of High Nature Value farming systems. They are an important component of European agriculture not only for the conservation of biodiversity, but also for cultural heritage, quality products, and rural employment. The core experience of this project was (and still is) the creation of a Protected Geographical Indication on the "Hasi goat kid meat" based on stakeholders collective action and knowledge brokering. During that learning process and to effectively enforce the relation between rural development and biodiversity conservation, we used an original Ecological and Pastoral diagnosis method, imported from an EU Life+ program (Mil'Ouv, 2013-2017). This method was pioneered in France, then adapted and tested in Albania, in the Hasi Region first (2015), and this year on the Karaburun peninsula (2016). In both cases, an in-depth analysis of the local livestock's systems is preceding the diagnosis implementation. Pastoralism is a pretty complex issue in that sense that it deals with a high diversity of situations which need local diagnosis at different scales with a decisive implication of local actors, especially the livestock farmers. They are key players in building adequate knowledge of these local situations: problems, opportunities, trends and threats… The originality of this Ecological and Pastoral diagnosis method is precisely to work at different scales (from the pastoral massif to the ecological topo-facies) and to elaborate a practical diagnosis with a trio composed by: a naturalist, a livestock specialist and the breeder himself/ or herself. Our main objective with these field-work notes is to convince local and national institutions in charge of the Albanian natural Protected Areas (PA) that this participatory & multi-scale method is a strong way to enhance & conceive inclusive “management plans”. Indeed, most of the protected areas in Albanian and in the Mediterranean regions of the Balkans include a large share of mountainous and hilly territories where pastoral activity is a major (if not essential) element of the rural and agricultural life and economics, and as such of the environment management.

International audience; BiodivBalkans project's ambition is to identify and protect agrobiodiversity as a driver for a sustainable agricultural development in Albanian mountainous regions. In order to address the territorial dimension of local value chains, Geographical Indications (GI) was identified as a possible adequate sign of sustainability and origin to be developed. The Hasi goat (endemic breed) and its kid goat meat were selected by the project in accordance with the Albanian Ministry of Agriculture, with the support of a national Development Agency and implemented by a local NGO. To inform a successful GI building process in Albania and direct support to the value chains with a territory-based action four main points of attention have been identified by the "reflexive pole" of the project: (1) a strong delimitation of the area of origin based on geo-morphological criteria, on the agrarian system history and contemporary evolutions; (2) a detailed goat flock analysis, to better understand the situation of the breed and its outputs in term of production and also to suggest, to the authorities, possible measures of support; (3) the marketing of the breed's products, with the specific attention to the local bottlenecks in order to secure the market premium already acknowledged among Albanian actors; (4) the environmental issue, grazing practices and their relation to the quality of meat and specification to be potentially included in the book of requirement (of the GI).; Lancer une Indication Géographique sur la viande de cabri en Albanie. Les questions de la chaîne de valeur territoriale provenant d'une analyse régionale du Has-Albanie du Nord Résumé. L'ambition du projet BiodivBalkans est d'identifier et de protéger l'agrobiodiversité comme moteur de développement agricole durable. Les indications géographiques (IG) ont été identifiées comme un label de durabilité et d'origine adéquat pour le développement des zones de montagne défavorisées en Albanie. La chè-vre du Has (race endémique) et sa viande de chevreau ont été sélectionnées par le projet en lien avec le Mi-nistère albanais de l'agriculture et le soutien d'une agence nationale de développement, puis mis en oeuvre par une ONG albanaise. Pour informer un processus fructueux de construction d'IG en Albanie et renforcer une chaîne de valeur territorialisée, quatre principaux points d'attention ont été identifiés par le « pole réflexif » du programme : (1) une délimitation précise de la zone d'origine basée sur des critères géomorphologiques, l'histoire agraire et ses évolutions contemporaines ; (2) une analyse détaillée du troupeau caprin, afin de mieux comprendre la situation de la race et ses résultats en termes de production, et de proposer aux autorités des mesures de soutien ; (3) la commercialisation de la viande issue de la race locale, avec une prise en compte des obstacles locaux afin de conforter le premium dont bénéficie cette viande auprès des acteurs albanais ; (4) la question environnementale, les pratiques pastorales en lien avec la qualité de la viande, éléments qui pourront être intégrés dans un cahier des charges. Mots-clés. Albanie-Labels de qualité-Indication géographique-Systèmes de production-Chaîne de valeur.

