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Doris Pivac obranila je 14. listopada 2022. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu doktorsku disertaciju pod naslovom Razvoj modela za poboljšanje dostupnosti metapodataka o izradi katastra. Istraživanje je provedeno na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, dijelom u okviru projekta razvoja višenamjenskog sustava upravljanja zemljištem (DEMLAS) uz financijsku potporu Hrvatske zaklade za znanost, oznaka projekta HRZZ-IP-2013-11-7714. Mentor je bio prof. dr. sc. Miodrag Roić s Geodetskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Doktorska disertacija obranjena je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu prof. dr. sc. Siniša Mastelić Ivić, izv. prof. dr. sc. Hrvoje Tomić i dr. sc. Mario Mađer iz Državne geodetske uprave u Zagrebu. Povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorske disertacije bilo je u istom sastavu., On October 14, 2022, Doris Pivac defended her doctoral dissertation at the Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb entitled Developing a Model for Improvement of the Metadata Availability on the Cadastre Establishment. The research was carried out at the Faculty of Geodesy of the University of Zagreb, partly within the framework of the project for the development of a multipurpose land management system (DEMLAS) with the financial support of the Croatian Science Foundation, project code HRZZ-IP-2013-11-7714. The supervisor was Prof. Ph.D. Miodrag Roić from the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. The members of the assessment board and defense committee were Prof. Ph.D. Siniša Mastelić Ivić, Assoc. Prof. Ph.D. Hrvoje Tomić and Ph.D. Mario Mađer – State Geodetic Administration Zagreb.

In the first edition of LADM the land administration processes were omitted as they were considered to be country specific. This view is now under reconsideration as the future extensions of LADM are planned and developed. The processes within land administration domain are, namely, registration and dissemination. The research concerning modeling of the LAS processes is somewhat in a scarce state as the majority of the research was directed towards registration activities such as subdivision, real-property transfers, and property formation. The authors deem that the proper dissemination of LAS data is a prerequisite to above-mentioned processes, and it could be stated that this domain of the land administration dynamism is relatively poorly researched. The research presented in this paper analyzes one use-case scenario of land administration data dissemination process in Croatia. The analyzed use-case depicts the process in which cadastral certificates are utilized to gain additional land-related information, which in this case study, was the spatial planning data concerning one cadastral parcel. The aim of this research was to examine how the land administration data dissemination processes could be optimized and improved in a standardized formal manner. The model outlining the process of disseminating both cadastral and spatial planning certificates was formalized by means of usecase diagram. From the formalized process, the elements, such as actors, activities, input/output data were determined and matched with existing LADM classes, while the importance of data interoperability and timeframe of the said processes were also addressed. The paper also discussed how would the formalized process look if the LAS data was interoperable within one service, pointing out that this would lead to a much more timeefficient and user-friendly access to the disseminated LAS data for the current and future LAS users.

With growing urbanization and population, management of space and land has become vital part for sustainable growth and development. Additional to urbanization and population growth, industrialization is another factor for rising need for various utilities such as sewage network, water supply, electricity etc. In such conditions, knowing where one can install new underground or overground infrastructure, without destroying existing lines, becomes more and more of a challenge. The need to connect new suburbs to existing infrastructure requires knowledge of availability. Legal issues in relation to utilities are also becoming increasingly important. Different countries and societies will have various approach to solving certain challenge, same goes for challenge of utility network registration. Some countries register utilities as separate objects with unique cadastral numbers in land administration while others register only easements. Some countries have centralized approach with high government regulations while in other utilities are registered on municipal level or even administered only by private companies. In this paper different approaches to utility network data management are analyzed. In all countries, utilities data is maintained by their managers sometimes with the help of very sophisticated applications.

The land administration system and its key registers, cadastres and land registers, play an important role in society when they function and meet the goals set by the society. For the land administration system to be effective it is important to have well-defined static and dynamic components of the system. Static and parts of the dynamic components of the land administration system are defined by the ISO 19152 LADM standard, but for the purposes of efficiency and functionality of the system, process optimisation is also important. The aim of this paper is to explore the processes of cadastral system data dissemination regarding standardised and non-standardised uses of cadastral system data. Formalisation of processes is one way to explore which of the existing classes of the LADM can be used in process modelling and which ones need to be modelled in the future editions. By formalising the processes of cadastral system data dissemination, the first step in modelling the process is achieved, which is the identification of participants and their roles in the processes of cadastral system data dissemination. By identifying process participants and their requirements, the user profiles can be developed in accordance with the LADM standard, all for the purposes of future process modelling, which is planned as an extension to the current edition of the LADM.

