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2. Achievement or Social Background? The Impact of Tracking on the Composition of Schools in an International Comparison.

Author

Brinkmann, Maximilian, Huth-Stöckle, Nora, Schunck, Reinhard, and Teltemann, Janna

Subjects
SOCIAL background, SEGREGATION in education, INTERNATIONAL schools, CLASSROOM environment, ACHIEVEMENT
Abstract

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2024
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5. Assortative Mating and Wealth Inequalities Between and Within Households.

Author

Lersch, Philipp M and Schunck, Reinhard

Subjects
*WEALTH, *HOUSEHOLDS, *GINI coefficient, *INCOME
Abstract

Positive assortative mating may be a driver of wealth inequalities, but this relationship has not yet been examined. We investigate the association between assortative mating and wealth inequality within and between households drawing on data from the United States Survey of Income and Program Participation and measuring current, individual-level wealth for newly formed couples (N  = 3936 couples). We find that partners positively sort according to wealth over and above sorting by age, race, education, and income. In the absence of assortative mating according to wealth, the Gini coefficient for between-household wealth inequality would be 7 percent lower. Wealth inequalities would thus remain high if couples did not match by wealth. We find a within-household wealth gap of about USD 23,000 to the disadvantage of women. Whereas the within-household wealth gap would be markedly greater for women at the bottom and in the middle of the female wealth distribution without assortative mating, we also find that women would have a substantial wealth advantage under random matching at the top of the female wealth distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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9. Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty

