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The study aims to achieve three primary objectives: (1) To identify essential components for developing an instructional package aimed at enhancing English proficiency among individuals working in the Thai music industry; (2) To design an instructional package specifically tailored to improve the English proficiency of personnel in the Thai music industry; and (3) To implement the developed instructional package and assess its effectiveness in advancing English proficiency among music industry personnel. Employing the principles in developing an ESP course, the study comprises three phases: need analysis, instructional package development, and implementation. The need analysis phase involved surveying 150 individuals employed in the Thai music industry using a structured questionnaire. The instructional package development phase enlisted the expertise of five experts to evaluate the instructional model. Finally, phase three involved administering a pre-posttest study with 30 music professionals. The results highlight the successful creation of an English instructional package based on communicative language teaching (CLT) principles, leading to significant enhancements in participants' English proficiency. The study's significance lies in its identification of English language development needs within the music profession and its provision of a practical methodology for designing specialized English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses tailored to the unique requirements of music professionals.

The author, a consultant who has worked on projects in the education, training and professional regulation arena for more than three decades, reflects on factors that make for successful interventions and sustainable project outcomes. Seven key factors are identified: (1) intellectual credibility, both in a substantive and methodological sense; (2) a consistent and explicit ethical perspective; (3) developing a comprehensive rich picture of the practice context; (4) using a 'realisation' or 'co-creation' approach to ensure that the client community has ownership of the project; (5) the development of effective systems architecture; (6) being able to act as a constitutional arbiter to maintain consistency and constancy of purpose; and (7) treating the project as a research process, both internally to build in ongoing review and evolution and externally to provide critique and position it in relation to parallel developments in the field. The importance of methodological fluency is also emphasised to develop approaches that are contextually appropriate, while cautioning against the use of over-formalised methods and processes.

Complex dynamic systems offer a rich platform for understanding the individual or the person-specific mechanisms. Yet, in learning analytics research and education at large, a complex dynamic system has rarely been framed, developed, or used to understand the individual student where the learning process takes place. Individual (or person-specific) methods can accurately and precisely model the individual person, create person-specific models, and devise unique parameters for each individual. Our study used the latest advances in complex systems dynamics to study the differences between group-based and individual self-regulated learning (SRL) dynamics. The findings show that SRL is a complex, dynamic system where different sub-processes influence each other resulting in the emergence of non-trivial patterns that vary across individuals and time scales, and as such far from the uniform picture commonly theorized. We found that the average SRL process does not reflect the individual SRL processes of different people. Therefore, interventions derived from the group-based SRL insights are unlikely to be effective in personalization. We posit that, if personalized interventions are needed, modelling the person with person-specific methods should be the guiding principle. Our study offered a reliable solution to model the person-specific self-regulation processes which can serve as a ground for understanding and improving individual learning and open the door for precision education.

We examined Finnish pre-service primary school teachers' understandings of the role of language(s) in learning mathematics and how these understandings developed during a period of teaching practice. We also examined how the participants experienced the usefulness of the ready-made multilingual digital material "Binogi" and how the teaching practice period influenced their thoughts on multilingual pedagogies. Our results indicate that the teacher training period increased awareness of linguistic challenges and of the importance of students' L1s in learning. However, some participants' views reflected monolingual ideologies, especially regarding the conditional use of L1s. Regarding linguistic support, the participants reported using visual supports and explaining vocabulary and structures. Although many participants perceived "Binogi" as beneficial and motivating, less than half used it. Some participants emphasised that the practice period reinforced their understanding of the importance of multilingual pedagogies. It is important to critically reflect on the language policies and practices of Finnish teacher education and support the dialogue between research and practice regarding a shared understanding of valuing linguistic diversity in teacher education.

A name for the field of instructional technology has long been debated. Terms such as learning design, educational technology, instructional systems design and learning systems have been used to describe the field over the past 100 years. With an exploration of the history of the field, this article rebrands the field as Knowledge Systems Design (KSD). Whether it is a knowledge of skills or concepts, knowledge is the end goal of all instruction. Systems are the processes through which knowledge is transferred to the learner. The learning processes necessary for knowledge creation must be carefully designed. Together, these three terms provide a description for an ever-changing field that transcends time and fully encompasses the transfer of knowledge in any setting.

