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This work characterized physical and mechanical properties of Sapindus mukorossi seed to explore the mechanical behaviors of the seed during compression in a roll crusher. A new method that combines simulations and calculations with experimental data obtained using a three-dimensional optical measurement system for the measurement of the Poisson ratio and elasticity modulus of the hollow-sphere seed hull was proposed. The modulus of elasticity was derived from a mechanics formulation and verified in a computer simulation based on experimental data. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry were conducted to reveal the mesostructure and components of the seed hull. The results revealed that the average densities of the S. mukorossi seed shell and kernel were respectively 1.49 and 1.07 × 103 kg/m3, the average Poisson’s ratio was 0.185, and Young’s modulus ranged from 1.3 to 0.3 GPa. These values had little dispersion, demonstrating both the consistency of the processing techniques and the stability of the material properties. The given properties of the S. mukorossi can be used as a theoretical basis for the optimized processing of this biomass material. The proposed method provides a new direction in the study of the mechanical properties of biomaterials.

This work characterized physical and mechanical properties of Sapindus mukorossi seed to explore the mechanical behaviors of the seed during compression in a roll crusher. A new method that combines simulations and calculations with experimental data obtained using a threedimensional optical measurement system for the measurement of the Poisson ratio and elasticity modulus of the hollow-sphere seed hull was proposed. The modulus of elasticity was derived from a mechanics formulation and verified in a computer simulation based on experimental data. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectrometry were conducted to reveal the mesostructure and components of the seed hull. The results revealed that the average densities of the S. mukorossi seed shell and kernel were respectively 1.49 and 1.07 × 10³ kg/m³, the average Poisson's ratio was 0.185, and Young's modulus ranged from 1.3 to 0.3 GPa. These values had little dispersion, demonstrating both the consistency of the processing techniques and the stability of the material properties. The given properties of the S. mukorossi can be used as a theoretical basis for the optimized processing of this biomass material. The proposed method provides a new direction in the study of the mechanical properties of biomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A taxonomic revision of the family Sapindaceae (order Sapindales) in Tunisia is presented. Field surveys were carried out during the last 10 years, allowing to identify 5 taxa of which 2 (Acer monspessulanum subsp. monspessulanum and A. monspessulanum subsp. martinii) are native, whereas the other 3 (A. negundo, Dodonaea viscosa, and Sapindus saponaria) are alien for the Tunisian flora. A. monspessulanum subsp. martinii, A. negundo, and Dodonaea viscosa are new records at national level, with Dodonaea representing a new genus for the Tunisian flora, whereas Sapindus saponaria is new for the whole North Africa. Information about nomenclature (accepted names, main synonyms, and types), morphology, chromosome number, chorology, occurrence in Tunisia, ecology (phenology and habitat), and taxonomic annotations are provided for each taxon, as well as original photos were prepared. Diagnostic keys at species and infraspecific ranks are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenotypes of Sapindus are significantly influenced by environmental factors, but the responses of oil-related seed phenotypes to environmental factors are still unclear. We sampled 115 seed accessions of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and 33 of Sapindus delavayi (Franch.) Radlk. from fifty-six distinct locations in China to explore the effects of environmental factors on the seed phenotypes. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that 100-seed kernel weight (SKW), 100-seed shell weight (SSW), and seed kernel content (SKC) were the phenotypes most sensitive to the environmental influence (significantly associated with at least ten environmental factors). Redundancy analysis explained 26.13% of the variance and revealed that longitude was negatively correlated with SKW and SKC but was positively correlated with SSW, whereas elevation had the opposite effect. Monthly sunshine hours was negatively correlated with 100-seed weight and SSW. Additionally, the Mantel test showed that the seed phenotypic variations in Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi were significantly affected by environmental factors differently. SKW and SKC of Sapindus delavayi were more sensitive to the influence of key environmental factors and therefore had more potential for oil development. It is recommended to cultivate Sapindus delavayi at lower longitudes to facilitate seed kernel development and promote oil yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapindus L. species are widely cultivated for biodiesel, biomedical, and biochemical raw materials in southern China. However, yields fluctuate widely due to the lack of high-yielding, high-quality, stable cultivars. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate three species and one variety among 149 nationwide Sapindus species and screen for elite accessions which would serve as Sapindus breeding materials. Accessions were evaluated on 19 agro-morphological traits by correlation analysis and principal component analysis. These displayed substantial diversity and a broad range of economic traits. In particular, accessions of Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus rarak had more variation in economic traits than Sapindus delavayi and Sapindus rarak var. velutinus. Increased saponin accumulation may be achieved at the cost of seed oil production. Thirty elite accessions for oil and saponin production, and for comprehensive utilization were screened and accessions no. 80, 110, and 112 had significant potential to produce high yields. These elite accessions will facilitate the identification of genetic determinants of valuable traits and the effective utilization of trait variability in Sapindus breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study investigated the effects of soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) shell powder (SSP) on serum hormone level, egg quality, semen characteristics and reproductive performance of broiler breeders fed with a maize-soybean meal based diet. Methods Ninety six female and twenty four male CARIBRO-VISHAL broiler breeders, 38-week old, were individually caged and randomly allocated to four treatment groups (24 female breeders/treatment and 6 male breeders/treatment): an un-supplemented control (T1) and three groups with 0.0176% SSP (group T2), 0.026% SSP (group T3) and 0.0528% SSP (group T4), to have supplementary saponin at 0, 50, 75, and 150 ppm, respectively, for 42 days. Results The results indicated that serum (p