The Kalman filter is an important mathematical tool of continuous adjustment over successive observations for updating and predicting the state of the entire test process. In a kinematic model it describes point displacements by time functions, without relation to causal forces. Technological developments enables the capture of both the causal forces and physical properties of constructions, together with the resulting deformations in a dynamic model, consisting of a causal force as an input signal, transmission through an object as a transfer memory, and an object response as an output signal delayed by memory. This paper gives an overview of the use of deformation models, especially using Kalman filters, in geodetic surveys of current damage detection and defects in constructions for timely response with remediation in order to gain an overview of the implementation of the accepted FIG WG 6.1 deformation model classification and terminology.

The cadastral system that was established in Croatia as early as the 19th century has been undergoing various reforms throughout history related both to documents as well as to data. The data have been updated through the processes of revision, reambulation, land consolidation and resurveys. Recent resurveys with the aim to replace the Land Cadastre with the Real Estate Cadastre started in the year 2000 and have been performed ever since within the scope of the projects of cadastral survey for the whole or a part of cadastral municipality. The paper presents an overview of the activities carried out within the scope of the project, as well as the analysis of available official documents on individual activities. The documents reveal the key metadata that make it possible to perform systematic monitoring of a project and of the duration of activities in individual projects. Based on key information provided by the available documents, the project duration has been determined and the state of completion of individual project analysed. The cadastral survey project is modelled by an activity diagram, and the results obtained from the analysis of started, completed or on-going projects are presented graphically and commented.

The land administration infrastructure is of strategic importance for society and the economy. Due to historical developments, the land administration infrastructure contains many diverse and heterogeneous sources of registers information. The Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System (DEMLAS) project aims to discover what needs to be done to transform land administration from traditional to modern multipurpose systems that support all land development activities. A land administration cyberinfrastructure has been developed to support the research. The cyberinfrastructure - DEMLAS platform includes land administration data (cadastral maps etc.) and public open data, such as land satellite images, historical data, nature data, development data, meteorological data, soil data, etc. Some of this data is obtained from official sources and has the character of private data. Contained within are also links to commercial data, mainly satellite images and orthophotos, but also market related and voluntary data, for instance, OpenStreetMap. The integration of external land administration data is realized using principles of Open Linked Data. The paper presents the development and functionalities of the platform DEMLAS. The open science principles were realized with the concept of user cases that were implemented as one component of the DEMLAS platform. The platform is offering a marketplace where data can be discovered and exchanged with the additional contribution of researchers who can publish their own data or applications based on the data, services and applications already provided.

Registering the rights of a 3D parcel should provide certainty of ownership, protection of rights and unambiguous spatial location. While not all cadastral jurisdictions in the world maintain a digital cadastral database, the concepts of such registration hold true regardless of whether it is a paper-based cadastre or a digital one. Similarly, the motivations and purpose for the creation of a 2D cadastre for individual jurisdictions applies to 3D cadastre as well. It provides security of ownership for 3D parcels, protects the rights of the owners, and provides valuable financial instruments such as mortgage, collateral, valuation and taxation. The current life cycle of the development of a land parcel includes processes start from outside the cadastral registration sphere, such as zoning plans and permits, but has a direct impact on how a certain development application is processed. Thus, in considering the changes required to allow a jurisdiction to register 3D, it is important to note the sphere of influence that could have an impact on 3D registration. These include planners, notaries, surveyors, data managers and registrars; however for the purpose of this paper, the research is focused on the core 3D aspects that are institutional, legal and technical. This paper explores approaches and solutions towards the implementation of initial 3D cadastral registration, as derived by current procedures of registration of 3D parcels in various countries worldwide. To this end, the paper analyses the categorisations and approaches of 3D spatial units and examines the validation requirements (constraints) on a cadastral database, at various levels of maturity. In this view, 3D data storage and visualization issues are examined in relation to the level of complexity of various jurisdictions, as provided by the results of the country inventory combined with a worldwide survey in 2010 and updated in 2014 (Van Oosterom, et al., 2014). It appears that significant progress has been achieved in providing legal provisions for the registration of 3D cadastres in many countries and several have started to show 3D information on cadastral plans such as isometric views, vertical profiles or text environment to facilitate such data capture and registration. Moreover, as jurisdictions progress towards an implementation of 3D cadastre, much 3D data collected in other areas (BIM, IFC CityGML files, IndoorGML, InfraGML and LandXML) open up the possibility of creating 3D cadastral database and combining with the existing datasets. The usability, compatibility and portability of these datasets is a low cost solution to one of the costliest phases of the implementation of 3D cadastres, which is the initial 3D data capture.