International audience; BiodivBalkans project's ambition is to identify and protect agrobiodiversity as a driver for a sustainable agricultural development in Albanian mountainous regions. In order to address the territorial dimension of local value chains, Geographical Indications (GI) was identified as a possible adequate sign of sustainability and origin to be developed. The Hasi goat (endemic breed) and its kid goat meat were selected by the project in accordance with the Albanian Ministry of Agriculture, with the support of a national Development Agency and implemented by a local NGO. To inform a successful GI building process in Albania and direct support to the value chains with a territory-based action four main points of attention have been identified by the "reflexive pole" of the project: (1) a strong delimitation of the area of origin based on geo-morphological criteria, on the agrarian system history and contemporary evolutions; (2) a detailed goat flock analysis, to better understand the situation of the breed and its outputs in term of production and also to suggest, to the authorities, possible measures of support; (3) the marketing of the breed's products, with the specific attention to the local bottlenecks in order to secure the market premium already acknowledged among Albanian actors; (4) the environmental issue, grazing practices and their relation to the quality of meat and specification to be potentially included in the book of requirement (of the GI).; Lancer une Indication Géographique sur la viande de cabri en Albanie. Les questions de la chaîne de valeur territoriale provenant d'une analyse régionale du Has-Albanie du Nord Résumé. L'ambition du projet BiodivBalkans est d'identifier et de protéger l'agrobiodiversité comme moteur de développement agricole durable. Les indications géographiques (IG) ont été identifiées comme un label de durabilité et d'origine adéquat pour le développement des zones de montagne défavorisées en Albanie. La chè-vre du Has (race endémique) et sa viande de chevreau ont été sélectionnées par le projet en lien avec le Mi-nistère albanais de l'agriculture et le soutien d'une agence nationale de développement, puis mis en oeuvre par une ONG albanaise. Pour informer un processus fructueux de construction d'IG en Albanie et renforcer une chaîne de valeur territorialisée, quatre principaux points d'attention ont été identifiés par le « pole réflexif » du programme : (1) une délimitation précise de la zone d'origine basée sur des critères géomorphologiques, l'histoire agraire et ses évolutions contemporaines ; (2) une analyse détaillée du troupeau caprin, afin de mieux comprendre la situation de la race et ses résultats en termes de production, et de proposer aux autorités des mesures de soutien ; (3) la commercialisation de la viande issue de la race locale, avec une prise en compte des obstacles locaux afin de conforter le premium dont bénéficie cette viande auprès des acteurs albanais ; (4) la question environnementale, les pratiques pastorales en lien avec la qualité de la viande, éléments qui pourront être intégrés dans un cahier des charges. Mots-clés. Albanie-Labels de qualité-Indication géographique-Systèmes de production-Chaîne de valeur.

Conférence invitée; International audience

Conférence invitée : communication écrite; International audience; In an earlier paper we interpreted the resolution of the 2005 WTO dispute on GIs as a stalemate and suggested a shift of the balance of power in favor of the pro-GI coalition. Since then, international negotiations continue to be stalled. The record of GIs as a tool for the promotion of rural development shows that few non-European GIs have been registered. The case of Morocco illustrates the difficulties faced by a government eager to use GIs as a development instrument. International recognition of GIs is difficult. The TTIP might not resolve institutional and doctrinal GIs problems.

