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Two-dimensional numerical simulations with the particle tracking method were conducted to analyse the dispersion behind the detonation front and its mean structure. The mixtures were 2H $_2$ –O $_2$ –7Ar and 2H $_2$ –O $_2$ of increased irregularity in ambient conditions. The detonation could be described as a two-scale phenomenon, especially for the unstable case. The first scale is related to the main heat release zone, and the second where some classical laws of turbulence remain relevant. The dispersion of the particles was promoted by the fluctuations of the leading shock and its curvature, the presence of the reaction front, and to a lesser extent transverse waves, jets and vortex motion. Indeed, the dispersion and the relative dispersion could be scaled using the reduced activation energy and the $\chi$ parameter, respectively, suggesting that the main mechanism driving the dispersion came from the one-dimensional leading shock fluctuations and heat release. The dispersion within the induction time scale was closely related to the cellular structure, particles accumulating along the trajectory of the triple points. Then, after a transient where the fading transverse waves and the vortical motions coming from jets and slip lines were present, the relative dispersion relaxed towards a Richardson–Obukhov regime, especially for the unstable case. Two new Lagrangian Favre average procedures for the gaseous detonation in the instantaneous shock frame were proposed and the mean profiles were compared with those from Eulerian procedure. The characteristic lengths for the detonation were similar, meaning that the Eulerian procedure gave the mean structure with a reasonable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inner flow containing the ignition process of a throatless and diverging (constant diverging angle α = 5 deg) rotating detonation engine (RDE) was experimentally investigated by both optical observation and pressure measurement. An RDE that had an acrylic engine wall with a length of 70 mm and an inlet diameter of 20 mm was tested under a low back pressure condition using gaseous C 2 H 4 − O 2 as the propellants. A high-speed camera captured the ignition process, of which there were two types: deflagration-to-detonation transition and direct initiation. In addition to the visualizations of the inner flow, the pressure values in an RDE with an acrylic wall were compared with those of an RDE having a stainless steel wall with 8 pressure ports in the axial direction. The comparison revealed that the RDE exhaust flow was supersonic. A strong self-luminescence and CH* luminosity area near the injector surface during combustion suggested that the short completion of detonation combustion enabled the thermal choking of the subsonic propellant gases even when the channel was diverging. Moreover, the axial position of the erosion in the acrylic wall indicated that the heat release region was near the injector surface. Finally, a theoretical flow model for the RDE was compared to the experimental data, and the results suggested that the inner flow in the RDE can be reasonably described as a quasi-one-dimensional steady flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The moisture separator reheater (MSR) is a key piece of equipment in reheat systems in nuclear steam turbines that use saturated main steam, where it helps improve turbine efficiency and suppress flow-accelerated corrosion. Fundamental to achieving a compact, reliable MSR design are methods for predicting mist separator vane performance and suppressing tube drainage instability. First, we devised a method for predicting separator performance based on the observation of mist separation behavior under an air-water test. We then developed a method for predicting performance under steam conditions from air-water test data and verified it by means of a comparison with the actual results of a steam condition test. The instability of tube drainage associated with both subcooling and temperature oscillation at turbine partial load, which might adversely affect the seal welding of the tubes to the tube sheet due to thermal fatigue, was measured on an existing unit to clarify the behavior. We then developed a technique for increasing venting steam, which had been operating at a constant flow rate, to suppress instability and verified its effectiveness. Both methods were applied to current MSR models, which were adopted for nuclear power plant turbines commercially placed in service from 1984 to 2009, and the effectiveness of the methods was demonstrated. The separator vane mist carryover rate was less than 0.1%, and tube drainage instability was suppressed, demonstrating the effectiveness of the simple design concept of a two-flow U-tube instead of the prevailing four-flow U-tube design. We put forth a new concept in the design of MSRs for 1700 MW class advanced pressurized water reactor (APWR) units based on associated technologies, along with advanced technology for the compact design of pressure vessels and multidisciplinary optimum design for evaluating heat exchanger tube bundles. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4000612]

Nobility itself induces neurite outgrowth in PC12D cells, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line like NGF and the molecular mechanism of its neurotrophic action. The results suggest that nobiletin induces neurite outgrowth by activating a cAMP/PKA/MEK/Erk/MAP kinase-dependent but not TrkA-dependent signaling pathway coupling with CRE- mediated gene transcription and may become biochemical probe for elucidation of the molecular mechanism of neuronal differentiation.

An organic thin-film-transistor (OTFT)-driven active-matrix twisted-nematic liquid crystal display (AM-TN-LCD) on a glass substrate with a solution of 160x120 pixels, 79 ppi is demonstrated. A low damage pentacene patterning technique for integration of OTFTs is developed and low temperature panel assembly process is introduced to suppress thermal stress degradation of pentacene OTFTs that are the key technologies to achieve OTFT driven AM-TN-LCD.

Gas dynamics in a simplified pulse detonation engine (PDE) was theoretically analyzed. A PDE was simplified as a straight tube with a fixed cross section. One end of the tube was closed, namely, this end was the thrust wall, and the other end was open. A detonation wave was initiated at the closed end and simultaneously started to propagate toward the open end. When the detonation wave broke out from the open end, a rarefaction wave started to propagate from the open end toward the closed end. This rarefaction wave was reflected by the closed end. By considering this rarefaction wave to be self-similar in the analysis of the interference between this rarefaction wave and its reflection from the closed end, we analytically formulated the decay portion of the pressure history at the closed end (thrust wall) without any empirical parameters. By integrating the obtained pressure history at the thrust wall with respect to time, important performance parameters of a PDE were also formulated. The obtained formulas were compared with numerical and experimental results and agreed with them very well.