Veljko Flego obranio je 21. rujna 2018. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu doktorsku disertaciju Model integriranog upravljanja pomorskim i kopnenim područjima kao osnova interoperabilnosti upisnika. Istraživanje je provedeno na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu u okviru projekta razvoja višenamjenskog sustava upravljanja zemljištem (DEMLAS) uz financijsku potporu Hrvatske zaklade za znanost, oznaka projekta HRZZ-IP-2013-11-7714. Mentor je bio prof. dr. sc. Miodrag Roić s Geodetskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Doktorska disertacija obranjena je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu doc. dr. sc. Hrvoje Tomić, prof. dr. sc. Siniša Mastelić Ivić i dr. sc. Mario Mađer – Državna geodetska uprava Zagreb. Povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorske disertacije bilo je u istom sastavu., Veljko Flego defended his doctoral thesis A model of integrated marine and land administration as a basis for register interoperability on 21 September 2018 at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Geodesy as part of the scientific project Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System (DEMLAS) supported by the Croatian Science Foundation, project HRZZIP-11-2013-7714. The doctoral supervisor was Prof. Miodrag Roić of the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb. The assessment board and defense committee comprised Assist. Prof. Hrvoje Tomić, Prof. Siniša Mastelić Ivić and Dr. Mario Mađer of the State Geodetic Administration.

By using the formal methods, this paper will present the model of the cadastral reform from the register of land into the contemporary register which is the backbone of a modern Multipurpose Land Administration System. Model will include its static components but also related processes. The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which in 2012 become ISO 19152 standard (Lemmen et al. 2013), will be used as the basis. This paper gives proposal for cadastral resurvey improvements, better registration of special legal regimes and registration of special parts of properties. It will identify and explore critical points and make recommendations to bring Real Property Cadastre closer to become real 3D register.

Onshore and offshore areas share a lot of common features, but also have some significant differences, which reflect in the way they are defined and registered. Traditionally, land administration key registers emerge from the onshore area, they have been developed and technologically improved during many decades because of daily demand for their data and nowadays are in a stable and mature evolution phase. Registers covering offshore area, i.e. maritime domain, are usually derived from onshore registers or developed on purpose, and they are generally on various technological and operational levels. Analysis of the current nautical International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standards shows the lack of steadily increasing and highly demanded tenure information on maritime areas. In this paper, an analysis of maritime areas registration in Croatia has been performed by using Unified Modeling Language (UML) as a modeling tool. The analysis includes key land registers, Cadastre and Land book, Register of territorial units, Register of concessions on maritime domain, Register of cultural property, Register of protected areas, Register of approved mineral resources exploration areas and Register of established mineral resources exploitation fields, Register of issued licenses for fish and other marine organisms farming, Environmental pollution register, as well the fishing zones, explicitly defined by the relevant law. Registration of administrative units, parties and rights, restrictions and responsibilities often involves more than one register, which is included in the models. The relevant LADM classes and attributes were identified in class diagrams and the model of registration was compared to LADM using schema matching methodology, by identifying semantically equivalent classes, attributes and structures. The suitability of using LADM as a conceptual model for registration of maritime areas in Croatia has been evaluated, including the possible upgrades and extensions of the current model.

The transformation of land administration systems from traditional to modern multipurpose land administration systems (MLAS), which support all land development activities, is a goal that can be reached only by considering various aspects ‒ legal, social, economic, technological, to name just a few. From a technological point of view, maybe the biggest shift in recent developments is perceiving the modern land administration system as being of distributed systems – land administration infrastructure (LAI). An MLAS should integrate various types of data that are kept in many official registers as public-sector information. All information of the public sector, if available, has the potential to contribute to social and economic development. The right of access to public-sector information in recent years is guaranteed by regulations in many countries. Although the regulations differ they have common objectives. Informing the population is an important task for the development of democracy, fighting against corruption and increasing the accountability of the governing structures. Besides governments that are undergoing the process of “opening up” to the public they serve, academia is also becoming increasingly open on the wave of the open science movement. The paper describes how principles of open science in research can support the development of LAI. This approach is verified by the development of the platform through the project Development of Multipurpose Land Administration System (DEMLAS) that supports the land administration needs of users from various backgrounds. The platform gives them direction on how to access data from official registers and enriches them with research data and findings, which provides users with additional value.