Terroir with legs. Challenging Geographical Indications for meat products. 25. Congress of the European Society for Rural Sociology

Cet article examine les travaux réalisés sur l’implémentation du système norvégien des Appellations d’Origine Protégées (AOP) et des Indications Géographiques Protégées (IGP). La question de départ est : que caractérisent l’application et l’utilisation du système des AOP et IGP dans une culture alimentaire qui ne connait pas le concept de terroir et où le tournant qualitatif se fonde principalement sur les initiatives gouvernementales plutôt que sur les producteurs et consommateurs ? Afin de répondre à cette question, je commence par décrire l’introduction de ce système en Norvège, et particulièrement comment les trois organisations de producteurs de pommes de terre ont obtenu des AOP ou IGP. Cela nous conduit à une double conclusion : sur un plan empirique, je montre comment les AOP et IGP ont dû être adaptées afin de convenir à un contexte et une culture alimentaire norvégiens ; sur un plan théorique, je propose un nouveau cadre conceptuel et avance que l’utilisation des AOP et IGP dans la culture alimentaire norvégienne se caractérise par un travail d’adaptation culturelle (TAC) qui consiste en la traduction de sens et la transformation de propriétés matérielles. Le TAC est mis en branle parce que la culture alimentaire norvégienne ne possède pas le concept de terroir et la valorisation de la qualité se fonde essentiellement sur les initiatives gouvernementales plutôt que sur les producteurs et consommateurs. Cette étude s’appuie sur divers matériaux empiriques tels que des documents et des entretiens. This article focuses on the work undertaken by various parties on the implementation and use of the Norwegian scheme for Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). The research question is: What characterises implementation and use of the scheme of PDO and PGI in a food culture lacking a concept of terroir and where the turn to quality is based primarily on the initiatives of governmental authorities, rather than producers and consumers? To answer this question I describe the introduction of the scheme in Norway, and specifically how three potato-producing organisations have applied for and been granted PDO or PGI. This leads to a twofold conclusion: On an empirical level, I show how PDO and PGI have to be adapted in order to fit the Norwegian context and food culture; on a theoretical level I propose an outline for a new conceptual framework, and argue that implementation and use of PDO and PGI in Norwegian food culture is characterised by food Cultural Adaptation Work (CAW) consisting of translations of meaning and transformation of material properties. CAW is put into motion because Norwegian food culture lacks a concept of terroir and the switch to focus on quality is based primarily on the initiatives of governmental authorities, rather than producers and consumers. The study is based on diverse forms of empirical material, such as document studies and interviews.

At the beginning of the current decade, more than half of the world’s population live in a tertiary agro-industrial food system founded on long value chains in which a handful of very large retail companies practice quasi-integration between the consumers and the food supply mechanism as a whole (Rastoin and Ghersi, 2010). Food is therefore on the verge of becoming a trivialized function as a result of the globalization of products mass-produced by a small number of very large multinational agribusiness groups whose strategy is founded on standardization, economies of scale and the formatting of consumer behaviour1 in a context of increasingly financialized governance. Nevertheless, in many countries, consumers are still attached to qualitative and social criteria in relation to their food. A survey conducted by BVA in France in 2006 indicated that ‘food must above all be a pleasurable experience’ (62 per cent of all answers). This concept, harking back to the most ancient civilizations (Mediterranean, Asian and pre-Columbian), is somewhat at odds with the utilitarian view of the ‘new worlds’ although when income increases, this point of view concerning the hierarchy of food attributes quickly becomes increasingly prevalent in all countries. The Eurobarometer of 2006 asserted that ‘aiming to produce healthy food presenting no risk to the population’ should be the priority for farmers (51 per cent) and for the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (41 per cent).

