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The closed architecture of modern control systems impedes them from further development in the environment of the industrial IoT. The open control system is proposed to tackle this issue. Numerous open control prototypes have been proposed, but they do not reach high openness. According to the definition and criteria of open control systems, this paper suggests that the independence between control tasks and the independence between control tasks and infrastructures are the keys to the open control system under the industrial IoT. Through the control domain’s formal description and control task virtualization to deal with the keys, this paper proposes a new method to implement open control systems under the industrial IoT. Specifically, given the hybrid characteristic of the control domain, a hierarchical semantic formal based on an extended finite state machine and a dependency network model with the time property is designed to describe the control domain. Considering the infrastructure’s heterogeneity in the industrial IoT, a hybrid virtualization approach based on containers and WebAssembly is designed to virtualize control tasks. The proposed open control system implementation method is illustrated by constructing an open computer numerical control demonstration and compared to current open control prototypes.

ContestThe relationship between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and liver stiffness and bone mineral density (BMD) remains unclear.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate the association between MAFLD and liver stiffness and BMD in the United States population.MethodsA cross-sectional study among 2031 participants over 50 years old in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 was performed. All patients underwent vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The linear and logistic regression model were used to analyze the association between the MAFLD and liver stiffness and osteoporosis, with adjustments for known covariates. Furthermore, the sensitive analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between MAFLD and liver stiffness and whole osteoporosis (include femoral and lumbar osteoporosis).ResultsMAFLD was prevalent in the study population, with a prevalence of 50.9% for men and 40.7% for women. The multiple linear models demonstrated positive associations between MAFLD and liver stiffness and total femur BMD, femur neck BMD, trochanter BMD, intertrochanter BMD. In multiple logistic regression models, both MAFLD and significant liver fibrosis were negatively associated with femoral osteoporosis (OR=0.41, 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.63; OR=0.67, 95% CI: 0.33-1.37, respectively). Nonetheless, when BMI was adjusted, the association between MAFLD and liver stiffness and osteoporosis became insignificant. Besides, as showed in the sensitive analyses, the relationship between MAFLD and liver stiffness and whole osteoporosis were stable.ConclusionsThese results suggest that MAFLD and liver stiffness were associated with higher femoral and lumbar bone mineral density in individuals aged over 50 years. But the results may be confounded by BMI.

Interleukin (IL)-25, a cytokine of IL-17 family, can activate p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein kinases(MAPK) and Nuclear Factor(NF)-κB pathways to propagate Th2 responses. The allergic rhinitis mouse model was established by stimulating BALB/c mouse with ovalbumin (OVA). Then we detected expression of IL-25 and downstream p38MAPK and NF-κB. The expression of IL-25, p38MAPK and NF-κB were detected in the OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model. The allergic parameters, such as allergic symptoms, serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and eosinophil infiltration in the nasal mucosa were compared between OVA group and control group. OVA-induced mice displayed significantly higher allergic responses compared with the saline control group. OVA induced mice demonstrated more allergic symptoms, higher serum OVA-specific IgE levels and eosinophil infiltrations. The increased expression of IL-25, p38MAPK and NF-κB immunoreactivity were detected in epidermal cells in the OVA group. The mRNA measurement of IL-25, p38MAPK and NF-κB showed the same result. IL-25 enhances the OVA-induced allergic rhinitis by activating p38MAPK and NF-κB pathways.