This paper focuses on unpacking the United States Air Force's (USAF) instructional system development (ISD) model as it evolved over time to its present form. In post-World War II training, the USAF was a leader in the study and use of systematic instructional design procedures, with its early efforts often coinciding with the work of the Department of Audio-Visual Instruction (DAVI) and in collaboration with the scholars who shaped both military training and the Association of Educational Communications and Technology (AECT). This paper draws from the original research on USAF training design as well as official USAF publications, inspection reports, DAVI and AECT publications, and the Air Training Command's "Instructors' Journal." This study revealed that three distinct ISD models have existed in ISD literature. As a framework for examining the evolution of the USAF ISD model, the seven attributes on idealized design posited by Smith and Boling ("Educational Technology," 49(4), 3-17, 2009) were used.

This paper sets forth a proposal for an ecological pedagogy of embeddedness informed by place-based, challenge-based, and competency-based methodologies. While some theological institutions have begun implementing principles from competency-based models, theological educators have not adequately explored the resources within place-based and challenge-based systems. This paper will contribute to the literature on theological education in three distinct ways: first, this proposal will perform the oft-overlooked task of bringing these three pedagogical models into conversation with one another; second, this proposal will aim the outcomes and effects of the three pedagogical models toward the flourishing of the communities in which institutions are embedded; and third, this proposal will break new ground in its application of these three pedagogical systems to the context of a theological seminary.

During the global pandemic of the 2020--21 school year, school districts rapidly transitioned from the traditional in-person structure of school to distance learning. This research study sought to understand how superintendents envisioned virtual learning as an option within their school district portfolio, exploring the barriers faced in its development and making recommendations for effective implementation entering an era of post-pandemic education. This mixed-methods study was qualitative dominant research using interviews with a purposive sampling of California K--12 public school superintendents representing a variety of demographics. The quantitative data werederived from the coding of interview responses aligned to the conceptual framework provided by Peter Drucker's (1985) seven sources of innovative opportunity. Results of the study revealed examples of effective virtual learning programs as well as barriers to implementation, including changes to state legislation and the digital divide. The most frequent sources of innovative opportunity aligned to superintendent responses were identified as the unexpected and newknowledge, both scientific and non-scientific, the two sources with the most significant discrepancy of reliability, reflecting the vast discrepancy in approaches amongst surveyed superintendents. Implications for this research includes distinct recommendations for state education leaders and policy makers, including: adopting clear legislation in regards to independent study guidelines and funding formulas to support innovative approaches through virtual learning. This researchprovides superintendents, state education leaders, and policy makers unique guidance on the barriers as well as recommendations for opportunities virtual learning provides in overcoming the challenges K--12 public school districts face entering the unprecedented era of post-pandemic education.

Critical thinking is a core component of higher education teaching and learning across multiple disciplines. However, supporting students to develop critical thinking skills can be challenging due to their prior experiences of education which may have emphasised rote learning and due to the high volume of approaches available to choose from as a teacher. This paper explores a self-study action research project which took place within initial teacher education and focused on exploring approaches to critical thinking development. Data collection took place with students and included interviews, surveys and collection of class work. Additionally, critical reflections and conversations with critical friends informed the research process. Through the analysis of data which emerged from action research cycles, and in line with best practice outlined in literature, a planning tool was developed to support critical thinking instruction. The planning tool includes pre-conditions for learning necessary to ensure due attention is given to the impact of the learning environment, four lesson elements which support student critical thinking development, and an awareness of the multiple outcomes of critical thinking engagement in education.

The purpose of this study is to look into the importance of educational processes, practices, and research activities in predicting knowledge skills and competences (KSC) and employability in Indonesian higher education. A survey was used in the quantitative research approach. Respondents to this study selected 500 instructors and students from 31 universities in Indonesia that offer outstanding approved study programs. The Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology oversees all universities. Scoring and structural equation modeling were used to evaluate the data. The educational process is significantly influenced by facilities. Significant relationships have been discovered between facilities and practicum activities, facilities and research activities, practical activities and employability, research activities and employability, research activities and KSC, and practical activities to KSC. There is no significant relationship between the educational process and employability, nor between the educational process and KSC. This study's findings also show that the educational process does not mediate the effect of facilities on employability but does mediate the effect of facilities on KSC, that the effect of facilities on employability was mediated by the practical activity variable, that practical activity variables mediated the effect of facilities on KSC, and that research activity variables mediated the effect of facilities on employability. Variables related to research activity influenced the effect of facilities on KSC. This research's contribution can become literature for future research and can be used by education stakeholders to identify applicable policies to assist KSC and its graduates' employability.

