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The diagnostic-model system of the tests and control norms of performance fighters in the period of precompetitive training, assures veridical and sufficient information of the fighters training grade towards the existing and q

The survey results allowed the determination of the hypothetical structure of the training level of female judokas, the emphasis being placed on the paramount importance of the technicaltactical, volitional and motor training level. At the same time, the complex of main registered indices coincides, in general, with the structure of the training level of judokas. However, the extensive investigation of the survey results notes significant differences between the training levels of the female judokas and male judokas, especially regarding the physical training level. The survey shows that the most common manifestations of the motor skills of the female judokas are: explosive force, reaction speed, movements execution speed, coordinating abilities, starting speed, specific resistance, speed resistance, muscle sensitivity, orientation in space, active suppleness, rational relaxation and the speed of a single movement. This set of indices refers only to a force capacity - explosive force - which allows us to consider this fact an essential difference of the structure investigated from that of the physical training level of the male judokas, thus making possible the presumption of the existence of considerable reserves for increasing the mastery of the female judokas, namely in the direction of developing and improving the force and speed-force. Most specialists recognize the need to make corrections in training plans based on data on the functional state of the neuromuscular system (NMS) of the female judokas in order to increase the level of special physical training and of other aspects of mastery, but are not experienced enough on how the analysis of the test results is performed for the application of concrete individual corrections in the instructive and training process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The capacity for effort and recovery in performance sports can be increased by means of modern methodological strategies. This capacity to recover after intense matches and training helps to determine the performance in soccer. Using the Yumeiho technique will accelerate the exercise capacity recovery of the soccer players specialized in central zone positions. Methods: The research was conducted with the C.S. International Băleşti team, formed of 16 players, aged 19-37 years, divided into two groups: experimental group A, n = 8 with central area players and control group B, n = 8 with players from side zones. Measurement and assessment tests: determining lactic acid level (LAC) in blood; 60 m sprinting speed motor test (ST); anaerobic lactic exercise; Gacon Test for evaluating the aerobic power; VO2max test; Dorgo Test for determining the individual recovery capacity; Sleep Quality and Efficiency Index (PSQI) and sleep duration. Means used in the recovery strategy: easy running, static stretching, cryotherapy; Yumeiho therapy was applied only to group A to accelerate the recovery. Results: The anaerobic lactic capacity was evaluated by 60 m sprint test at the beginning and the end of the research. The results highlight the increase of the sprinting speed by 0.08 s in group A (p < 0.001). The aerobic capacity evaluated by means of Gacon Test in both groups shows the value 23.7%, namely a well-prepared level (p < 0.001). VO2max value in the soccer players of group A shows 87.5% good aerobic power, while the players of group B have 50% good aerobic power (p < 0.001). The concentration of LAC after exercise has a higher value in group A (p > 0.05). The level of recovery after exercise is improved in both groups, with larger differences in group A (very good level, p < 0.001). The PSQI grew by 20.37% in group A and by 11% in group B. The sleep duration increased in both groups (p < 0.001). The results of the correlation analysis in the soccer players of group A highlight strong connections of 14.8% while in group B the value is 12.5%. Conclusion: The assessment of effort capacity in soccer players specialized in different playing positions at the beginning and the end of the research highlights the increase of the anaerobic lactic effort and aerobic effort. This assessment also shows the improvement of the individual recovery capacity. A higher PSQI and the increase of sleep duration in both groups, with greater differences of group A were found, which determined their level of capacity for effort and recovery. The use of the Yumeiho technique in the program of post-exercise recovery accelerates the aerobic and anaerobic lactic effort capacity of the soccer players specialized in the central zone positions. It positively influences exercise capacity recovery in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, child protection is a responsibility of everyone individually, respectively, children can have an essential role in ensuring their protection and of the other children, but the main responsibility rests with adults. Thus, child protection measures must have a complex and non-discriminatory character, if we refer to the fact that in some cases disabled minors may be subject to greater risks of abuse. As practice shows, currently the main forms of work in this field are the organization of contests, posters, stands, presentations and essays, as well as classes, debates and trainings on topics related to the protection of minors during sports competitions. Minors can be involved in sports activities, in order to prepare them to participate in various sports competitions on different sports events. In this context, coaches are responsible for the actions of minors during training or sports events, including the proper management of their competitive activities, in the direction of achieving sports results. Transparency and openness are essential to ensure child protection during sports events, as the risks or degree of abuse, harm can be increasingly identified among employees, volunteers, children, families and even the sports community. In the Codes of ethics, of professional conduct, sports entities must provide explicit requirements with reference