Objective: To evaluate effectiveness of Fotoenticine (FTC)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Sapindus mukorossi (SM) as adjunct to mechanical debridement (MD) on peri-implant clinical parameters and levels of proinflammatory cytokines among diabetics. Background: FTC has exhibited robust photodynamic impact against Streptococcus mutans (i.e., an established caries-associated bacterium); however, its efficacy against periodontal pathogens is not known. Methods : One hundred six diabetics with peri-implantitis were randomly categorized into three groups: Group I consisted of 37 participants who were treated with only MD; group II comprised 35 participants who were treated with FTC-mediated PDT, in addition to MD; and group III consisted of 34 participants who were treated with SM, in addition to MD. Peri-implant clinical parameters [plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD)] and radiographic outcomes [crestal bone loss (CBL)] (PI, BOP, and PD), together with peri-implant sulcular fluid (PISF) interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels were measured at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Results: In group I ( n  = 37; 24 males +13 females), group II ( n  = 35; 20 males +15 females), and group III ( n  = 34; 17 males +17 females), the mean age of participants was 54.3 ± 4.6, 52.0 ± 5.5, and 50.8 ± 4.5 years, respectively. Significant improvement was observed in the scores of peri-implant PI ( p  = 0.01), BOP ( p  = 0.01), and PD ( p  = 0.02) at the 6-month follow-up among all study groups. Significant improvement in peri-implant CBL among group I subjects at 6-month follow-up compared to baseline ( p  < 0.05) was observed. PISF levels of IL-1β and IL-6 improved at 6 months. Conclusions : As an adjunct to conventional MD, FTC-mediated PDT and SM might be used as potential therapeutic modalities among diabetics with peri-implantitis.

Background: Phytotherapy is considered a complementary approach for preventing and treating many diseases. Plants are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites of a wide variety such as saponins, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Sapindus laurifolia (fam: Sapindaceae), well known as soapnuts, are used medicinally as an expectorant, emetic, contraceptive, and for treatment of excessive salivation, epilepsy, chlorosis, and migraines. Objective: To isolation of fractions, estimation of total flavonoid content, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo neuroprotective activity of S. laurifolia fruit kernel. Materials and Methods: In this study, in vitro antioxidant activity is estimated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay method. Neuroprotective activity is estimated by scopolamine-induced dementia method. In neuroprotective method, behavioral parameters were checked by escape latency (EL) time (s) by using the Morris water maze, active avoidance testing using elevated plus maze, and neurochemicals such as glutathione, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and Cholinesterase were estimated. Results: In scopolamine-induced dementia, increased EL time, active avoidance and neurochemicals such as glutathione, CAT, SOD and cholinesterase decreased. Whereas standard and Fraction S-treated animals decreased in EL time, active avoidance and increased locomotor activity, neurochemicals such as glutathione, CAT, SOD, and cholinesterase also increased. Conclusion: The present study clearly demonstrates that methanolic extract of S. laurifolia Fraction A (50 and 100 mg/kg) kernel significantly attenuate scopolamine-induced dementia by improving the learning, memory, antioxidant potentiality, and anti-acetyl cholinesterase activity. Therefore, this Fraction A can be a potential novel therapeutic strategy for controlling neurodegenerative dementia especially Alzheimer's disease. Yet, advance studies are needed to characterize the active compound(s) and expose the possible mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of synthetic surfactants reflects the high demand in the hygiene and cleaning sector for products with low-cost and good-effectiveness. These ingredients are the main components of intimate soap formulations. Sapindus saponaria L. is a plant rich in saponins, with the potential to be used as a natural surfactant due to its amphiphilic character and its foam-forming properties. Therefore, this study aimed to develop intimate soap formulations using S. saponaria extract as a natural surfactant and analyze its stability and surfactant characteristics. Preliminary and accelerated stability parameters, rheological characteristics, surface tension, foaming power, foam stability and emulsification potential were evaluated. The formulations were stable at a pH suitable for the intimate region (4.0 to 4.5), the presence of S. saponaria extract provided greater reduction of surface tension, better foaming and foam stability and greater emulsification power, desirable characteristics for an intimate liquid soap. These results demonstrate that the incorporation of S. saponaria extract into liquid soap formulations is an excellent option as a natural surfactant to reduce the use of synthetic anionic surfactants such as SLES.