The purpose of the current study is to make a detailed introduction to the Greek education system and to compare it with the Turkish education system to come up with some implications for the latter. To this end, the literature was reviewed. A general introduction was made to Greece and its education system was examined considering its goals, structure and process dimensions. Similar and different aspects of the Greek and Turkish education system were discussed and various suggestions were developed. The Greek and Turkish education systems have many similarities such as having a centralized structure, students' obligation to take a general exam to get a place at university, provision of the primary and secondary education by the state. On the other hand, these two systems differ from each in many respects such as conception of secular education, duration of compulsory education, financing of higher education, administrative structure of schools, prevalence of evening classes, appointment of principals and inspection of schools. As a result of the comparison of these two education systems, in short it can be said that: If teachers' opinions are taken into consideration in the appointment of school principals, greater importance is attached to self-assessment, development-oriented inspection is put into effect and inspectors are obliged to have a master's degree to be an inspector in Turkey, then some important contributions can be made to the development of the Turkish education system.

The authors were particularly interested in scientific conceptions shaped and systematized in subject-teaching school system proposed by J.A. Comenius, which are still actively applied in day-to-day school practice. Within the analysed ideas of J.A. Comenius the goal and the task of this paper is to present to the pedagogic public the originality and the permanence of certain didactic phenomena which can be found in the beginnings of didactics 355 years ago, as well as to confirm on a scientific level their contemporariness and topicality. According to its significant characteristics, this longitudinal research is based on the historical analysis of the contents of pedagogic literature and periodicals. The most important results obtained by this research are interpreted in the sense of evidence confirming that Comenius advocated the concept of holistic and unified educational system in his ideas. The paper refers to and presents the proposed school system, but more attention is devoted to other didactical phenomena which have marked the systematization of classes, and raised didactics to the level of science. In this paper, a special attention is paid to Comenius's constant emphasis of the need to permanently connect the school with life, as well as with the surroundings such as family, homeland, people and its culture and national traditions. Along with reported results of the analytical approach to texts, the principle of harmony of thoughts, words and actions, as well as didactical rules and the graphical quality of classes whereby permanent knowledge necessary for life is acquired, are explained. From Comenius's commitment to the pansofic (cross-disciplinary) approach in teaching all things to all men, the permanence of this implication as a maxim and principle of work in the future school life can be seen. Although from an ecclesiastical educational and cultural background, his visionary and futuristically oriented views of life and world without ecclesiastic dogmas are shown in his work. He wants to change the existing, no matter how good it may be; in his humanistic spirit he incites others to think, to be creative and original, and shows the need to introduce changes, to reform and change, instead of reconciliating with the existing. Although a Czech, he indebted the entire human race with his teaching, as over three hundred years now people have not been able to find ideas more original than his to change the current school. This paper aims at reminding us that history must be used as a basic research starting point, and incentives to discover new, so far unknown experiences, must come from it.

AHIS equation describes a new model for instructional system design and develops a system based on Merrill's Component Display Theory incorporating appropriate selection of Media, Ergonomics and Navigation Structures to produce learner engaging and effective learning outcome. A significant component of the proposed model is the integration of principles of Ergonomics having Graphic Aesthetic as one of the constituent. Graphic Aesthetic decides Unity, Proportion, Balance, Sequence, and Cohesion for interface design. Next component is selection of suitable Media as per the categorized learning content. Merrill Component Display Theory has been utilized to categorized learning content. Research shows that media effects are significant in teaching learning process. Third significant component of the model is selection of Navigation structures. Navigation structures decide learner concentration level (learner engagement), restrict them from getting disoriented in hyperspace and finally direct them to their learning objectives. Research in the field of Navigation structures reveals that it's potential for accelerating learning, when employed with well designed interfaces. Hence, time demands development of instructional model which identifies categorized learning content(pj), principles of Ergonomics for Interface Design(ej), Media selection criteria (mj) and selection of appropriate Navigation structures(nj) and improved learner engagement by calculating learner's prior knowledge level based on learner known concepts(kcs[subscript known]), familiar concepts (kcs[subscript familiar]) and new concepts(kcs[subscript new).

Institutions are applying methods and practices from data analytics under the umbrella term of "learning analytics" to inform instruction, library practices, and institutional research, among other things. This study reports findings from interviews with professional advisors at a public higher education institution. It reports their perspective on their institution's recent adoption of eAdvising technologies with prescriptive and predictive advising affordances. The findings detail why advisors rejected the tools due to usability concerns, moral discomfort, and a belief that using predictive measures violated a professional ethical principle to develop a comprehensive understanding of their advisees. The discussion of these findings contributes to an emerging branch of educational data mining and learning analytics research focused on social and ethical implications. Specifically, it highlights the consequential effects on higher education professional communities (or "micro contexts") due to the ascendancy of learning analytics and data-driven ideologies.