Author

Breznau, Nate, Rinke, Eike Mark, Wuttke, Alexander, Nguyen, Hung H. V., Adem, Muna, Adriaans, Jule, Alvarez-Benjumea, Amalia, Andersen, Henrik K., Auer, Daniel, Azevedo, Flavio, Bahnsen, Oke, Schlueter, Elmar, Schmidt, Regine, Schmidt, Katja M., Schmidt-Catran, Alexander, Schmiedeberg, Claudia, Schneider, Jürgen, Schoonvelde, Martijn, Schulte-Cloos, Julia, Schumann, Sandy, Bauer, Paul C., Christmann, Pablo, Schunck, Reinhard, Schupp, Jürgen, Seuring, Julian, Silber, Henning, Sleegers, Willem, Sonntag, Nico, Staudt, Alexander, Steiber, Nadia, Steiner, Nils, Sternberg, Sebastian, Connelly, Roxanne, Baumann, Markus, Stiers, Dieter, Stojmenovska, Dragana, Storz, Nora, Striessnig, Erich, Stroppe, Anne-Kathrin, Teltemann, Janna, Tibajev, Andrey, Tung, Brian, Vagni, Giacomo, Czymara, Christian S., Van Assche, Jasper, Baute, Sharon, van der Linden, Meta, van der Noll, Jolanda, Van Hootegem, Arno, Vogtenhuber, Stefan, Voicu, Bogdan, Wagemans, Fieke, Wehl, Nadja, Werner, Hannah, Damian, Elena, Wiernik, Brenton M., Winter, Fabian, Benoit, Verena, Wolf, Christof, Yamada, Yuki, Zhang, Nan, Ziller, Conrad, Zins, Stefan, Żółtak, Tomasz, Bernauer, Julian, Ecker, Alejandro, Berning, Carl, Berthold, Anna, Bethke, Felix S., Biegert, Thomas, Blinzler, Katharina, Blumenberg, Johannes N., Bobzien, Licia, Bohman, Andrea, Bol, Thijs, Bostic, Amie, Edelmann, Achim, Brzozowska, Zuzanna, Burgdorf, Katharina, Burger, Kaspar, Busch, Kathrin B., Carlos-Castillo, Juan, Chan, Nathan, Eger, Maureen A., Ellerbrock, Simon, Forke, Anna, Forster, Andrea, Micheli, Leticia, Gaasendam, Chris, Gavras, Konstantin, Gayle, Vernon, Gessler, Theresa, Gnambs, Timo, Godefroidt, Amélie, Grömping, Max, Groß, Martin, Gruber, Stefan, Gummer, Tobias, Mijs, Jonathan, Hadjar, Andreas, Heisig, Jan Paul, Hellmeier, Sebastian, Heyne, Stefanie, Hirsch, Magdalena, Hjerm, Mikael, Hochman, Oshrat, Hövermann, Andreas, Hunger, Sophia, Hunkler, Christian, Moya, Cristóbal, Huth, Nora, Ignácz, Zsófia S., Jacobs, Laura, Jacobsen, Jannes, Jaeger, Bastian, Jungkunz, Sebastian, Jungmann, Nils, Kauff, Mathias, Kleinert, Manuel, Klinger, Julia, Neunhoeffer, Marcel, Kolb, Jan-Philipp, Kołczyńska, Marta, Kuk, John, Kunißen, Katharina, Kurti Sinatra, Dafina, Langenkamp, Alexander, Lersch, Philipp M., Löbel, Lea-Maria, Lutscher, Philipp, Mader, Matthias, Nüst, Daniel, Madia, Joan E., Malancu, Natalia, Maldonado, Luis, Marahrens, Helge, Martin, Nicole, Martinez, Paul, Mayerl, Jochen, Mayorga, Oscar J., McManus, Patricia, McWagner, Kyle, Nygård, Olav, Meeusen, Cecil, Meierrieks, Daniel, Mellon, Jonathan, Merhout, Friedolin, Merk, Samuel, Meyer, Daniel, Ochsenfeld, Fabian, Otte, Gunnar, Pechenkina, Anna O., Prosser, Christopher, Balzer, Dave, Raes, Louis, Ralston, Kevin, Ramos, Miguel R., Roets, Arne, Rogers, Jonathan, Ropers, Guido, Samuel, Robin, Sand, Gregor, Schachter, Ariela, Schaeffer, Merlin, Bauer, Gerrit, Schieferdecker, David, Massey, Douglas, Institutions, Inequalities, and Life courses (IIL, AISSR, FMG), Leadership and Management (ABS, FEB), Department of Social Psychology, Research Group: Economics, Department of Economics, Breznau, Nate [0000-0003-4983-3137], Rinke, Eike Mark [0000-0002-5330-7634], Wuttke, Alexander [0000-0002-9579-5357], Nguyen, Hung HV [0000-0001-9496-6217], Adriaans, Jule [0000-0001-7782-505X], Alvarez-Benjumea, Amalia [0000-0002-5829-2099], Andersen, Henrik K [0000-0001-6842-5337], Auer, Daniel [0000-0003-4454-2365], Azevedo, Flavio [0000-0001-9000-8513], Bahnsen, Oke [0000-0003-3198-2804], Balzer, Dave [0000-0001-8345-7169], Bauer, Gerrit [0000-0002-3682-8323], Bauer, Paul C [0000-0002-8382-9724], Benoit, Verena [0000-0002-8596-9202], Bernauer, Julian [0000-0001-5699-5543], Berthold, Anna [0000-0002-1017-5731], Bethke, Felix S [0000-0002-4259-6071], Biegert, Thomas [0000-0001-5437-2561], Bohman, Andrea [0000-0001-8335-9235], Bol, Thijs [0000-0001-9509-8423], Bostic, Amie [0000-0002-9809-5014], Burger, Kaspar [0000-0001-5582-7062], Busch, Kathrin B [0000-0002-6951-0776], Carlos-Castillo, Juan [0000-0003-1265-7854], Christmann, Pablo [0000-0003-0458-9572], Connelly, Roxanne [0000-0002-3886-1506], Czymara, Christian S [0000-0002-9535-3559], Damian, Elena [0000-0002-3776-6988], Edelmann, Achim [0000-0001-8293-674X], Eger, Maureen A [0000-0001-9023-7316], Ellerbrock, Simon [0000-0002-9099-1420], Forster, Andrea [0000-0002-5201-1452], Gavras, Konstantin [0000-0002-9222-0101], Gayle, Vernon [0000-0002-1929-5983], Gessler, Theresa [0000-0003-2339-6266], Gnambs, Timo [0000-0002-6984-1276], Godefroidt, Amélie [0000-0002-5010-2860], Grömping, Max [0000-0003-1488-4436], Gruber, Stefan [0000-0002-3459-421X], Gummer, Tobias [0000-0001-6469-7802], Hadjar, Andreas [0000-0002-2641-010X], Heisig, Jan Paul [0000-0001-8228-1907], Hellmeier, Sebastian [0000-0002-9423-7150], Heyne, Stefanie [0000-0002-1546-9421], Hirsch, Magdalena [0000-0002-9709-9259], Hochman, Oshrat [0000-0002-4941-0815], Hövermann, Andreas [0000-0002-6774-6128], Hunger, Sophia [0000-0002-3859-5674], Hunkler, Christian [0000-0002-1632-9834], Huth, Nora [0000-0002-1651-9101], Ignácz, Zsófia S [0000-0002-2288-5757], Jacobs, Laura [0000-0001-5094-3531], Jacobsen, Jannes [0000-0003-4358-0458], Jaeger, Bastian [0000-0002-4398-9731], Jungkunz, Sebastian [0000-0003-1040-8635], Jungmann, Nils [0000-0001-8849-8373], Kauff, Mathias [0000-0003-3803-3521], Klinger, Julia [0000-0001-8120-5785], Kolb, Jan-Philipp [0000-0001-6982-2115], Kołczyńska, Marta [0000-0003-4981-0437], Kunißen, Katharina [0000-0002-8330-6392], Kurti Sinatra, Dafina [0000-0001-7268-661X], Langenkamp, Alexander [0000-0002-3359-7179], Lersch, Philipp M [0000-0003-3863-8301], Löbel, Lea-Maria [0000-0002-1541-6514], Lutscher, Philipp [0000-0001-6176-7297], Mader, Matthias [0000-0002-4593-2392], Madia, Joan E [0000-0001-8398-8859], Maldonado, Luis [0000-0002-0028-4766], Marahrens, Helge [0000-0002-1729-9104], Martinez, Paul [0000-0002-7041-4466], Mayerl, Jochen [0000-0002-4599-9976], Mayorga, Oscar J [0000-0002-5299-8955], McManus, Patricia [0000-0003-0954-4517], Meierrieks, Daniel [0000-0003-2058-8385], Mellon, Jonathan [0000-0001-6754-203X], Merhout, Friedolin [0000-0003-3703-7651], Merk, Samuel [0000-0003-2594-5337], Meyer, Daniel [0000-0002-1057-6498], Micheli, Leticia [0000-0003-0066-8222], Mijs, Jonathan [0000-0002-7895-0028], Moya, Cristóbal [0000-0002-7176-4775], Nüst, Daniel [0000-0002-0024-5046], Nygård, Olav [0000-0003-2272-8150], Otte, Gunnar [0000-0001-7025-2543], Pechenkina, Anna O [0000-0002-7934-9832], Prosser, Christopher [0000-0002-2992-8190], Raes, Louis [0000-0003-2640-7493], Ralston, Kevin [0000-0003-4344-7120], Roets, Arne [0000-0001-5814-1189], Rogers, Jonathan [0000-0002-0039-608X], Ropers, Guido [0000-0001-5069-2699], Samuel, Robin [0000-0002-7598-197X], Sand, Gregor [0000-0002-4475-0757], Schachter, Ariela [0000-0002-7404-4140], Schaeffer, Merlin [0000-0003-1969-8974], Schieferdecker, David [0000-0003-2376-0929], Schlueter, Elmar [0000-0003-3880-4111], Schmidt, Katja M [0000-0003-3695-1054], Schmidt-Catran, Alexander [0000-0002-9485-6314], Schmiedeberg, Claudia [0000-0002-6015-0460], Schneider, Jürgen [0000-0002-3772-4198], Schoonvelde, Martijn [0000-0003-4370-2654], Schumann, Sandy [0000-0002-0900-5356], Schunck, Reinhard [0000-0002-8185-8919], Schupp, Jürgen [0000-0001-5273-643X], Seuring, Julian [0000-0001-5567-596X], Silber, Henning [0000-0002-3568-3257], Sleegers, Willem [0000-0001-9058-3817], Sonntag, Nico [0000-0001-9951-9117], Steiber, Nadia [0000-0002-9425-8840], Steiner, Nils [0000-0003-3433-4079], Stiers, Dieter [0000-0001-7242-8477], Stojmenovska, Dragana [0000-0002-9805-7229], Storz, Nora [0000-0001-5262-4024], Striessnig, Erich [0000-0001-5419-9498], Stroppe, Anne-Kathrin [0000-0002-1251-9235], Teltemann, Janna [0000-0003-0329-3104], Tibajev, Andrey [0000-0001-7348-1632], Tung, Brian [0000-0003-2630-6115], Van Assche, Jasper [0000-0002-2570-2928], van der Noll, Jolanda [0000-0001-7929-466X], Van Hootegem, Arno [0000-0002-9559-8038], Vogtenhuber, Stefan [0000-0003-0839-4481], Voicu, Bogdan [0000-0002-2221-2499], Winter, Fabian [0000-0002-4838-4504], Wolf, Christof [0000-0002-9364-9524], Yamada, Yuki [0000-0003-1431-568X], Ziller, Conrad [0000-0002-2282-636X], Żółtak, Tomasz [0000-0003-1354-4472], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Data Analysis, IDEAS, MetaArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Political Science, researcher degrees of freedom, 300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology, Social Policy, PREFERENCES, Outcome (game theory), Inequality, cohesion and modernization, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Political Science, Credibility, SUPPORT, Soziologie, Sozialwissenschaften, HA Statistics, Ongelijkheid, cohesie en modernisering, uncertainty, Reliability (statistics), media_common, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Other Social and Behavioral Sciences, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology, MetaArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Multidisciplinary, analytical flexibility, Uncertainty, Ambiguity, Variance (accounting), immigration and policy preferences, Research Personnel, Test (assessment), bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Sociology, MetaArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology, ddc:300, Annan samhällsvetenskap, crowdsourcing, Psychology, noise, H Social Sciences (General), Process (engineering), bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics, media_common.quotation_subject, Politikwissenschaft, metascience, many analysts, researcher degrees of freedom, analytical flexibility, immigration and policy preferences, Crowdsourcing, metascience, many analysts, REDISTRIBUTION, WELFARE-STATE, MetaArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Other Social and Behavioral Sciences, 320 Political science, Humans, Sociologi (exklusive socialt arbete, socialpsykologi och socialantropologi), Other Social Sciences, MetaArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Sociology, business.industry, Sociology (excluding Social Work, Social Psychology and Social Anthropology), Reproducibility of Results, Tvärvetenskapliga studier inom samhällsvetenskap, Data science, IMMIGRATION, MetaArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Economics, meta- science, ddc:000, bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences, Social Sciences Interdisciplinary, 300 Sozialwissenschaften::300 Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie::300 Sozialwissenschaften, business, ANALYSTS
Abstract