Predicting future evolutionary change is a critical challenge in the Anthropocene as geographic range shifts and local extinction emerge as hallmarks of planetary change. Hence, spatial sorting-a driver of rapid evolution in which dispersal-associated traits accumulate along expanding range edges and within recolonized habitats-might be of growing importance in ecology and conservation. We report on the results of a natural experiment that monitored recolonization of host plants by the seed-feeding, red-shouldered soapberry bug, Jadera haematoloma, after local extinctions from catastrophic flooding in an extreme hurricane. We tested the contribution of spatial sorting to generate rapid and persistent evolution in dispersal traits, as well as in feeding traits unrelated to dispersal. Long-winged dispersal forms accumulated in recolonized habitats and due to genetic correlation, mouthparts also became longer and this shift persisted across generations. Those longer mouthparts were probably adaptive on one host plant species but maladaptive on two others based on matching the optimum depth of seeds within their host fruits. Moreover, spatial sorting eroded recently evolved adaptive divergence in mouthpart length among all host-associated biotypes, an outcome pointing to profound practical consequences of the extreme weather event for local adaptation, population resilience and evolutionary futures., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Heavy metal pollution in metropolitan soils poses significant risks to human health and the entire ecosystem. Effective mitigation strategies and technologies are crucial for addressing these environmental issues. Fast-growing trees are an essential part of phytoremediation projects all over the world and provide long-term ecological benefits to mankind. This study assessed the lead tolerance and phytoremediation potential of a fast-growing soapberry tree species (Sapindus mukorossi) in moderately contaminated soil. Two independent experiments were conducted to assess its tolerance at (i) germination level and (ii) prolonged growth stage. In the germination experiments, seeds were exposed to lead (II) nitrate Pb (NO₃)₂ at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μM) for 120 days. Results showed significant differences in germination time, germination index, seedling vigor index, energy of germination, final germination, germination inhibition, seedling height and root/shoot weight compared to the control experiments. In the prolonged growth experiments, seedlings were grown for six months in soils amended/spiked with different Pb concentrations (T 0  = 0, T 1  = 20, T 2  = 50, T 3  = 100, T 4  = 150 and T 5  = 200 mg kg -1 soil) and their biomass was determined. The highest biomass achieved in six months (T 0 : 12.62 g plant -1 ), followed by (T 1 : 12.33 g plant -1 ), (T 2 : 12.42 g plant -1 ), (T 3 : 11.86 g plant -1 ), (T 4 : 10.86 g plant -1 ) and (T 5 : 10.06 g plant -1 ) respectively. S. mukorossi showed no visible signs of Pb toxicity over a six-month period. During six months of exposure, the total Pb content in S. mucrossi tissues were classified as roots > leaves > stems. The highest cumulative absorption of Pb occurred between the fourth and fifth months of exposure. Maximum transfer factor (TF) was detected during the fourth month ranging from 0.888 to 1.012 for the different Pb concentrations. Furthermore, the growth behavior, lead accumulation, bioconcentration factors (BCF) and tolerance index (TI) indicated that S. mucrossi may tolerate moderate Pb concentrations for longer periods. These findings suggest that S. mukorossi may be deployed for long-term phytoremediation coupled with urban forest applications in the future., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. and S. delavayi Franchet are among the most valuable species in the genus Sapindus for their commercially exploitable plant oils and chemicals. However, few studies have addressed genetic variation and improvement for either species. We evaluated the genetic diversity of germplasm from selected plus trees within a wide region and established the relationship between fruit traits and molecular markers. An association analysis based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) provided a genetic basis for studies of fruit traits. A total of 247 loci were detected by scanning 61 trees of S. mukorossi and S. delavayi using 16 ISSR markers. Genetic diversity parameters were estimated for selected superior trees (or germplasm) and S. mukorossi and S. delavayi were categorized into two main groups, as well as into four groups within S. mukorossi. An association analysis between the ISSR markers and 14 fruit traits used the TASSEL MLM model. A genetic structure analysis differentiated S. mukorossi and S. delavayi. Eighteen ISSR loci associated with 13 fruit traits (P < 0.005) were identified, with 13, 1, and 4 loci associated with seed oil production, fruit saponin production, and fruit quality, respectively. Using this information, a core collection was selected with adequate genetic diversity and good seed oil characters. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of effectively estimating fruit trait associations in Sapindus using ISSR markers, and the method is applicable and valuable for select germplasm conservation. The markers obtained in this study are potentially useful for molecular-assisted breeding of Sapindus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study investigated the effects of soapnut (Sapindus mukorossi) shell powder (SSP) on serum hormone level, egg quality, semen characteristics and reproductive performance of broiler breeders fed with a maize-soybean meal based diet. Methods: Ninety six female and twenty four male CARIBRO-VISHAL broiler breeders, 38- week old, were individually caged and randomly allocated to four treatment groups (24 female breeders/treatment and 6 male breeders/treatment): an un-supplemented control (T1) and three groups with 0.0176% SSP (group T2), 0.026% SSP (group T3) and 0.0528% SSP (group T4), to have supplementary saponin at 0, 50, 75, and 150 ppm, respectively, for 42 days. Results: The results indicated that serum (p<0.001) and seminal plasma (p<0.05) testosterone level, semen volume (p<0.001), mass motility (p<0.001), and live spermatozoa count (p<0.001) was increased in groups T3 and T4 compared to T2 and control groups. Compared with control group, total sperm count was increased (p<0.001) and dead spermatozoa count was decreased (p<0.001) in SSP supplemented groups. Supplementation of SSP did not affected the quality of egg lay. Compared with control group, fertility (p<0.01) and hatchability (total eggs set and fertile eggs set) (p<0.001) were significantly improved in SSP supplemented groups with the highest improvement in T3 treatment group. Embryonic death was decreased (p< 0.001) in SSP supplemented groups compared to control; lowest embryonic death was recorded in T3 treatment group. Conclusion: Thus, it was concluded that dietary supplementation of 0.026% SSP (saponin equivalent 75 ppm) improved the reproductive performance of broiler breeders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Saponin extracted from Sapindus mukorossi was characterized using FT-IR and NMR. • Sapindus extract was used as biosurfactant for nanoemulsification of basil oil by using ultrasonication technique. • Nanoemulsified basil oil exhibited better inhibitory activity against food spoilage pathogens over coarse emulsion. Abstract Demand for organic chemical-free formulations in food industry for the purpose of food preservation has triggered exploration of biosurfactants capable of nano-emulsification. Extraction protocol for saponin from fruit pericarp of Sapindus mukorossi was standardized. Saponin was characterized through FTIR and NMR. Solvents were found to have significant influence on the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Aqueous extraction yielded higher CMC (666.67 ppm) over 1:1 water: ethanol (416.67 ppm) and ethanolic extract (370.37 ppm). Aqueous extract of S. mukorossi (0.4%) was used as biosurfactant for nanoemulsification of basil oil through ultrasonication. DLS and TEM confirmed its efficacy for nanoemulsification based on droplet size of 37.7 and 57.6 nm and stability tests. The formulated nanoemulsion was investigated for its antimicrobial activity against common food spoilage fungi Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus flavus. Basil oil thus nanoemulsified was found to have higher inhibitory activity (upto 20%) over its coarse emulsion. Formulated nanoemulsion at 1000 ppm was found to have 64–67% inhibitory activity over these pathogens compared to standard fungicide Carbendazim. Sapindus mukorossi can thus emerge as potential source of biosurfactant for formulating emulsion based preparations for food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi are widely distributed in China, and their fruits are very valuable because they contain specific, economically useful plant oils and saponins. There are relatively few published studies about these two species’ genetic structure, suitable planting areas, and variations in economically important fruit traits. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the genetic structure of germplasms selected from a wide region, determine suitable growth conditions, and characterize variability among economically important fruit traits based on genotypes. We analyzed samples using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and detected 247 loci by scanning the genetic diversity of 61 Sapindus germplasms with 16 ISSR primers. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean and the STRUCTURE program were used to predict the genetic structure among species and S. mukorossi germplasms, respectively. A principal component analysis was completed to examine the correlations between genetic diversity and ecological factors. The S. mukorossi and S. delavayi germplasms were divided into two groups, and the S. mukorossi germplasms were further divided into two subgroups, with clear genotypic differences. The distributions of the Sapindus germplasms indicated that S. delavayi can adapt to high elevations, while S. mukorossi subgroup 1 germplasms can adapt to moderate precipitation and low temperatures better than the subgroup 2 members. Additionally, the S. mukorossi subgroup 2 germplasms can adapt to relatively large changes in precipitation and low temperatures. Moreover, correlation analyses suggested that subgroup 1 germplasms exhibit phenotypic plasticity and the potential to produce oils. These observations may have implications for tree breeding programs. Furthermore, the distribution patterns of the genetic diversity reported herein may provide relevant baseline data for the development of conservation strategies applicable to related wild-type tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus delavayi seeds were collected from 60 populations distributed over a wide geographic area (a range of 12.0° latitude, 19.0° longitude, and 1800 m elevation) across southern China. The variation in fatty acid composition of seed kernel oil between the two species and among individuals was determined, and relationships with geographical and environmental factors were analyzed. The oil characterization allowed the identification and the quantification of 12 fatty acids. The C16–C20 fatty acids accounted for more than 98% of the total content, of which oleic acid was the most abundant (more than 50%). The fatty acid composition was generally stable between the two species and among individuals despite the wide geographic range from which the samples were collected, and the oil showed good potential for biodiesel production. Oleic acid showed insensitivity to environmental factors. Correlation analysis showed that environmental factors had a strong influence on the composition of other fatty acids, such as C20:1 (20.95%), C18:2 (7.56%), C20:0 (6.01%), and C16:0 (4.55%), and explained 36.68% of the total variance. Among the environmental factors, elevation, maximum temperature, and precipitation significantly contributed to variation in seed kernel oil fatty acid composition among populations. Furthermore, the cooperativity of elevation and maximum explained 30.13% of the variance ( P < 0.01). Thus, environmental factors, especially elevation, maximum temperature, and precipitation, of the original provenance should be considered during genotype selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Assessment of the efficacy of final root canal irrigants Sapindus mukorossi (SM), Potassium titanyl phosphate laser (KTPL), and Fotoenticine (FTC) on the push-out bond strength (PBS) of zirconia post., Materials and Methods: The root canal procedure was initiated using the 10 K file and the working length was determined on single-rooted human premolar teeth after decoration. The canals were then enlarged using ProTaper universal system and filled using single cone gutta-percha (GP) and AH Plus resin sealer. Post space was prepared by removing 10 mm of GP from the canal. All the teeth were then allocated into four groups based on the final irrigating regime used (n = 10) Group 1: 5.25% NaOCl+17% EDTA, Group 2: 5.25% NaOCl + KTPL, Group 3: 5.25% NaOCl + FTC and Group 4: 5.25% NaOCl+ SM. Zirconia posts were cemented in the canal space. The specimens were sectioned and implanted in auto-polymerizing acrylic resin. A universal testing machine and stereomicroscope at 40x magnification were used for PBS and failure mode analysis. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to make group comparisons(p = 0.05)., Results: Group 4 (5.25% NaOCl+ SM) coronal section displayed the highest PBS (9.29±0.24 MPa). However, group 3 (5.25% NaOCl+ FTC) apical third (4.08±0.14 MPa) showed the lowest bond values. Group 2 (5.25% NaOCl+ KTP laser) and Group 3 at all three-thirds unveiled no significant difference in PBS(p>0.05). However, Group 1 (5.25% NaOCl+17%EDTA) and Group 4 displayed comparable outcomes of bond strength(p>0.05) CONCLUSION: Sapindus mukorossi has the ability to be used as a final root canal irrigant alternative to EDTA. However, future studies are still required to conclude the outcomes of existing research., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Aim: Evaluation of the push-out bond strength (PBS) of glass fiber reinforced post (GFRP) bonded to root dentin after canal disinfection using food-based root canal irrigants i.e., Curcumin photosensitizer (CP), Riboflavin photosensitizer (RFP), Morinda ctrifolia juice (MCJ) and Sapindus mukorossi (SM) along with MTAD as a final irrigant., Material Methods: Fifty human single-rooted premolar teeth were decoronated. Endodontic preparation was performed along with 2.25% sodium hypochlorite NaOCl solution followed by EDTA solution. Canals were dried and obturated followed by post-space preparation by removing GP. Specimens were allocated into five groups based on different food-based disinfection regimes (n = 10). Group 1: 2.25% NaOCl + MTAD (Control), Group 2: 6% MCJ + MTAD, Group 3: SM + MTAD, Group 4: CP + MTAD and Group 5: RFP + MTAD. All GFRP were bonded to radicular dentin. Root sectioning was performed followed by PBS and failure analysis using a universal testing machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope respectively. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the Post Hoc Tukey HSD test (p = 0.05)., Results: Samples disinfected with(MCJ+MTAD) at coronal third demonstrated maximum PBS (9.41 ± 0.51 MPa). However, the apical third of group 5 (RFP + MTAD) exhibited the minimum values (4.06 ± 0.23 MPa). Intergroup comparison analysis unveiled that group 2 (MCJ +MTAD) and group 3 (SM+MTAD) displayed comparable outcomes of PBS at all three-thirds. Similarly, samples in group 1 (2.25% NaOCl + MTAD), group 4 (CP + MTAD), and group 5 (RFP + MTAD) exhibited comparable PBS., Conclusion: Fruit-based irrigants Morinda citrifolia and Sapindus mukorossi have the potential to be used as root canal irrigants with a positive influence on bond strength., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Management programs and efficient techniques are necessary to recover degraded ecosystems. The sewage sludge is rich in nitrogen (N) and with the potential to fertilize Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapinales: Sapindaceae), used in the recovery of degraded areas; this can affect the insect fauna. The study's objective was to evaluate, for 24 months, the abundance of chewing insects, dipterans, pollinators, and predators on S. saponaria plants fertilized with or without dehydrated sewage sludge in a degraded area. The experimental design was completely randomized (with the same characteristics) with two treatments (with or without dehydrated sewage sludge) and 24 replicates, each with one plant. The abundance of Anastrepha sp. (Tephritidae), Cerotoma sp. (Chrysomelidae), Curculionidae, Musca domestica L. (Muscidae), Mantis religiosa L. (Mantodea: Mantidae), Oxyopidae, Salticidae, Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera), and Teudis sp. (Anyphaenidae) was higher on fertilized plants. The abundances of Teudis sp. and Tmarus sp. (Thomisidae) and M. religiosa and Teudis sp. were positively correlated with chewing insects and Diptera, respectively. The population increase of insects and spiders on S. saponaria plants fertilized with dehydrated sewage sludge (bigger crowns) has shown to be suitable for recovering degraded areas with a higher number of niches and better food quality, improving the ecological indices of the area.