to the protection of children during sports events (organized and carried out), as well as principles that establish the behavior expected from each participant (children and adults) and the prohibited ones. One is also important to establish in these codes, the method and the specific requirements regarding the collection of anti-doping samples from minors that must be strictly followed during the testing procedure. Moreover, it is a right for minor athletes to be informed of their selection for doping control, especially in the presence of an adult, so that they can request to be accompanied by a representative of their team during the sample collection procedure. The regulation and correct application of measures for the protection of minors during sports competitions must be a national priority with the reflection of this issue in state policy documents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem on the essence of the "physical culture" phenomenon is central in the sciences of physical education and sports. In recent decades, it has been given special attention, an eloquent proof being the fact that in the curricula a new discipline of study has been widely implemented: "Theory and methodology of physical culture". At the same time, there are conceptual difficulties: "physical" and "cultural" are already revealed in the initial treatment of the "physical culture" notion. It should be noted that the situation as a whole is, at the same time, paradoxical, because, in the sphere of philosophical-cultural knowledge, there is a lasting tradition of considering the physical as a basic, immanent component of physical culture itself. Practically the analysis of culture leads, always to the confrontation of the social with the material, sharpening the question regarding their real correlation, fact that arises in the broad context of the fundamental problem discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the issue of autonomy and the specifics of sports activities, kinds of rules and structures in terms of their inclusion in the sphere of important principles of national and community law. One of the main problems for each sports entity represents the assurance of an efficient management (organized and competitive) given its legitimate objectives, knowledge and application of the legal framework that regulates the activity as well as their impact on competition, as appropriate is inherent and proportionate to the objectives pursued. At the same time, the sports independence and sports organizations must be supported and protected, and their autonomy must competitively provide cohesion and participatory democracy. In national and international legislation, the autonomy of sport is treated differently. In this context, the formation of sports law, as a new branch of law will contribute to the professionalization of sports, to ensure the protection of the subjects' rights of sports activities, the sports against abusing, as well as protection against corruption and the manipulation of the competitions results on various sport events. European Council is interested in the development of sports and its regulation along with the member states, fact reflected by the approved recommendations and implemented in practice, on the principles of good governance in sport, the recognition of the autonomy of sport, the promotion of honesty in the management of the basic values of sport (specificity of democratic, ethical, efficient and responsible sports activities). The legislative framework remains one of the most acute problems in this area whereas some states provide an extensive legislation (codified) and regulations for the sports autonomy, but most of them are limited to policy statements and sports development plans. Good governance with the recognition and respect of autonomy is an important issue for sports, including sports organizations, as their management must be ensured in a sustainable manner in close collaboration with public bodies, non-profit organizations and various economic organizations (economic agents), sports equipment, manufacturers, sponsors and media. At the beginning of the 21st century, the concepts of "autonomy" and "governance" have become major issues in international, national and - sometimes - local sports debates. Thus, the issue of "sport specificity" (recognized in Europe in 2009 by Article 165 of the Lisbon Treaty), autonomy and governance was broadly addressed. Thus, these concepts are in a direct connection with the development of national and international policies in the direction of improving the management of sport and profile organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Knowledge of the fundamentals needed for the activity of scientific research in the Physical Education and Sports Science. Material. The participants in the study were 94 students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports in the University of Pitesti, study programs: Physical Education and Sports (PES), n=40, Sport and Motor Performance (SMP), n=31 and Performance in Sport (PS), n=23. The experimental study monitored both teaching activity and evaluation of the subjects, in conformity with the requirements of the course syllabus (performance standard) and the instructions on the rules of evaluation in the credit system and the grade book filling in. The assessment of knowledge focused on: course activity, seminar activity, attendance and final evaluation. The seminar activity involved the preparation of 4 papers regarding the method of bibliographic study, the historical method, the survey method (questionnaire) and the test method. Results. The following matters are presented: comparison of the weight of fulfillment of the seminar activity requirements for each study program; weight of the assessment of the fundamentals in the Research Methods discipline in bachelor's and master's degree studies. The results of the differences between the groups investigated in the field of Research Methods and Methodology in the Physical Education and Sports Science highlight the comparative analysis of the median of the groups during the elective and mandatory activity and the final evaluation (colloquium and exam). It is also noticed that at least two means differ significantly at p < 0.05 in the seminar, elective