As the sophistication of technology is increasing, also increased the demand for quality in education. The expectation for quality has promoted broad range of products and systems, including in education. These factors include the increased diversity in the student body, which requires greater emphasis that allows a simple and dynamic model in the provision of education. For this reason, a formalized methodology known as systems theory is often applied in the industry as a management instrument, or in other words, known as systems management. The management of educational systems would be adherent to ally in reducing failure rates and quality improvement. This is possible in complex learning systems scale. Accordingly, this article aims to discuss some implications of trying to use the systems management as modern teaching methodology. (Contains 1 table and 1 chart.)

Distance education in the present Russian Federation and former Soviet Union has a long tradition that prevails to this day. The majority of students in Russia are enrolled in distance learning programs. The numbers indicate the existence of a well-established system for distance education, of which little is known in Western literature. A review of distance education research in the Anglo-American sphere showed that within the past 10 years not a single article dealing with the Russian system was published. Consequently, within international DE research Russia remains uncharted territory. The following explorative study introduces the educational and tertiary educational system and presents current statistical data while emphasizing the historical perspective to further describe how the distance education system is embedded therein. In order to discuss current practice in this field, one of the biggest higher distance education institutions in Moscow with approximately 110,000 students is used as an example. (Contains 3 tables, 4 figures and 7 footnotes.)

This study is intended to explore a complementary relationship between instructional systems design (ISD) and project management in an attempt to build a plausible case for integrating project management as a distinct course in the core of the graduate instructional systems design programs. It is argued that ISD and project management should form a symbiosis from a curriculum perspective, in a hope for the prepared instructional designers to create values for customers. An integrated view of ISD and project management is proposed, using three concepts of project management as a reasonable bridge for the integration. Challenges for the proposed view in this position paper are also stated. (Contains 1 figure and 2 footnotes.)

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) of India uses multiple media and modes for reaching out to its distant learners. For most of the programmes offered to these learners, print is the master medium and other media supplement it. Instructions for the Bachelor in Education (B.Ed.), one of the popular programmes of IGNOU, are also delivered similarly. A survey was undertaken to determine the extent of utilization of instructions provided through various media by the students of B.Ed of two Indian metropolises--Delhi and Kolkata, having high penetration of advanced communication technologies. As the students of B.Ed. happen to be teachers who are supposed to be using ICT for teaching in their schools, the survey aimed to determine whether they were also using ICT for learning. The survey was carried out with a questionnaire with closed and open ended questions. It was found that only print medium was used for learning while the other media of the multimedia package remained mostly unused. The reason for this trend was found to be mainly the perception that the print medium is sufficient for assessment purposes. Suggestions have been made that to utilize the multiple media instructional system, interesting programmes that can hook learners be developed for delivery by electronic media and that gradually ICT may be integrated into the programmes from the present supplementary mode so that complacence in using it is reduced among learners.

M. David Merrill is a leading figure in the field of educational technology and instructional design. He has been contributing to our field for about half a century. His contributions have particularly focused on instructional strategies and fundamental learning principles more than the use of educational media and their influences. He has devised a number of instructional design theories, developed technology-based instructional systems, led large-scale educational technology projects, conducted studies testing the effects of various instructional variables on different learning outcomes, and trained many researchers who have contributed to our field. Considering his major accomplishments and world-known impact in the field of educational technology and instructional design, we thought that it would be a good idea to have an interview with him. Unfortunately, I was located in Turkey and he was living in the United States so that we have conducted this interview not face-to-face but with the help of contemporary technology. We have completed the interview in several rounds. First, I sent him the questions and he replied to them. Then, I asked for more details and he provided with further elaborations. Finally, we both read and agreed on what to be published. As presented here, the interview contains information about how M. David Merrill got interested in the field of educational technology and instructional design, what important contributions he has provided over the years, how he evaluates the current status of the field, and what prospects he foresees for the future. I think that the interview gives the reader a very good flavor of M. David Merrill's professional as well as personal experiences, contributions, disappointments, and dreams about our field.