Adsorption of methylene blue dye over the adsorbent derived from Sapindus seed hull (S) and Camelina (C) is studied. Batch adsorption study on both adsorbents is compared as a function of various parameters such as time, initial concentration and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich models were fitted to the equilibrium data of methylene blue dye adsorption. Kinetics was evaluated using pseudo-first- and second-order models. Weber Morris model helped to understand the intraparticle diffusion during adsorption of methylene blue molecules. Thermodynamic analysis on both adsorbents revealed the spontaneity of the process. The relative study illustrated a comparison in adsorption capacities among both the adsorbents. Morphology explicated the surface characteristics of both the sorbents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum revealed a variety of functional groups on adsorbents' surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapindus saponaria L. (Sapindaceae) is a pioneer species used in programs to recover degraded areas. The trees also assist in the pest control of some insects due to the composition of saponins on their leaves. In addition, these chemical components are important to pharmaceutical product production. The objective was to evaluate the impact of spatial distribution, indices and ecological relationship of arthropods on S. saponaria leaves to preserve the balance of biodiversity. Aggregated distribution of arthropods was observed; the numbers of phytophagous arthropods were higher on the adaxial leaf face than on the abaxial part. Only Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) had a higher presence on the abaxial leaf face of S. saponaria saplings. Abundance, diversity, and species richness of natural enemies correlated positively with phytophagous and pollinators insects. On the other hand, the number of Lyriomyza sp. mines correlated negatively with Pseudomyrmex termitarius (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). All this information can assist and guide integrated pest management programs.