A multipurpose land administration system (MLAS) should integrate various types of data that are stored in many official registers as public sector information. All information of the public sector, if available, is the potential which can contribute to social and economic development. The right of access to public sector information in recent years is guaranteed by regulations in many countries. Although the regulations differ, their objectives are common. Informing the population is an important task for the development of democracy, fighting corruption and increasing the accountability of the governing structures. The availability and redundancy of data can be determined by comparing the key registers’ data. Results of comparisons are used in the development and implementation of a prototype of an MLAS warehouse and implementation of a portal for access to (meta) data. In order to establish a prototype warehouse, open source technologies were analysed in terms of their applicability to the development of an appropriate data model of a warehouse. Based on the strengths and weaknesses, we opted for the approach to modelling and establishment of a repository for various types of data. Typical data are migrated to storage. Each migrated dataset is described in a standardized manner with metadata. In that way, discoverability and searchability is facilitated, which results in significantly improved ability to use the warehouse of an MLAS. Metadata/data infrastructure is established as a set of publicly available services suitable for research of improvements of usage of public sector information. Two portals with the ability to view/download data have been implemented. These provide access to the metadata with the ability to search/view/download data. This allows further research on the possibilities of using the data for various purposes such as real estate mass valuation and land consolidation.

The Kostanjek landslide is the largest landslide in the Republic of Croatia, located in the western residential area of the City of Zagreb. The landslide was activated in 1963 and the main cause of sliding was excavation of the marl at the foot of slope. Investigation of Kostanjek landslide is one of the objectives of the Japanese-Croatian five-year (2009-2014) scientific joint-research project “Risk Identification and Land-Use Planning for Disaster Mitigation of Landslides and Floods in Croatia”. As a part of scientific project, a real-time monitoring system was designed during the period from 2010 to 2011 and established in the period from 2011 to 2013. The monitoring system consists of multiple sensor networks including 15 GNSS sensors for displacements monitoring. By GNSS sensors displacements of only 15 points can be monitored. From UAV surveys, movements of the landslide as well as changes in the surface topography can be detected, which enables us to obtain more detailed information on landslide dynamics, necessary for studying landslide activity. In this paper, results of three periodic UAV surveys of landslide performed within a period of two months are shown. Since within this period, no significant displacements on landslide had occurred, we examined the achieved accuracy of UAV surveys. Survey was done using senseFly eBee RTK with integrated GNSS RTK receiver. Since, in many cases there are sites where ground control points (GCP) cannot be placed and measured easily or safely, in this paper we analyzed the achieved accuracy of survey with and without the use of GCPs.

Systematic establishment of Cadastre is performed by cadastral surveying projects, typically per cadastral municipalities. For the area of today's Republic of Croatia, systematic establishment of Cadastre was conducted based on the patent of Francis I from 1817. Until 1884 Land Cadastre documentation for approximately 3300 cadastral municipalities was produced and placed in use. Based on the law on the Cadastre maintenance (1883) cadastral institutions were established. They began regular maintenance of the documentation. In the late 19th century Land Books for all cadastral municipalities built on cadastral data were created. A lot of changes in the land and irregular maintenance disrupted the quality of cadastral data. In the period of Yugoslavia cadastre about 25% of the Croatian area was renewed by cadastral surveys. But most of the corresponding Land Books were not renewed so they are still linked to the data from Franciscan Cadastre. In addition, the cadastre established in the 19th century can hardly meet today's multipurpose needs of users. The Law on State Survey and Real Property Cadastre of 1999 stipulates that the existing Land Cadastre should be replaced by Real Property Cadastre. It is, for now, carried out only by cadastral re-survey projects encompassing part or whole cadastral municipality. The result of the todays cadastral survey projects is (electronic) Real Property Cadastre documentation which replaces Land Cadastre documentation. Drafting of cadastral survey documentation is carried out by authorized private companies, and the public display of the data is performed by public authorities (cadastral office, land book office). The project starts after the selection of the cheapest/most favourable contractor in the public procurement process by signing a contract and publication of the decision in the Official Gazette. Once the cadastral surveying project is completed, the decision on the documentation being put into force is published simultaneously by Director of the State Geodetic Administration and the president of the municipal court in charge. The documentation is uploaded to Joint Information System of cadastre and land book for further maintenance. Published decisions show that since the introduction of Real Property Cadastre (2000) started more than 350 projects of cadastral surveys. By the end of 2016 Real Property Cadastre for approximately 140 cadastral municipalities are completed and put in force. The remaining started projects are in progress, mainly in the process of public display, or waiting for the start of public display. In total renovation has begun for 11% of the cadastral municipalities and the Land Cadastre was replaced by the Real Property Cadastre for 4% of cadastral municipalities. Analysis shows that the duration of projects ranges from 2-12 years or an average of 5.7 years. The results obtained indicate the unsatisfactory speed of establishment of Real Property Cadastre.

Image Assisted Total Stations (IATS) unify geodetic precision of total stations with image and video capturing. An appropriate system calibration provided, these images and video frames are accurately geo-referenced at any time. They are particularly suitable for deformation monitoring of civil engineering structures and geo-risk areas, which are very hard to approach. It is also possible to use the additional vision technology for levelling applications by reading and analysing digital levelling staff code patterns. This paper presents the use of IATS, i.e. IATS prototype which consists of RTS Leica TPS1201 and GoPro5 Hero camera. The focus of the paper is determination of simulated dynamic displacements and natural oscillation frequencies by the prototype. For the simulations, we used multi-purpose universal testing machine intended for static and dynamic testing of mechanical properties of building materials and construction in laboratory. The experiments will cover the dynamic displacements from 0.1 to 5.0 mm at the frequency of 2 Hz.