This article is intended as a companion document to the more focused report provided by the author at the 2017 American Education Research Association (AERA) Conference as part of the Technology, Instruction, Cognition & Learning Special Interest Group's Symposium on Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs). Both the AERA talk and this article focus on adaptive instructional systems (AISs) which are comprised of learners, Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), and external (non-adaptive) instructional environments. AISs tailor instructional experiences for individual learners and teams of learners based on a model of their learning needs and preferences. An exemplar of an AIS is the Generalized Intelligent Framework for Tutoring (GIFT), an open source architecture for authoring, delivering, managing, and evaluating AIS technologies (tools and methods). This article reviews desired states for AISs in the context of enhancements to GIFT capabilities. This article covers a wide range of desired states for AISs and their affiliated design goals, challenges, and emerging solutions. While we consider the review presented in this paper comprehensive, we acknowledge that it is far from exhaustive. Our primary goal is to present the state of art, potential, and practice in ITS design in order to engage the education and training community in our quest to make AISs ubiquitous.

The United States has been engaged in school reform for three decades. The federal government as well as all fifty states have passed numerous versions of reform legislation to mandate and regulate the process. Educators have adjusted their practices to the policy created by this legislation. They have also allocated hundreds of billions of dollars to implement the mandated reforms. The effort has also involved literally tens of thousands of educators and millions of students. There have been countless assessments of the results of reform legislation. None deny that student achievement nationally is about where it was when reform started thirty years ago. What has not been done throughout the three decades is any assessment of the policies that have driven the reform movement. This article proposes use of the systems theory of W. Edwards Deming to assess the educational system and offer a new set of policies that can bring about dramatically improved student achievement.

The purpose of this literature review was to determine what evidence there is that instructional designers apply ID Models, as well as to establish what other activities and processes they might use in their professional activities. Only ten articles were located that directly pertained to this topic: seven reporting on empirical research and three case descriptions recounting development experiences. All ten papers pertained to process-­based ID models. Results showed that, while instructional designers apparently do make use of process­-based ID models, they do not spend the majority of their time working with them nor do they follow them in a rigid fashion. They also engage in a wide variety of other tasks that are not reflected in ID models.

Electronic performance support systems (EPSS) can provide alternative learning opportunities to supplement traditional classroom or training strategies. Today's students may benefit from educational settings and strategies that they will use in the future. In using EPSS to nurture the development of technological literacy, workers and students can achieve higher level cognition skills while they perform tasks. Although there are unique challenges to the development and use of EPSS, efforts to overcome these challenges are becoming more widespread. (Contains 1 figure.)

This article studies the dilemma between professionalization and professionalism in the development of teaching into a bureaucratic organization in Hong Kong. Professionalization and bureaucratization are simultaneous processes. Teaching as an occupation has grown from a state of idiosyncrasy to a profession with defined boundaries. However, achieving system efficiency and technical rationality, both features of bureaucracy, could undermine or suppress teachers' individual autonomy. Thus, bureaucratization supports professionalization by raising the status of teaching, but undermines professionalism by constraining teachers' autonomy. The article examines the changing pattern of stratification and how it shaped the relationship between the professionalization, bureaucratization and professionalism of teaching in Hong Kong. It argues that teaching cannot be a true profession without realizing professionalism, and that teacher education has a central role in the drive towards it. (Contains 8 notes.)

A key notion conveyed by those who advocate for the use of data to enhance instruction is an awareness that learning analytics has the potential to improve instruction and learning but is not currently reaching that potential. Gibbons (2014) suggested that a lack of learning facilitated by current technology-enabled instructional systems may be due in part to the natural tendency of many designers to focus on the surface layers of instruction (i.e., the content and control layers), while failing to adequately design the internal (less visible) aspects (e.g., the data management layer). In this paper, we outline phases in the design process related to the data management layer that should be considered when integrating learning analytics into a technology-enabled learning system.

Scholarly studies and national reports document failure of current efforts to achieve broad, sustained adoption of research-based instructional practices, despite compelling bodies of evidence supporting efficacy of many of these practices. The authors of this paper argue that many change agents who are working to promote systemic adoption of these teaching practices use approaches that are characterized by what the authors call the "dissemination paradigm." A dissemination paradigm characterizes patterns of these current, failing efforts. Change agents, working within the dissemination paradigm, try to convince adopters that their innovations can help their students. Efforts within the dissemination paradigm have not led, and are unlikely to lead, to systemic adoption. The authors offer the "propagation paradigm" as an alternative with the potential to produce improved results. Change agents, working within the propagation paradigm, engage with adopters early and often to understand their instructional systems and interactively develop a strong product adaptable to specific contexts.