International audience

Résumé de la communication - Diaporama réservé lecteur IAMM. Session 14. Strategies to add value to local breeds; International audience; In less favoured areas, local breeds have not be totally replaced by "global" breeds, due to their good adaptation to specific harsh conditions : frequent droughts, necessity to move on long distances, from high mountain to lowlands conditions, etc. Nevertheless their productivity in terms of meat and/or milk is low, and does not allow livestock farmers to be competitive in global markets, unless they can extend on large land areas and manage large size flocks or herds. Small and medium livestock farmers and their communities have developed many alternative ways to survive. One of the most frequent is the elaboration of special products, of which particular characteristics are due to the region’s soil-climate-animal breed complex and to the collective, regional know-how, adapted to these conditions. These traditional products are also well adapted to the wishes and demand of local populations that have developed some sort of “consumers’ knowledge”. In the frame of trade liberalization and globalization, the distance between these producers and the potential consumers of these products is increasing. Thus “consumers’ knowledge” is weakening. It becomes more and more necessary to protect the use of the names of these products, under the threat of misuse or unfair competition. The communication presents some experiences of traditional products distinction, and explores different ways (Collective brands or Geographical Indication, among others) to achieve an efficient way to maintain these special products and keep the consumers’ trust.

International audience; This article explores what is at stake in the international conflict on geographical indications (GIs), particularly for developing countries. It first examines how the WTO panel has obliged the European Union to open its registration system to third countries and how the ongoing negotiations on GIs seem to be reaching stalemate. Initiatives showing how GIs are a key political and trade issue are identified in Turkey, India, China, Colombia and Ethiopia. Trade negotiation agendas have to handle this new balance of power, in which the reputation accompanying a good may become common.; Cet article explore ce qui est en jeu dans le conflit international sur les indications géographiques (IG), en particulier pour les pays en développement. Il examine d'abord comment le comité de l'OMC a obligé l'Union Européenne à ouvrir son système d'enregistrement aux pays tiers et comment les négociations en cours sur les indications géographiques semblent avoir atteint une impasse. Les initiatives montrant comment les IGs sont une des clés des problèmes politiques et commerciaux sont identifiées en Turquie, en Inde, en Chine, en Colombie et en Ethiopie. Les agendas des négociations commerciales ont à gérer ce nouvel équilibre du pouvoir, dans lequel la réputation du produit prend le pas sur le lien au terroir ou au produit.

La notion de production localisée recouvre une réalité particulièrement importante en France, à la fois sur le terrain, à travers la grande diversité des produits, et dans l’imaginaire des Français. Les dispositifs de valorisation dont ces produits peuvent bénéficier renforcent l’intérêt porté à certains d’entre eux. Dans un tel contexte, il importe de mieux comprendre ce qui fait leur spécificité, d’approfondir certaines notions, de mettre l’accent sur ce qui les différencie réellement. Ce sont les critères d’ordre culturel associant un lieu à une histoire et à un groupe social qui permettent d’organiser et de penser cette famille foisonnante et polymorphe.En marge des demandes formelles de protection de l’indication géographique, de nombreuses initiatives contribuent à valoriser les productions locales. Elles sont le fait d'acteurs issus d'horizon divers, dans le cadre d'actions coordonnées, sans être réellement formalisées.Tous les pays n’ont pas le même rapport au lieu. L’inscription d’un produit dans un territoire est le fruit d’un ensemble de critères au poids plus ou moins important selon l’histoire économique et sociale du pays, sa culture, les rapports de force locaux, le milieu naturel.The concept of local production is a particular reality in France, both in the field itself, home to a huge variety of such products, and in the imagination of the French people. Regional products, terroir products, local, traditional and free-range products... There are countless terms to define this uniquely varied family that is thought to add meaning and promote attachment and as such, much coveted. The protection measures now in place make some of these products seem particularly interesting. Within such a context, what matters is to understand what makes local products special, exploring certain concepts, emphasizing what really makes them different and trying to make sense of their profusion and variety. To do that, we need to look at the cultural criteria that link a place with a particular history and social group.In addition to formal procedures for the protection of geographical indications, various other initiatives also help to add value to local products. Part of coordinated (but basically unofficial) campaigns, they reflect the efforts of players from all walks of life but mainly the public sector (Ministries of Agriculture, Tourism and the Environment).Not all countries have the same relationship with place. A product’s place within a territory is determined by various factors, some more important than others depending on that country’s economic and social history, culture, local balances of power and natural environment.