This paper explores the laws and other legal acts related to the Croatian 3D cadastre with an emphasis on those which relate to interests in strata, spatial planning, exploitation of mineral resources, environmental protection, issuing concessions and other regulations that are valid or were valid on Croatian territory, and especially the regulations regarding the registration of buildings with several separate parts (flats, apartments, offices etc.). Current overview of the legislation, method and scope of cadastral data collection is given. Effects of the application of these regulations on the present situation of registration in cadastre and land book are considered. This paper also explores current legal, institutional and some technical solutions implemented in Croatian Land Administration System and possibilities for upgrade to 3D cadastre. Implementation of any technological option for establishment of 3D cadastre is tightly related to legislation. Hence, it is needed to consider legislation and technological options in order to find solution which will be possible to implement.

A more extensive use of land administration data began with the development of multipurpose cadastral systems. However, establishing of multipurpose cadastral systems has proven to be a task more demanding than expected, so hardly any country has one that is really efficient. Only with a start of a more extensive introduction of IT technologies have the prerequisites for developing of multipurpose land administration system really been fulfilled. Still, the differences resulting from basic concepts (e.g. deed vs. title registration, fixed vs. general boundaries, institutional and jurisdictional differences) require on a per country approach to be applied when multipurpose land administration systems are to be implemented. LADM can be used as a facilitator for the development of a standardized concept for a multipurpose land administration system, however it first needs to be adjusted to local conditions. The inclusion of all the involved stakeholders directly into an integrated LAS would not result in an efficient system. The analysis of parts of LAS indicates that the most appropriate solution is a distributed MLAS based on the interoperability of its parts. The analysis focuses on components (registers) to be included in order to satisfy as many users as possible.

Nikola Vučić obranio je 6. studenoga 2015. na Geodetskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu doktorsku disertaciju pod naslovom Podrška prijelazu iz 2D u 3D katastar u Republici Hrvatskoj. Doktorska disertacija obranjena je pred povjerenstvom u sastavu prof. dr. sc. Vlado Cetl i prof. dr. sc. Miodrag Roić (mentor) oba s Geodetskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, te doc. dr. sc. Hrvoje Matijević iz tvrtke IGEA d.o.o. Varaždin. Povjerenstvo za ocjenu doktorske disertacije bilo je u istom sastavu., Nikola Vučić defended his doctoral thesis Support to the Transition from 2D to 3D Cadastre in the Republic of Croatia at the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb on November 6, 2015. He defended his thesis in front of the Committee for defending the doctoral thesis, which consisted of Prof. Dr. Vlado Cetl and Prof. Dr. Miodrag Roić (mentor), both from the Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, and Assist. Prof. Hrvoje Matijević from IGEA Ltd. Varaždin. The Committee for grading the doctoral thesis consisted of the same members.

Beside commercial purposes crowdsourcing is becoming more and more important for governmental institutions as well. Data acquisition is both time consuming and expensive. But required data can be accessed and utilized with free work force. Opposite to classic crowdsourcing where workers or volunteers are anonymous, in this project at the end contributors will be known since their names will be connected to the real property. Contributors for this project are an individual without a formal background in a subject, but who possesses time, and willingness to offer the data. It is important that the crowd perceives the initiative valuable and well intentioned. Therefore contributor’s interest for participation will be calculation of utility rates or taxes based on construction volume and later for the use of the property. Initiative objective is to gather more precise three-dimension description of properties which will lead to quicker and easier 3D cadastre implementation. Because of a widespread use of smartphones and broadband Internet this initiative will be based on mobile infrastructure. Public institution should make a native application or a web page which will be used by contributors who will access application by their own smartphone over commercial network. Application will be linked to online database where contributors can upload required data. Control and validation of submitted data should be carried out to avoid vast quantities of incorrect data. In this paper we propose application design and required attributes from LADM (Land Administration Domain Model) Spatial Unit package collected and submitted by citizens. This paper shows case study for Croatian land administration system.