Two-dimensional numerical simulations are conducted based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian method to model a gaseous detonation laden with monodispersed water droplets. The premixed mixture is a slightly diluted stoichiometric hydrogen oxygen mixture at low pressure. The outcome of the interactions of the droplet breakup with the cellular instabilities and the non-uniform flow behind the leading front is analyzed. The simulation results are also analyzed using instantaneous flow fields and Favre average profiles for water droplets. Breakup occurs mainly near the detonation front. The mean final diameter of the water droplets at the end of the breakup process is the same regardless of the initial strength of the leading shock or whether it is lower or greater than the Chapman-Jouguet value. The polydispersity comes from local phenomena behind the leading shock, such as forward jets coming from triple point collisions, transverse waves and a combination of both. The total breakup time is longer than that estimated from post-shock conditions and the present finding is in line with the previous experimental results on spray detonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detonation combustors are considered promising alternatives to conventional combustors because they offer high thermal efficiency and fast combustion. However, especially for the rotating detonation combustor, the theoretical propulsive performance has not been confirmed in experimental studies because the highly unsteady flow field hinders the measurements process. To understand the involved phenomena in more detail, a reflective shuttling detonation combustor (RSDC) with a rectangular combustion chamber was developed. The interior of the chamber can easily be visualized owing to its two-dimensional quality. Utilizing the RSDC, several combustion tests with gaseous ethylene and oxygen were conducted for different values of mass flow rates and equivalence ratios. Combustion modes from the tests were classified into four types based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of the luminous intensity of the CH* self-luminescence images captured by a high-speed camera and a band pass filter. Simultaneously, the theoretical total pressure of a conventional isobaric combustor was compared to the static pressure measured at the bottom of the RSDC chamber. For the detonation modes, the ratio between experimentally measured static pressure and the theoretical pressure varied depending on the location in the chamber owing to the distribution of the time-averaged static pressure. Furthermore, the pressure ratio of the detonation modes was up to 18% lower than that of the deflagration mode potentially owing to the flow velocity induced by the detonation waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Kawasaki and Kasahara (2019) reported that reflection point distance , which is a detonation characteristic length relevant to the diffraction process, is a useful measure; i.e., the critical condition for detonation diffraction can be universally expressed in terms of the diffraction point distance, independent of mixture stability. However, their findings were limited to their experimental conditions only. In this study, we performed high-speed visualization of processes of cylindrical (line-symmetric) detonation diffraction around a 90-degree corner for two series of experiments to obtained reflection point distances, l r , as a novel characteristic length, and examined critical conditions of reinitiation expressed in terms of the reflection point distance. In the first experimental series, stoichiometric C 2 H 2 /O 2 mixtures with 50% Ar dilution were employed, and the channel width l c was varied to 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm to investigate the influences of the boundary condition of the flow field. In the second experimental series, H 2 /O 2 , C 2 H 2 /O 2 , or C 2 H 4 /O 2 mixtures with different equivalence ratios were employed to investigate influences of the reaction systems. Our results confirmed that the channel width does not affect the reflection point distance or the critical condition. The critical condition was also independent of fuel species and equivalence ratio, and can be uniquely expressed as l r / l c = 4.0 ± 0.6 in terms of the reflection point distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internal flow structures of detonation wave were experimentally analyzed in an optically accessible hollow rotating detonation combustor with multiple chamber lengths. The cylindrical RDC has a glass chamber wall, 20 mm in diameter, which allowed us to capture the combustion self-luminescence. A chamber 70 mm in length was first tested using C 2 H 4 O 2 and H 2 –O 2 as propellants. Images with a strong self-luminescence region near the bottom were obtained, confirming the small extent of the region where most of the heat release occurs as found in our previous research. Based on the visualization experiments, we tested RDCs with shorter chamber walls of 40 and 20 mm. The detonation wave was also observed in the shorter chambers, and its velocity was not affected by the difference in chamber length. Thrust performance was also maintained compared to the longer chamber, and the short cylindrical RDC had the same specific impulse tendency as the cylindrical (hollow) or annular 70-mm chamber RDC. Finally, we calculated the pressure distributions of various chamber lengths, and found they were also consistent with the measured pressure at the bottom and exit. We concluded that the short-chamber cylindrical RDC with equal length and diameter maintained thrust performance similar to the longer annular RDC, further expanding the potential of compact RDCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purge layer of a semi-valveless pulse detonation cycle (PDC) needs to be minimized for operating at a gas-dynamic upper frequency limit. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the process of burned gas backflow for minimizing the purge layer thickness. The flow field of the semi-valveless PDC was visualized to illustrate the movement of burned gas. A combustor of length of 95 mm with a 10-mm-square cross section was used. Supercritical ethylene and oxygen gas were used as fuel and oxidizer, respectively, and the operation frequency was 604 Hz. The unsteady refilling process of the detonable mixture was modeled by an isentropic flow. In addition, the detailed burned gas blowdown process with deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) and the backflow were captured. It was shown that the retonation wave generated by the DDT process was the primary trigger of the burned gas backflow. When the duration required for the DDT process was sufficiently shorter than that of the burned gas blowdown process, it was found the latter could be reproduced with approximately 90% accuracy by one-dimensional numerical analysis without the DDT process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]