and mandatory activity; insignificant differences are observed at p>0.05. Conclusions. The knowledge of the fundamentals necessary for the activity of scientific research in the field of Physical Education and Sports Science contributed, at the end of the course, to the outlining of a dynamic and integrative vision on the main theoretical perspectives and of some concepts concerning the applied scientific research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. To study the peculiarities of changes in functional indicators and body composition parameters of mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes of strike fighting style and a number of biochemical blood indicators during two months of using different intensity training load regimes, and to determine the most informative criteria for assessing adaptive body changes in these training conditions. Methods. We examined 40 MMA athletes (men) aged 20-22, who used mainly strike fighting style in their competitive activity, and divided them into 2 research groups (A and B), 20 athletes in each group. Group A athletes used medium intensity (Ra =0:64), and group B--high intensity (Ra =0:72) training load regime. To assess the adaptive body changes we applied methods of control testing of maximum muscle strength growth (1 RM), special training (the number of accurate kicks on the mannequin for 30 s), and bioimpedansometry. By monitoring biochemical parameters (testosterone, cortisol, creatinine, phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, LDH) in the blood serum of athletes, we determined the peculiarities of adaptive-compensatory body reactions in response to training loads. Results. The obtained results of special training increased during the study period by an average of 10.5% in group B athletes, but group A participants' results had no significant changes compared to basal data. The largest increase in the development of maximum muscle strength growth by an average of 44.4% was recorded after 2 months of research in group B. Group B athletes also had positive changes in body fat and fat-free mass indicators during the study which were two times higher than the results of group A. The laboratory studies and correlation analysis showed informative biochemical markers (cortisol, testosterone and creatinine) for assessing the condition of athletes in both groups before using high and medium training load regimes. The biochemical markers for assessing the adaptive-compensatory reactions of athletes in response to high-intensity physical stimuli at the beginning of the study were indicators of LDH and cholesterol, and in conditions of medium intensity it was LDH, testosterone and cortisol. After 2 months of study the set of biochemical markers assessing the adaptation processes before the load completely changed only in group B athletes and consisted of LDH, phosphorus, cholesterol, and calcium. At the same time, the set of biochemical criteria for assessing adaptive-compensatory reactions after training in group B athletes was completely changed compared with the data recorded at the beginning of the study. Conclusion. Defining the optimal set of criteria for assessing the adaptive-compensatory changes inMMAathletes of strike fighting style will allow in the shortest possible time to correct the parameters of the training load regime for accelerating the body functionality in the process of special power training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The evaluation of the functional state of the neuromuscular system (NMS) in elite female judokas according to the muscular activity indices is influenced by the force (F) and force-velocity (F-V) efforts. The implementation of the individual correction plan in the elite female judokas' process of instruction and training must be based on the accurate determination of the force and force-velocity effort areas throughout the training and competitive periods. Methods. The research involved 44 elite female judokas, divided in to two experimental groups (A, C) and two control groups (B, D). To diagnose the NMS, 21 elite female judokas were evaluated, belonging to different classification categories, divided into three groups: group I--category I (Cat. I), group II--candidates for Masters of Sports (CMS) and group III-Masters of Sports (MS). The evaluation of NMS was performed at the end of each two-week cycle, using 3 tests: Tmax--time to reach the maximum muscle contraction, (msec); Fy -examination of elasticity indices in different muscles, (Hz); J-explosive muscular strength, (kg/s). Measurements were made for six muscle groups and 9 indices of fitness tests: 5 force tests (F) and 4 force-velocity tests (F-V). The research was carried out during 24 cycles, each one lasting two weeks: 12 training cycles and 12 competitive ones. Each cycle lasted two weeks. During the research, the model plan of training for F and F-V was used, determining the optimal areas of F and F-V training efforts in the preparation and competitive periods. In the experimental groups (A and C), according to the data of judokas' NMS functional state evaluation, the individual correction of the F and F-V efforts was performed every two weeks. As for the control groups (B, D), traditional methods of training were used. Results. The NMS evaluation of the female judokas was made every two weeks and the level of correlation of Tmax, Fy and J indices was determined. The value of the Fy index at F effort is 32% in group I, 30% - in group II, 27% - in group III, 28-30% at the effort of F-V. The total number of corrections in group A: 79 negative corrections and 59 positive corrections, while in group C: 65 negative corrections and 89 positive ones. Within the F-V effort, the number of effort corrections in group A was: 68 negative corrections and 92 positive; in group C - 81 positive and 78 negative corrections. The female judokas' results in the final stage of EG-A were significantly improved in F indices by 52.15%, F-V by 6.22% and 6.18%. In the EG-C, the F increased considerably by 7.52%, F-V by 5.67% and 7.20%. These results characterize the level of physical training. Conclusion. The functional state of the NMS in elite judokas, determined according to the temporal indices of reaching the maximal muscular contraction, the muscle explosive strength