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of an experimental root canal irrigant and 17% Ethylene-di-amine tetra acetic acid for removal of the smear layer in the coronal, middle and apical portions of the root canal., Materials and Methods: Ninety human single rooted maxillary and mandibular teeth were selected for this study. The teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group as follows: Group A (Ethanolic extract of Sapindus Mukorossi), Group B (17% EDTA), and Group C (Distilled water). The root canals of all three groups were prepared with stainless steel K-files by means of the standard step-back technique and irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypo chloride. The teeth were decoronated, following the irrigation and divided longitudinally into two-halves and visualized using scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the amount of smear layer present utilizing the three-point score system. The observations were noted both before and after the treatment. Nonparametric tests were applied for the comparison and p -value ⩽ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant., Results: It was evident from that smear layer was completely removed in coronal portion of 27 out of 30 teeth in-group A. For middle and apical areas of group A, 24 and 19 teeth showed complete smear layer removal. In-group B it was found that there were 24, 21, and 3 teeth at coronal, middle and apical, areas respectively where smear layer were completely absent. Intra group comparison showed a significant difference ( p  = 0.002) in smear layer removal was found for group A at coronal, middle and apical thirds. Similarly, a significant difference ( p  = 0.001) was also found for group B; however heavy smear layer was found among the three parts of the canal for group C., Conclusions: Ethanolic extract of Sapindus Mukorossi have higher effectiveness in removing the smear layer from the root canal in comparison to 17% EDTA.

