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Online; Background. Our diets are undergoing a transition towards a lower consumption of animal protein, in line with the sustainability of diets. Given the differences in nutritional profile between protein sources, changes in consumption, even marginal, raise the question of the nutritional quality of diets. Objectives. Our objective was to identify the consequences, on sustainability parameters, of rearrangements of protein intake aiming at improving nutritional adequacy, depending on whether or not we constrained an increase of the proportion of vegetable proteins.Methods. Based on the consumption data from the INCA2 study (2006-2007), we simulated, for each individual, all possible substitutions of a portion of a protein food for a portion of another protein food, and selected the substitution that increased nutritional adequacy the most (estimated with probabilistic PANDiet score). This step was iterated 20 times for each individual under two different scenarios: by constraining (P) or not (N) an increase in the percentage of plant protein at each iteration. The sustainability parameters studied were diet costs, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), exposure to food contaminants and premature deaths avoided (estimated with the PRIME model).Results. The percentage of plant protein (31.1%) decreased slightly in N (30.0%) and increased in P (37.7%). The food groups whose contribution to protein intake increased the most were legumes (+225%), fatty fish (+151%) and lean chicken (+82%) in N and legumes (+502%), pizzas and quiches (+190%) and fatty fish (+102%) in P. The PANDiet increased slightly more in N (+7.5) than in P (+6.2) due to higher probabilities of adequacy in EPA + DHA, iron, iodine, potassium, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and B-12 despite lower probabilities of adequacy in fiber and folates. GHGE increased in N and decreased in P. The diet cost increased more in N than in P. Risks related to exposure to inorganic arsenic, dioxins and furans and nickel increased in N and P. The modifications identified could lead to 1,700 and 2,200 premature deaths avoided / year in N and P, respectively.Conclusion. We identified simple modifications of the protein intake that significantly increased the nutritional adequacy of diets. By forcing these changes to systematically increase the proportion of vegetable protein, nutritional adequacy increased less, but the price increased less, the GHGE decreased and deaths avoided increased.; Contexte. Nos régimes alimentaires comportent moins de protéines animales aujourd'hui, en ligne avec la durabilité des régimes alimentaires. Compte tenu des différences de profil nutritionnel entre les sources de protéines, l'évolution de la consommation, même marginale, pose la question de la qualité nutritionnelle des régimes.Objectifs. Notre objectif était d'identifier les conséquences, sur les paramètres de durabilité, des réarrangements de l'apport en protéines visant à améliorer l'adéquation nutritionnelle, selon que nous ayons ou non limité l'augmentation de la proportion de protéines végétales.Méthodes. Sur la base des données de consommation de l’étude INCA2 (2006-2007), nous avons simulé, pour chaque individu, toutes les substitutions possibles d’une portion d’un aliment protéiné par une portion d’un autre aliment protéique, et avons sélectionné la substitution qui augmentait le plus le score PANDiet probabiliste. Cette étape a été itérée 20 fois pour chaque individu selon deux scénarios différents: en contraignant (P) ou non (N) une augmentation du pourcentage de protéines végétales à chaque itération. Les paramètres de durabilité étudiés étaient les coûts de l'alimentation, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), l'exposition aux contaminants de l'alimentation et les décès prématurés évités (estimés avec le modèle PRIME).Résultats. Le pourcentage de protéines végétales (31,1%) a légèrement diminué en N (30,0%) et augmenté en P (37,7%). Les légumineuses (+ 225%), les poissons gras (+ 151%) et le poulet maigre (+ 82%) en azote et les légumineuses (+ 502%), les pizzas et les quiches (+190 %) et les poissons gras (+ 102%) dans P. Le PANDiet a augmenté légèrement plus dans N (+7,5) que dans P (+6,2) en raison de probabilités plus élevées d’adéquation en EPA + DHA, fer, iode, potassium, zinc, riboflavine, vitamines B-6 et B-12 malgré des probabilités plus faibles d’adéquation des fibres et des folates. Les GES ont augmenté dans N et diminué dans P. Le coût de l'alimentation a augmenté davantage dans N que dans P. Risques liés à l'exposition à l'arsenic inorganique, les dioxines et les furannes et nickel a augmenté dans N et P. Les modifications identifiées pourraient entraîner 1 700 et 2 200 décès prématurés évités / année en N et P, respectivement.Conclusion. Nous avons identifié de simples modifications de l'apport en protéines qui ont considérablement augmentées l'adéquation nutritionnelle des régimes. L'augmentation systématiquement de la proportion de protéines végétales a légèrement augmenté l'adéquation nutritionnelle et le prix, a diminué les émissions de GES et a augmenté le nombre de décès évités.

International audience; Although plastic induces environmental damages, almost all water bottles are made from plastic. However, these damages are more or less significant according to the plastic used. This study evaluates the consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for different plastics used for water packaging. Successive messages emphasizing the characteristics of plastic are delivered to participants allowing explaining information influence on the consumers' WTP. We find that information has a significant effect on WTP. The participants' WTP for plastic bottles tends to increase after information emphasizing that the related plastic bottles has no negative impact on the environment, and to decrease with information on its negative impact. Using a fixed effect panel model, we show that there is a significant premium for recycled plastic bottles except when biodegradable plastic bottles are present on the market. We compare the welfare effects of regulatory policies allowing reducing environmental damages of plastic water bottles. We find that information campaign on plastic bottles issues is the best policy. But it is difficult to implement it in practice. Then we discuss about other environmental policies and tools which could be applied in order to reduce plastic water bottles negative impact on the environment.

International audience; We consider an industry organized as a lobby group whose activity generates pollution. This pollution may create damages. Scientists are unsure about the level of harm it might cause, and they can do research to reduce their uncertainty. The government may be benevolent, but populist. The industry wants to avoid being regulated. It can engage in costly communication efforts to affect public beliefs on the negative outcome. However, the effectiveness of the communication efforts depends on the level of scientific uncertainty. We find that there exists a certain level of scientific uncertainty above which the lobby communicates in order to influence the people's beliefs, and so the government's regulation. The more uncertain the science, the easier it is for the lobby to affect people's beliefs. Finally, we discuss about the possibility of government's research subvention to decrease this impact.

We analyse the decision of an agent to invest and engage in industrial activities that are characterized by two forms of uncertainty: market size uncertainty and competitive effect uncertainty. We apply our model on the bioenergy industries. We compare the case of an ambiguity neutral agent with that of an ambiguity adverse agent. We show that the investment decision of an agent depends on the effects of both the capital investment and the level of production on the cost and the uncertainty the agent is confronted with. Moreover, we find that ambiguity aversion tends to decrease the agent's optimal levels of production and investment. Our numerical analysis of the French case illustrates the different effects associated with market size uncertainty and competitive effect uncertainty.