and the muscles elasticity, is subjected to dynamics under the influence of force effort and force-velocity effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the organization of the interaction of higher education institutions and social partners, responds to the "modern challenges" of the information society and knowledge, determining the development trends of the vocational education system. The analysis, generalization and systematization of the literature, the study of modern pedagogical experience, made possible the determination of conceptual bases and approaches for building a pedagogical integrated - operational model of managerial - legislative - sports training of specialists in the field of physical culture and sports. The model is based on systemic approaches, individual activities and research of specialists, the principles and objectives being focused on inclusive skills training and on the orientation of professional training on motivational, value, cognitive and reflexive components. The pedagogical integrated - operational model of managerial - legislative - sports training involves a certain organization of the educational process and the creation of individual or group pedagogical conditions for professional development focused on ways to solve problems identified in professional context, as well as focusing on creative achievement and innovation of professional activities. The professional training of future specialists in the field is focused on an internal process (because a person can acquire skills or learn through his own activity) and an external process (by creating adequate informational and educational conditions). In order to design the integrated - operational model of managerial - legislative - sports training of future specialists in the field, it was important to determine the essence of professional training, its place in the professional development of the personality of a specialist in the field and to identify factors influencing this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motor action is the most important object of study in the sports sciences, where most of the times is analyzed in terms of positivism. It is found that such an analysis is generally constructive; however on the general-conceptual level is insufficient. The philosophical-anthropological approach, where the motor action is researched as a human act performed on a large scale is much more appropriate. This approach allows studying the basic particularities of the motor action, where in the sports sciences, usually remain out of the way of researcher attention: the spontaneity of the motor activity, the ethical character of the space where the motor action is performed, etc. In the article, the opinion on the necessity and possibility of the modernization of sports sciences is argued from philosophical-anthropological approach point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Good governance in sport is an essential condition for the Olympic and sports movement in order to sustain its autonomy. Several sports organizations have established special regulations and codes of conduct, which aim to improve the self-government of sports activities. Self-regulation and good practice are essential for maintaining and developing good sports governance. However, recent surveys seem to indicate that the principles of good governance in sport introduced by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) have not yet been adequately taken into account if we refer to the standards of accountability, transparency and democracy that need to be promoted with priority. At the same time, the sports movement and the governing bodies of international sport face new challenges caused by the evolution of sport, in particular the significant growth of the commercial sector and the growing financial stake, which can create fertile ground for corrupt practices. In this context, the knowledge and correct application of the principles of good governance in sport are important factors in ensuring the efficient management of sports entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the scientific impact of applied biomechanics research in artistic gymnastics. Therefore, biomechanics studies conducted from 2012 to 2014 and published so far were analysed. The learning macro-methods (M-ML) of gymnasts in basic specialization training stage (EPSB) were scientifically argued and practically applied. The biomechanics structure used video-computerized method and postural landmarks method, which identified, measured and analysed the technique key elements in vaults, uneven bars, balance beam and floor. The study results highlighted improved kinematic and dynamic parameters of the key elements of the analysed exercises technique by efficient use of M-ML in training. The analysis of the specialized literature compared with the performed studies reveals the research interest, citations, recommendations and reads. The scientific acknowledgment of publications in ResearchGate academic profile proves the efficiency of methodology application in preparation, which can serve as training method in gymnastics branches and related sports fields as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In physical education and sport recovery is assured by using many resources / natural or artificial exercises, related to the restoration of performance capacity after exercise or competitive activity. At present there is an intense accumulation of data on direct measurements of carbohydrate exchange. Purely anaerobic physical efforts, in a sense, are better known, understood and assimilated than aerobic ones. For anaerobic competition exercises is important not only to accumulate energy substrates but also to keep them intact until the real competition. Particularly, it is obligatory to achieve this imperative in short-term movements: jumping, throwing, weight lifting, key episodes of battles. However, there is felt a lack of synthesis work, which would contain thoroughly verified information, because only in this case are possible new formulations of the principles of practical use of the scientific results. Thus, the basic energy substrates for aerobic efforts are glycogen and lipids. The limited character of energy reserves of carbohydrates is a factor