This study evaluated the antitumor effect of some fractions extracted from Sapindus spp. on breast cancer. Four water-extracted fractions (I, II, III, IV) were isolated from the pericarp of Sapindus spp. using X-5 and AB-8 macroporous resin columns and MCI gel column. The in vitro effect was determined using the MTT assay. Our results indicated that fractions I-IV did not exhibit significant cytotoxic effects towards the normal cell MDA-kb2; Fraction II and IV inhibited the growth of MCF-7 (estrogen receptor positive), MDA-MB-231 (estrogen receptor negative), and MDA-MB-435 s human breast cancer cell lines; of these, MDA-MB-435 s cell line was the most sensitive, and the IC 50 of Fraction II and IV against this cell line were 33.11 and 30.06 µg/mL, respectively. In the in vivo experiment, Fraction II and IV showed a strong antitumor effect at a dose of 162.5 mg/kg/d, with inhibition rate of 40.43% and 38.77%. Fraction II and IV also induced apoptosis of tumor cells, activations of Bax (Fraction II) and inhibition of Bcl-2 (Fraction II and IV). Our results underscore the pharmacological potential of Sapindus spp. extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The treatment of infected root canals is one of the most essential areas in dentistry. The endodontic therapy comprises of a sequence of steps that includes the purging of disease and infectious tissues from the root canal system. The objective of the study is to compare the effect of an experimental herbal root canal irrigant (Sapindus mukorossi) and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, on the micro hardness of human dentin., Methods: Ninety single rooted teeth were collected displayed intact external morphology the selected teeth were than divided randomly into 3 groups (n=30); 1 control and 2 experimental groups: Group A consisted of specimen treated with Ethanolic extract of Sapindus mukorossi. Group B consisted of specimen treated with 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and Group C (control group) consisted of specimen of roots were sectioned immersed in distilled water. After the removal of crowns, the roots were sectioned embedded in the polymer resin leaving the root dentine exposed, the micro hardness was determined. Then, the samples from each group were treated with respective irrigant solution for 15 minutes and then observation regarding the micro hardness were noted again by using Vickers micro hardness tester. Analysis of data were obtained by application of Wilcoxon signed rank test., Results: The study revealed that there was no significant difference noted in dentin microhardness of group "A" sample after dipping in experimental irrigant solution (Sapindus mukorossi). However, the study found significant difference in context of decrease in dentin microhardness after dipping a sample in a group "B" irrigant solution (17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid)., Conclusions: In order to preserve the strength of dentin that will ultimately be beneficial for increase in survival of teeth in function, probably the herbal extract of Sapindus mukorossi would be better candidate for future endeavour and presented as an economic and effective alternative amongst root canal irrigants.

The saponins from the pericarps of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae) are attracting more and more attention because of their antimicrobial activity and their ability to act as a natural surfactant. However, the color of Sapindus pericarp extract is dark brown, which limits its application in some products. The present study aims to improve the color by adding hydrogen peroxide. An orthogonal L (3) test design was applied to optimize the decolorization parameters, including the amount of added hydrogen peroxide, time, temperature and pH. The extent of decolorization was up to 89.5 % below 80 °C within 80 min, using 2.5 % hydrogen peroxide at pH 6. The characteristics of Sapindus pericarp extract before and after bleaching were compared, including the antimicrobial and foaming performance, surface activities and detergency properties. There was no significant difference in either the diameters of the inhibition zone or the minimum inhibitory concentration against Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P < 0.05), while these parameters for C. albicans, T. rubrum and P. aeruginosa for the sample after decolorization were 22.33, 25.00, 15.33 mm and 0.91, 0.91, 13.03 mg/mL, respectively. The foamability of the Sapindus pericarp extract after decolorization was somewhat enhanced and the foam stability reduced ( P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in values of the critical micelle concentration of the pericarp extract before and after decolorization. The detergency also remained at the same level. Our results show that the properties of the decolorized Sapindus pericarp extract were largely unchanged. This suggests that further development is worthwhile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodontitis is a common oral disease mainly caused by bacterial infection and inflammation of the gingiva. In the prevention or treatment of periodontitis, anti-bacterial agents are used to inhibit pathogen growth, despite increasing levels of bacterial resistance. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn (SM) seed oil has proven anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation properties. However, the possibility of using this plant to prevent or treat periodontitis has not been reported previously. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of SM oil on experimental periodontitis in rats by using micro-CT and microbiota analysis. The distance between cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest (ABC) on the sagittal micro-CT slide showed that total bone loss (TBL) was significantly lower in CEJ-ABC distances between SM oil and SM oil-free groups on Day 14. Histology data also showed less alveolar bone resorption, a result consistent result with micro-CT imaging. The microbiota analyzed at phylum and class levels were compared between the SM oil and SM oil-free groups on Day 7 and Day 14. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria , Firmicutes , Bacteroidetes , and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterium. Firmicutes in box plot analysis was significantly less in the SM oil group than in the SM oil-free group on Day 7. At the class level, Bacteroidia , Gammaproteobacteria , Bacilli , Clostridia , and Erysipelotrichia were the dominant bacteria. The bacteria composition proportion of Bacilli , Clostridiay, and Erysipelotrichia could be seen in the SM oil group significantly less than in t SM oil-free group on Day 7. Overall, the present results show that topical application of SM oil can reduce bone resorption and change bacteria composition in the ligature-induced periodontitis model. According to these results, it is reasonable to suggest SM oil as a potential material for preventing oral disease.