Today’s land administration systems (LAS) efficiently fulfil their primary purpose, the support for land administration processes. Besides that, land administration systems should also facilitate land management as an important instrument for the implementation of land policy contributing to comprehensive land governance. Unfortunately, this is often not the case, or at least not in an efficient manner. A multipurpose land administration system efficiently supports land management processes. Within the paper we describe the steps leading towards the transformation of a LAS into a MLAS. For the purpose of transformation we propose to improve the two basic aspects of a LAS, its efficiency and its usability, and argue that it should facilitate the transformation. Within the efficiency aspect we focus on increasing the outsourcability of processes and in the usability on finding new usages in the domain of land management. We argue that the project should include two basic components (the conceptual and the technical one) and that it should be executed in three phases (first the definition of concepts, second the physical modelling and pilot and third the testing of outputs and refinement of findings).

Croatia is a young state but have a long history in geodesy. The development of the profession was mainly driven by need for cadastre and topographic maps. During the 19th century under Austrian-Hungarian influence, topography, cadastre and responsible institutions were established in Croatia for the first time. During the last twenty years Croatia have reorganized institutions to support the transition processes. In the past, the geodetic framework was determined by a socialistic ideology without any attention to secure real property rights. Land as an important and limited resource is the focus of many economic activities. Thereby land governance, primary field of work of surveyors, becomes more demanding and spreads. Cadastre made in the 19th century has long served many needs. However, the main purpose for which it was established and its positional accuracy, today can hardly meet the needs of users. In support of the modernization of spatial data in 2004 were introduced a new geodetic datum and projections that are gradually implemented, and subsequently is established CORS CROPOS. After conversion of all cadastral data in electronic form, in ongoing are renewal and improvement of existing data. In addition to the systematic renewal of the cadastre by cadastral municipalities, in progress is homogenization of cadastral map which should enable a gradual improvement and creation seamless cadastral map of the whole country. Following the trends in the field of SDI in the world, Croatia has been implementing the INSPIRE directive. In accordance with that more and more spatial data services is available on the Internet. Better access to data and coordinated maintenance of the cadastre and land books is pursued through the introduction of a Joint Information System and on it built the One Stop Shop subsystem. Challenges for surveyors in Croatia today are: the establishment of seamless data and service available for the whole country, the registration of public utility infrastructure, real estate valuation and land consolidation which will extend the scope of the profession from land administration to land governance.

By Decision of Government of Republic of Croatia on determining new geodetic datums and plane cartographic projections, HTRS96 (Croatian Terrestrial Reference System for epoch 1995.55), which is based on ETRS89 (European Terrestrial Reference System 1989), was accepted as new position reference system in Republic of Croatia. When speaking of engineering coordinate systems, primarily designed for local geodetic field application in building control and monitoring, it is important to provide a valid transformation to global coordinate reference systems for many purposes, on a state level. There are different approaches for that task. In this work, introduction of Unified Modeling Language (UML) in modeling of transformation process, from engineering to global coordinate reference systems is given. Process modeling with UML gives many advantages in defining procedure structure, operations, objects and attributes. As International Organization for Standardization (ISO), has accepted UML as standard for object- orientated modeling it would be recommended to use it in all geodetic processes.

The analysis of GNSS systems in transition countries of Southeast Europe was made in this paper. Collecting location about land features is one of the major component of land administration systems. Data collecting undergoes significant changes with satellite data collection methods which are more and more replacing traditional methods. The paper also presents a brief overview of the development of GNSS systems, and the dynamics of their introduction in certain countries. Networks of permanent stations were analyzed, and their main features are listed. The cooperation of relevant institutions, in terms of constant exchange of data cells GNSS permanent networks in border areas was also analyzed.