that regulates sports performance in aerobic physical effort. This is why increased attention is paid to the carbohydrate saturation food problems. Sports that require maximum and sub-maximal values of force, up to the values that are available to the world's elite and shall be carried out in 20-30 minutes, represent sports genres where carbohydrate-based energy is predominant, and the genetic traits of athletes are manifested by means of maximum levels of energy exchange: anaerobic and aerobic ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern conditions of school children's development, it is especially relevant to increase the resistance of their bodies to both the unfavourable conditions of the economic and ecological environments, and the "consequences" of intensive technical development, which reduces their motor functions, and this is reflected in the insufficient preservation of health, low efficiency and other negative factors. The purpose of this study was to form the applicative coordination abilities of 12-13-year-old school children for the successful positioning of their development and leisure-time entertainment. Objectives and tasks of the study: identify the leisure-time features in students aged 12-13 to have an idea of their most common coordination abilities; study the morphofunctional, intellectual, psychomotor and motor specificities of 12-13-year-old school children; develop a program for the formation of applicative coordination skills in pupils aged 12-13; experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of the Applicative Coordination Development Program for 12-13-year-old school children. During the school year and extracurricular time, training program classes were organized with 12-13-year-old school children for the development of their applicative coordination abilities in combination with theoretical training to successfully counter the negative effects of interpersonal "entertainment" relationships and natural anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crisis in sport, widely presented and quite evident at the moment, represents the issue of doping. The crisis character of what is happening finds expression not only in the fact of the consumption of doping substances, but also in the way the people in and out of the sport react to this fact. Today, it is quite obvious that the fight against doping, in essence, only aggravates the situation. It is not just about some imperfections of strategy and tactics of fighting this evil that are being applied. Paradoxically, the efforts generally made do not improve, but make the situation much worse. At present, the main factor in the spread of doping in sports is, of course, its unprecedented marketing. The measure of contracting doping in sport must be, of course, not only the fact that the athlete must be paid less, but, first of all, actions aimed at understanding the essence of sport and the high mission of the athlete in society. The problem of doping is a moral one. It must be realized that, like any other problem of this nature, it will be successfully resolved only when the athlete will forbid himself from doping substances, and not from the fear of being punished, but on the basis of a deep conviction that the victory obtained with this price is detrimental to the psychological, moral-psychological, logical view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is stated that there is a general crisis condition of contemporary culture due to globalization and the resulting weakening of the ideological competence of the person. The peculiarities of this situation in sport are analysed. It is stressed the importance of the psychological component in adequate understanding by a person of the current state of things. It is noted the necessity of modernization of this component in the case of sports psychology, which involves the convergence of sport psychology with philosophy primarily with the philosophical anthropology and ethics. It is justified the possibility of "new psychology" of profound understanding of such fundamental issues in the theory of sports such as the essence of sports activities, nature of competitive relations, the impact of sports on personality, physical action of the athlete, psychological preparation of a person in sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is to scientifically justify the role of sport in eliminating the deformation of sport and the negative tendencies of the contemporary society development. Being an essentially agonistic activity, sport has a profound metaphysical dimension. In its existential space, beyond the obvious simplicity and clarity, in the deep layers of existence there are a multitude of processes and events that have, it can be said, a decisive influence on human destiny, and their analysis is a major task for the researcher who tends to understand the essence of sport, its social-cultural meaning and its possible historical mission. Obviously, this is also the task of any man who has devoted his life to sports: coach, sportsman. Sport is a great way of life and type of activity, extremely present in our times. It contains a prerequisite for enhancing the human competence of conception about the world, for the rehabilitation of contemporary society: to treat the diseases which are its own at present: impressive but indolent democracy, which has lost its orientation to the moral absolute, and therefore full of ochlocracy; infantile pluralism, from which it is only a step up to ethnocentrism and aggression; the juridical abstract nature of the human rights principles, which moves on the second plane the actuality of a supernormal, free, creative and truly moral facts; Finally, the primitive economic pragmatism that destroys the heights of human spirituality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The training multiannual process of female athletes is governed by training and education general laws, as well as training specific general principles. The sports training principles, used in female sport is distinguished by a specific content being determined by age biological development peculiarities of the female body and social-psychological factors. In continuous developing of the training system of young female athletes, a special place has the early stages of