• Sapindus is biodiesel, biomedical, and multifunctional economic forest species. • There were significantly distinct ecological adaptations among Sapindus mukorossi, Sapindus delavayi, and Sapindus rarak. • Precipitation is the crucial factor to the habitats of Sapindus. • S. delavayi was more sensitive to minimum temperatures, soil moisture, and elevation, S. rarak was more demanding in isothermality and soil moisture. • Under future climate change, S. mukorossi will expand and extensive contract, S. delavayi exhibited fewer expansion and contraction, S. rarak exhibited pronounced contraction and expansion. Sapindus is an important biodiesel, biomedical, and multifunctional economic forest species in Asia; however, its germplasms have been persistently damaged or lost. Thus, it is imperative to conserve the diversity of Sapindus. This study aimed to reveal the potential habitat distribution patterns of Sapindus mukorossi , Sapindus delavayi , and Sapindus rarak in response to the current environment and future climate change. Furthermore, we aimed to identify hotspots of habitat degradation/expansion to facilitate climate change-adaptive biological conservation. Using current environmental data and future climate projections (2021–2100), we simulated the present and potential future habitats of Sapindus mukorossi , Sapindus delavayi , and Sapindus rarak using a maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model that was developed based on 2041 occurrence records. The model showed that precipitation may play an important role in framing the potential habitats of Sapindus. Notably, S. delavayi was more sensitive to minimum temperatures (−4 °C to 5.5 °C), soil moisture (82–132 mm), and elevation (1200–3200 m), whereas S. rarak was the most sensitive to isothermality (50–86) and soil moisture (54–126). Under the current environment, Sapindus mukorossi had the widest suitable habitat distribution (252.50 × 104 km2), followed by that of Sapindus rarak (215.62 × 104 km2) and Sapindus delavayi (90.86 × 104 km2). Under future climate change scenarios, the habitat distribution of Sapindus mukorossi was predicted to expand at higher latitudes and extensively contract at lower latitudes. Moreover, the projected suitable habitat distribution of S. delavayi showed inconspicuous expansion and contraction, whereas that S. rarak underwent conspicuous contraction and expansion. Moreover, there were distinct ecological habits among Sapindus mukorossi , Sapindus delavayi , and Sapindus rarak in the east and southeast Asia. Thus, it is recommended that the contraction areas should be preferentially subjected to germplasm collection and conservation. Based on these findings, we propose preserved areas as the base for future Sapindus mukorossi , Sapindus delavayi , and Sapindus rarak conservation, breeding, cultivation, and utilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A anatomia das folhas, frutos e sementes de Sapindus saponaria L., espécie utilizada no combate a úlceras e inflamações da pele, foi estudada utilizando-se material fresco e fixado, com a finalidade de subsidiar estudos taxonômicos e farmacobotânicos. Analisaram-se cortes em diferentes planos, obtidos à mão livre ou com micrótomo, em lâminas semipermanentes e permanentes, corados com safrablau. As folhas compostas, apresentam folíolos de ápice acuminado e base assimétrica, glabros na face superior e pubescentes na inferior. Drusas e cristais prismáticos ocorrem no mesofilo dorsiventral. O fruto é esquizocarpo indeiscente com até três mericarpos desenvolvidos. O exocarpo apresenta células isodiamétricas com cutícula espessa e muitas lenticelas. No mesocarpo parenquimático encontram-se cavidades secretoras, idioblastos cristalíferos contendo drusas e cristais prismáticos. O endocarpo é constituído por fibras lignificadas, dispostas em diagonal. As sementes são bitegumentadas, exotestais, e exalbuminosas. Nas folhas e frutos secos e triturados (droga) destacam-se: fragmentos das faces adaxial e abaxial da epiderme com tricomas íntegros, do mesofilo parenquimático, do pericarpo e drusas e cristais prismáticos

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. (Sapindaceae), or soapberry, is an important biodiesel tree in southern China. In recent years, leaf spot disease on soapberry has been observed frequently in a soapberry germplasm repository in Jianning County, Sanming City, Fujian province, China. The symptoms initially appeared as irregular, small, yellow spots, and the centers of the lesions became dark brown with time. Three fungal isolates from lesions were collected. Koch's postulates were performed, and their pathogenicity was confirmed. Morphologically, α-conidia from diseased tissues were single-celled, hyaline, smooth, clavate or ellipsoidal, and biguttulate, measuring 6.2 to 7.2 × 2.3 to 2.7 μm. In addition, the three isolates in this study developed three types (α, β, and γ) of conidia on potato dextrose agar, and their morphological characteristics matched those of Diaporthe . A phylogenetic analysis based on internal transcribed spacer, TEF , TUB , HIS , and CAL sequence data determined that the three isolates are a new species of Diaporthe . Based on both morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the causal fungus, Diaporthe sapindicola sp. nov., was described and illustrated.

Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) is an important biological washing material and biomass energy tree species whose peel is rich in saponins, and its kernels have a high oil content. We used the maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to predict the suitable habitats of S. mukorossi globally, screen the dominant environmental factors affecting its distribution and analyse the changes in its suitable habitats under climate change from prehistory to the future, and the results will provide a scientific basis for germplasm resource collection, protection, introduction and cultivation. Twenty-two environmental variables and global distribution data for S. mukorossi were used to construct the species distribution model, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to verify the accuracy of the model. The dominant environmental factors were screened through the jackknife method, and then, the geographical information system (ArcGIS) was used to complete the grade of suitable habitat division and area calculation. The results showed that the MaxEnt model had an excellent predictive effect, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) value was as high as 0.969. The precipitation of the warmest quarter (Bio18), the minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6), temperature seasonality (Bio4) and isothermality (Bio3) were the dominant environmental factors that affected the distribution of S. mukorossi. The largest area of the world's suitable habitats occurred during the last interglacial (LIG) (772.69 × 10 4 km 2 ), and the area decreased sharply (614.46 × 10 4 km 2 ) during the last glacial maximum (LGM). The area of suitable habitat showed an increasing trend during the Mid-Holocene (MH) and currently, with areas of 631.06 × 10 4 km 2 and 706.82 × 10 4 km 2 , respectively. The area of suitable habitats for S. mukorossi globally was 718.35 × 10 4 km 2 (SSP1-2.6), 636.85 × 10 4 km 2 (SSP2-4.5), 657.64 × 10 4 km 2 (SSP3-7.0) and 675.89 × 10 4 km 2 (SSP5-8.5) under the four scenarios of the future climate. The area increased only in the SSP1 scenario. In summary, globally, the suitable area of S. mukorossi tended to migrate to higher latitudes and decrease in area with future climate change., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Biological detergents like sodium deoxycholate, sodium dodecyl sulphate and Triton X-100 impairs the collagenous and non-collagenous proteins, glycosaminoglycans and growth factors. Further, certain chemical and enzymes are responsible for residual cytotoxicity in the decellularized extracellular matrix. The main focus of this study was to explore the decellularization property of soap nut pericarp extract (SPE) for development of decellularized tubular esophageal scaffold. For this 2.5, 5.0 and 10% concentrations of SPE were used for decellularization of caprine esophageal tissues. Histological analysis of hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome stained tissue samples confirmed decellularization with preservation of extracellular matrix microarchitecture. Scanning electron microscopic images of luminal surface of decellularized esophageal matrix showed randomly oriented collagen fibres with large interconnected pores and cells were absent. However, the external surface was more textured with fibrous structures and collagen fibres were well preserved. DAPI stained decellularized tissues revealed complete removal of nuclear components, verified by DNA content measurement and SDS-PAGE. The FTIR spectra of decellularized esophagus shows absorption peaks of amide A, B, I, II and III. Elastic modulus of the decellularized esophagus scaffolds increased (P > 0.05) as compared to native tissues. Histological and scanning electron microscopic evaluation of in vitro seeded scaffolds showed attachment and growth of primary chicken embryo fibroblasts over and within the decellularized scaffolds. It was concluded that 5% SPE is ideal for preparation of cytocompatible decellularized caprine esophageal scaffold with well-preserved extracellular matrix architecture and, may be used as an alternative to biological detergents and other chemicals., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