Pojam infrastrukture prostornih podataka (Spatial Data Infrastructure - SDI) već je dulje vrijeme prisutan u svijetu. Presudnu ulogu i poticaj ka stvara-nju nacionalnih infrastruktura prostornih podataka imala je izvršna naredba 12906 američkog predsjed-nika Clintona iz 1994. godine. Donošenje ove naredbe potaknulo je ubrzan rad na izgradnji nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka i svih dodatnih mjera u SAD-u, ali i diljem svijeta. Uz nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenute su i različite inicijative na regionalnoj (EUROGI, PCGIAP ...) kao i na globalnoj razini (GSDI). U radu će se dati pregled različitih inicijativa i napora koji su pokrenuti u Hrvatskoj po tom pitanju. Najveću ulogu u tome imaju državna tijela, u prvom redu Vlada i Državna geodetska uprava uz potporu i suradnju javnog i privatnog sektora te akademske zajednice. Državna geodetska uprava je kao glavni čimbenik u stvaranju buduće infrastrukture prostornih podataka pokrenula niz inicijativa koje imaju za cilj uvođenje novih tehnologija, oprema i postupaka pri izradi karata i stvaranju digitalnih i katastarskih baza podataka. Učinkovito upravljanje prostorom uz održivi razvitak zahtijeva uređenje i modernizaciju prostornih evidencija te uspostavu nacionalne infrastrukture prostornih podataka. U idućih nekoliko godina pred Hrvatskom su brojne zadaće i obaveze po pitanju uređenja prostornih evidencija. Tim zadaćama treba savjesno pristupiti i riješiti ih u razumnom roku, a što je od interesa kako za boljitak cijele države tako i za ispunjenje postavljenih uvjeta u procesu pristupanja europskim i svjetskim integracijama., The term Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is not new and has already been present in the world for quite a long time. President Clinton's Executive Order 12906 from April 1994 played a crucial role and was an initiative in establishing National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI). This Order induced briskly the building of NSDI and also of all additional counterparts in the USA and around the whole world. Besides NSDI, various other initiatives at regional (EUROGI, PCGIAP, …) and global level (GSDI) were also launched. In this paper, an overview of different initiatives and efforts in establishing SDI in Croatia will be presented. State bodies such as the Government and State Geodetic Administration have the main role in it in collaboration with public and commercial sector and also with academic community. As the main factor in creating a future SDI, State Geodetic Administration has launched several initiatives the goal of which is the installation of new technologies, equipment and procedures in map production and the establishment of digital topographic and cadastre databases. The arrangement and modernization of spatial records and the establishment of NSDI make the key factors for sustainable physical planning and land development at local and national level. In the next few years Croatia must solve numerous duties to arrange spatial records. These duties must be solved very conscientiously and in a reasonable period of time. It is very important for Croatian prosperity and for the fulfilment of the conditions set in the process of entering European and international integrations.

In this paper is presented a 3D measurement and visualization of the church of St. Nicholas on the island of Hvar. Survey of the church was conducted using a laser scanner and reflectorless total station with the appliance of methods such as constrained centring which ensures high- quality measurement results. Due to its quality, the obtained 3D model was used to create layouts, cross sections and views that were used for the renewal of the church of St. Nicholas. Multimedial presentation made upon a result of the created 3D model shows an additional possibility of applying the results of the 3D survey. Use of available technology and methods of geodetic survey is a great baseline for the Building Information Modelling (BIM) in order to ensure better building management.

Effective spatial resources management is one of the main features of healthy economic growth of a region. Although traditionally divided among several administrative bodies, the technological progress enables the integration of all space-related attributes, creating spatial information support that can service all more complex social communities. The paper considers the possibilities of the mass valuation application in the procedures of land management in the Republic of Croatia, views all legal frameworks and gives an overview of information of land administration, and especially cadastre, on which every mass valuation system is based. Through the overview of the existing state of information and the descriptions of abandoned mass valuation systems, the paper explains the problems of rural and urban land valuation. It explains the choice of Multi Criteria Decision Analysis helped by Rule-based Expert System methodology with the purpose of developing functional, practical, consistent and adaptable mass valuation system on a national level, applicable on the area of the Republic of Croatia and states with similar LAS.

Cadastral systems need to be designed and supported from three dimensional spatial perspectives. Previous researches of Croatian 3D cadastre through relevant use case examples suggest better real property separate parts registration as well as 3D building visualization (apartments, office spaces, etc.). Next to the 3D aspects of rights and restrictions, the temporal aspect, the fourth dimension of interests in real property, is an important aspect of cadastral registration. History of changes on the cadastral parcels is subject of interest for key users, mostly parties. For this purpose, Croatian Land Administration System was adapted to become a four-dimensional (4D cadastre). In the land book and cadastre all changes since their inception are recorded with the time component and date of the change. Previous researches have shown that Land Administration Domain Model (ISO 19152) is good basis for the Croatian 3D cadastre. This paper discussed that legal and institutional aspects of Croatian 3D cadastre should be considered in 3D cadastre development for each jurisdiction. Legal support to register and represent 3D properties (legal aspect), institutional support to establish relationships between involved parties (institutional aspect), and technical support to realise 3D cadastre (technical aspect) are basis for 3D cadastre development. This paper presents some 4D cadastre situations in Croatia. Goals of the new Law on Cadastre and State Survey are legal regulation of 3D cadastre, as well as the central repository establishment of Utility cadastre under the authority of the State Geodetic Administration. This paper also suggests better public utility infrastructure registration by overlapping Land cadastre and Utility cadastre and unifying records at the state level, because Utility cadastre in local government despite statutory obligation from 1999 was not developed in the past 15 years.

3D Cadastre is very interesting topic in the geodetic and cadastral scientific inter-national community, but there are a few countries that can boast with a fully established and completed 3D cadastre. Establishment of 3D cadastre is a long and tedious process, just as a traditional 2D cadastre was not created overnight. This paper will describe the current method of registration of property and separate parts of real property (apartments and office spaces) in the Croatian cadastre and land book as the basis for the establishment of 3D cadastre. Certain preconditions for the formation of 3D Cadastre in Croatia have already been met (e.g. separate part of real property ownership is possible to register in the cadastre and land book). This paper proposes two new registration solutions in Croatian Land Administration System (Unified Feature Identifier and registration of apartment volume).