girls' pubertal development. The sudden variation of functional, emotional condition, physical work capacity at various phases of OMC, requires the mandatory development of governing principles of training effort in all sports samples, that women can practice them. Also, in female sport, along with general principles of sports training is necessary to take into account other theoretical and methodological guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance judokas precompetitive training curriculum proposed, facilitates the optimization of this process, increase the efficiency of the control and its conduct and the obtaining of a higher special physical training level, the mastery of technical and tactical development and sports results in the shortest time and with the smallest physical effort of the athletes and coaches. Researchers have proved, that one of the important problems in developing principles for training athletes during the competitive period lies in the optimal structuring of the immediate precompetitive training stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The constantly socio-economical changes and the bigger expectations towards the researching and educational methods, lead the institution of higher education of physical training and sport to reconfirm the emphasizing of quality, enhancing its part at the moment, but especially for its future and the Moldovan society altogether. Through the insurance and the evaluation of quality is acquired information regarding the significant domains of the initial institution, stressed on scientific research and educational activity. For becoming competitive in researching, the administration of academic institution of profile aims on investing in human and technological resources. It means the development of some attractive strategies of the most clever and creative young people of the field, in researching of doctoral and postdoctoral programs, as well as in the university careers. Additionally we can add the adjustment of a particular importance of university autonomy and the academic freedom that will encourage each teacher to develop its researching domain according to proper interests and capabilities. The university's assignment consists in ensuring a high level of qualitative teaching-learning methods, the scientific research of profile and services towards the community, contributing to a personal and professional development of the students, educating the talents for the future of society and generating the knowledge through an intensively process of innovative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the research regarding the study of the dynamics of ability development of judo players in the context of current and timely correction of the training process during the four years of pedagogical research. The force and force-velocity abilities of athlelets were studied based on following informative tests: the strength of the back lumbar muscles; thigh muscle strength; calf muscle force; biceps force; triceps force; leg muscle explosive force; five throws over the back; five throws back and front with an obstacle; climbing 4m on headfast. The prior pedagogical observations (performed during two years) have shown the formation of a trend regarding the positive influence of the timely correction process of training on effective growth of most indices that characterize the abilities of force and force-velocity of judo players. The final results of the pedagogical experiment confirmed the significant and continuous growth of the studied capacity in the context of timely correction of the training process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The research was aimed at comparing the effect of using two types of training load different in intensity and energy supply. We studied the influence of the proposed load variations (machine and free weight exercises) on long-term adaptation of the body at the stage of specialized basic training in bodybuilding., Methods: A total of 64 athletes aged 18-20 years were examined. The research participants were randomly divided into four groups, 16 athletes in each group. Athletes of group 1 and 3 used a complex of free weight exercises. Group 2 and 4 participants performed machine exercises. Bodybuilders of group 1 and 2 were trained in conditions of medium intensity training load ( R a  = 0.58) in the anaerobic-glycolytic mode of energy supply. Athletes of the 3rd and 4th groups used high intensity load ( R a  = 0.71) in the anaerobic-alactate mode of energy supply. We managed to determine the nature of adaptation processes using methods of control testing of strength capabilities, bioimpedansometry, anthropometry, biochemical analysis of blood serum (LDH, creatinine)., Results: The study showed that the difference in the dynamics of the participants' maximum strength development (on example of chest muscles) did not depend on the content of machine or free weight exercises, but on the features of training load regimes. Thus, the controlled indicator of strength capabilities in athletes of groups 3 and 4 increased by 5.1% compared to groups 1 and 2. During all stages of the study, the indicators of the projectile working mass in athletes of groups 3 and 4 exceeded the results observed in groups 1 and 2 by 25.9%. At the same time, the amount of load in a set is on average 2 times higher in athletes of groups 1 and 2. Group 4 athletes, who used machine exercises and high intensity training load, increased the circumferential body measurements by 3.8 times (the chest), compared to the results recorded in group 1 athletes. Athletes of group 1 and 2 showed increasing in body fat by 3.4% compared to the initial level on the background of large load volume. The basal creatine level in bodybuilders of groups 3 and 4 increased by 3.7 times after 12 weeks of study, which indicates an accelerated growth of muscle mass., Conclusion: The most pronounced adaptive body changes in bodybuilders at the stage of specialized basic training occurred during high intensity training load and anaerobic-alactate energy supply mode. Machine exercises contributed to increasing the morpho functional indicators of athletes more than free weight exercises., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests., (©2023 Chernozub et al.)