To explore the newer saponin resources, in vitro toxicity of saponin-enriched fraction (SEF) extracted from Silene vulgaris (SV) was evaluated for first time and compared with in vitro toxicity of SEF extracted from Sapindus mukorossi (SM) and Chlorophytum borivilianum (CV). All extracted SEF from diverse resources were characterized by immersing TLC plates in 0.5% RBC suspension method, by ethanol: sulfuric acid method and by estimating hRst values. Each extracted SEF clearly portrayed specific pattern with varied hRst range. White spots against a pinkish-red background and greenish-black spots in case of immersion method and spraying method respectively were observed. After initial characterization, in vitro 0.5% sheep RBC lytic activities and VERO cell cytotoxic activities (via SRB assay) of each extracted SEF were also evaluated. Furthermore, SEF of SV showed very less hemolytic activity compared to SM and CB. The HD 50 values for SV, SM, and CB were 736.7 ± 2.824, 18.0 ± 1.894, and 170.70 ± 2.783 µg/mL, respectively. SEF of SV (IC 50 ≥ 200 µg/mL) was less toxic for VERO cell line than SEF of SM (IC 50 = 150.8 µg/mL) and CB (IC 50 = 137.1 µg/mL). Hence, the SEF of SV was found to be less toxic and can be used as a new and safer source of saponins.

The anti-tumor effects of two compounds purified from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. ( S. mukorossi .) on breast cancer in vitro were observed. Their chemical structures were identified as sesquiterpene glycosides, namely, Mukurozioside IIa and Mukurozioside IIb. The results of XTT assay indicated that their inhibition rates against three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435s) reached approximately 80% at a concentration of 200 μg/mL, which were higher than that of cyclophosphamide (below 40% at 200 μg/mL), and their 50% inhibiting concentrations were ranged from 120.73 to 154.01 μg/mL, indicating their inhibition were weaker than their parent fraction. Furthermore, the mechanism on breast cancer was predicted, and 22 targets including PTPN1, IL2 and VEGFA were relatively important. These results illustrated the anti-breast cancer activity of S. mukorossi was related to the two compounds with the structure of sesquiterpene glycosides, but they did not represent the full activity of their parent fraction.

This study evaluated the antibacterial activities of different extracts of Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. ( S. mukorossi ) on Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes ). The extract solvent and procedure were screened, based on the yield of saponins and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The results showed that the optimized product, fermentation and ethyl acetate extract by adding isoamyl alcohol from water extract of S. mukorossi (SWFEAI), had the highest yield of saponins (7.83 ± 0.26%) and the best antibacterial activity (MIC = 0.125 mg/mL) on C. acnes . The destroyed bacterial cell membrane and wall were observed by transmission electron microscopy, which then resulted in cell lysis and death. Furthermore, 20 compounds of SWFEAI were detected, among which oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins with molecular weights of 734, 750, 882, 924 and 966 were speculated to contribute to the antibacterial activities of SWFEAI. The results showed that SWFEAI could be a natural anti-acne agent.

Sapindus (Sapindus L.) is a widely distributed economically important tree genus that provides biodiesel, biomedical and biochemical products. However, with climate change, deforestation, and economic development, the diversity of Sapindus germplasms may face the risk of destruction. Therefore, utilising historical environmental data and future climate projections from the BCC-CSM2-MR global climate database, we simulated the current and future global distributions of suitable habitats for Sapindus using a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model. The estimated ecological thresholds for critical environmental factors were: a minimum temperature of 0-20 °C in the coldest month, soil moisture levels of 40-140 mm, a mean temperature of 2-25 °C in the driest quarter, a mean temperature of 19-28 °C in the wettest quarter, and a soil pH of 5.6-7.6. The total suitable habitat area was 6059.97 × 10 4 km 2 , which was unevenly distributed across six continents. As greenhouse gas emissions increased over time, the area of suitable habitats contracted in lower latitudes and expanded in higher latitudes. Consequently, surveys and conservation should be prioritised in southern hemisphere areas which are in danger of becoming unsuitable. In contrast, other areas in northern and central America, China, and India can be used for conservation and large-scale cultivation in the future., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

A rare new species of Sapindus from Vietnam, Sapindus sonlaensis, is described, illustrated, and compared to similar species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]