Weak or not existing linkage of official registers in Republic of Croatia (real estates, rights, persons etc.) and data redundancy as an inevitable outcome of such a state are the cause of various unwanted consequences for the relevant public authorities, but also for citizens and companies as the end-users of such data. Linking the registers, and thereby rationalizing the procedures related to public authorities, would enable significant savings in time, people and resources, and at the same time increase the legal security of registers and the availability of high quality and always up to date data. In this paper the analysis of relevant registers is done together with the proposed model of their linking. The above mentioned model is developed as an extension of the existing Land Administration Domain Model – LADM. Some parts of this research should serve as a contribution in development of the LADM country profile for the Republic of Croatia.

An assessment of real estate value is a prediction of its value based on experience, and taking into consideration its spatial, physical, legal and economic factors. Location has great influence on value because the real estate is being significantly determined by its spatial properties. In the urban areas, correlation between the value of real estate and its location is very complex and it depends on many subjective and objective factors. Mass valuation is a procedure which, based on objective factors, using statistical methods assesses the value of a big number of real estate. Modern, Computer-Assisted, real estate valuation systems worldwide are based on the existing spatial data, a combination of land administration and topographic data, along with the market factors. Efficient functioning of a real estate cadastre, as the basic infrastructural system, facilitates significantly the planning and accomplishment of economic and other activities linked to real estate. This paper examines the possibilities of mass real estate valuation, based on 3D Vector Terrain Model, created from the digital cadastral map (DCM) of the cadastral municipality of Centre, provided by the City of Zagreb Office for Cadastre and Geodetic Works and topographical data. As in cadastre, basic unit of realised real estate valuation system is real property, which can generally be seen as land, buildings, and whatever is attached or affixed to the land. In the lack of true 3D cadastral data models and data, procedures for real estate valuation were based on model which consists of 3D physical objects made from 2D cadastral data (land parcels and buildings) and topographical data – elevation. Data were modelled, stored and analysed using the combination of PL/SQL procedures and Oracle 11g SDBMS built-in spatial functions. This paper concentrates on further development of visibility analysis calculation of real estate, which requires more detailed 3D physical model. The idea behind modelling the influence of this factor on real estate valuation is the assumption that a real estate with a bigger visibility polygon, i.e. a better view, has a bigger market value than the same real estate with a smaller visibility polygon. On the part of the model, each part of 3D property unit were manually modelled into smaller parts according to a plan of separate parts – 3D condominiums, which are smallest parts of 3D property units in the model. Thus those, procedure of automatic valuation of spatial characteristics of each condominium were possible, instead of valuation of the whole building object. This factor was calculated as visibility polygon, two-dimensional geometric shape – cross section of continuous visibility border in all directions from one point (centre of 3D condominium), considering only the cross section of horizontal vision and obstacles. Data derived from the system can be used for better understanding and explanation of real estate value spatial distribution, and as a basis for the expert system based on multi criteria decision making.

This paper describes method of registering real property and parts of real property (apartments, etc.) in the cadastre and land books. Approach to registering particular structures and corresponding rights is delineated based on existing legislation. For example, tunnels, bridges and other 3D cadastre relevant structures are considered. Bylaw on Utility Cadastre regulates registration of public utility lines in Croatia. The paper portrays development of the utility cadastre and depicts current maintenance and management. The utility cadastre contains data about the type, purpose, basic technical features, and location of built utility lines, and lists the names and addresses of their managers. The following topics are covered: key 3D real world situations, infrastructural and utility networks, buildings, X/Y coordinates and Z coordinates. Legislation regulating that bodies of local government must establish and manage the utility cadastre was passed already in 1999, but few of these bodies assumed this responsibility since. Future development of Croatian 3D cadastre is proposed based on current situation and demand for establishing the 3D cadastre.

U radu su dani kratki prikaz života, rada i opis magistarskog rada Marije Brajković.

This paper gives an overview of the conducted Web research at national level in Croatia, which was to recognize the needs and expectations of spatial data producers and users at national level in the process of improvement of the existing NSDI. The results of the research make groundwork for creating an NSDI vision and an efficient national improvement strategy. For building such a strategy, a general model of improvement was devised, applicable in Croatia and in countries with similar circumstances. There are no two identical NSDIs in the world and it is important that each country, at national level, develops a strategy by itself, whereby experiences from countries with a developed NSDI can be of great help.

U radu je dan životopis i prikaz magistarskog rada Darka Šiška, magistra tehničkih znanosti.