This study explores how researchers' analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers' expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each team's workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers' results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings. ispartof: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA vol:119 issue:44 ispartof: location:United States status: published

Published
2022

13. The Crowdsourced Replication Initiative: Investigating Immigration and Social Policy Preferences. Executive Report

Author

Breznau, Nate, Rinke, Eike Mark, Wuttke, Alexander, Adem, Muna, Adriaans, Jule, Alvarez-Benjumea, Amalia, Andersen, Henrik, Auer, Daniel, Azevedo, Flavio, Bahnsen, Oke, Balzer, Dave, Bauer, Gerrit, Bauer, Paul, Baumann, Markus, Baute, Sharon, Benoit, Verena, Berning, Carl, Bernauer, Julian, Berthold, Anna, Bethke, Felix, Biegert, Thomas, Blinzler, Katharina, Blumenberg, Johannes, Bol, Thijs, Bobzien, Licia, Bohman, Andrea, Bostic, Amie, Brzozowska, Zuzanna, Burgdorf, Katharina, Burger, Kaspar, Busch, Kathrin, Castillo, Juan Carlos, Chan, Nathan, Christmann, Pablo, Connelly, Roxanne, Czymara, Christian, Damian, Elena, Edelmann, Achim, Ecker, Alejandro, Eger, Maureen A., Ellerbrock, Simon, Forke, Anna, Forster, Andrea, Gavras, Konstantin, Gayle, Vernon, Gaasendam, Chris, Gessler, Theresa, Gnambs, Timo, Godefroidt, Amélie, Greinert, Alexander, Groß, Martin, Grömping, Max, Gruber, Stefan, Gummer, Tobias, Hadjar, Andreas, Heisig, Jan Paul, Hellmeier, Sebastian, Heyne, Stefanie, Hirsch, Magdalena, Hjerm, Mikael, Hochman, Oshrat, Hövermann, Andreas, Huth, Nora, Hunger, Sophia, Hunkler, Christian, Ignacz, Zsofia, Jacobs, Laura, Jacobsen, Jannes, Jaeger, Bastian, Jungkunz, Sebastian, Jungmann, Nils, Kauff, Mathias, Kleinert, Manuel, Klinger, Julia, Kolb, Jan-Philipp, Kolczynska, Marta, Kuk, John, Kunißen, Katharina, Kurti, Dafina, Lersch, Philipp M., Löbel, Lea-Maria, Lutscher, Philipp, Mader, Matthias, Madia, Joan Eliel, Malancu, Natalia Cornelia, Maldonado, Luis, Marahrens, Helge, Martin, Nicole, Martinez, Paul, Mayerl, Jochen, MAYORGA, Oscar Jose, McManus, Patricia, Meeusen, Cecil, Meierrieks, Daniel, Mellon, Jonathan, Merhout, Friedolin, Merk, Samuel, Meyer, Daniel, Micheli, Leticia, Mijs, Jonathan, Moya, Cristóbal, Neunhoeffer, Marcel, Nüst, Daniel, Nygård, Olav, Ochsenfeld, Fabian, Otte, Gunnar, Pechenkina, Anna, Prosser, Christopher, Raes, Louis, Ralston, Kevin, Ramos, Miguel, Roets, Arne, Rogers, Jonathan, Ropers, Guido, Samuel, Robin, Sand, Gergor, Schachter, Ariela, Schaeffer, Merlin, Schieferdecker, David, Schlueter, Elmar, Schmidt, Katja, Schmidt, Regine, Schmidt-Catran, Alexander, Schmiedeberg, Claudia, Schneider, Jürgen, Schoonvelde, Martijn, Schulte-Cloos, Julia, Schumann, Sandy, Schunck, Reinhard, Schupp, Juergen, Seuring, Julian, Silber, Henning, Sleegers, Willem, Sonntag, Nico, Staudt, Alexander, Steiber, Nadia, Steiner, Nils, Sternberg, Sebastian, Stiers, Dieter, Striessnig, Erich, Stojmenovska, Dragana, Storz, Nora, Stroppe, Anne-Kathrin, Teltemann, Janna, Tibajev, Andrey, Tung, Brian B., Vagni, Giacomo, Van Assche, Jasper, van der Linden, Meta, van der Noll, Jolanda, Van Hootegem, Arno, Vogtenhuber, Stefan, Voicu, Bogdan, Wagemans, Fieke Maria Antoinet, Wagner, Kyle, Wehl, Nadja, Werner, Hannah, Wiernik, Brenton M., Winter, Fabian, Wolf, Christof, Zakula, Björn, Ziller, Conrad, Zins, Stefan, Zhang, Nan, and Żółtak, Tomasz

Subjects
Sociologie & sciences sociales [H10] [Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie], Open Science, Sociology & social sciences [H10] [Social & behavioral sciences, psychology], Data Science, Replication, Crowdsourcing, Immigration, Social Policy
Abstract

In an era of mass migration, social scientists, populist parties and social movements raise concerns over the future of immigration-destination societies. What impacts does this have on policy and social solidarity? Comparative cross-national research, relying mostly on secondary data, has findings in different directions. There is a threat of selective model reporting and lack of replicability. The heterogeneity of countries obscures attempts to clearly define data-generating models. P-hacking and HARKing lurk among standard research practices in this area.This project employs crowdsourcing to address these issues. It draws on replication, deliberation, meta-analysis and harnessing the power of many minds at once. The Crowdsourced Replication Initiative carries two main goals, (a) to better investigate the linkage between immigration and social policy preferences across countries, and (b) to develop crowdsourcing as a social science method. The Executive Report provides short reviews of the area of social policy preferences and immigration, and the methods and impetus behind crowdsourcing plus a description of the entire project. Three main areas of findings will appear in three papers, that are registered as PAPs or in process.

Published
2019

14. Cluster Size and Aggregated Level 2 Variables in Multilevel Models. A Cautionary Note

Author

Schunck, Reinhard

Subjects
Parameter, Umfrageforschung, hierarchical linear model, Cluster-Analyse, multilevel modeling, hierarchical linear model, sample size, survey research, cluster sampling, lcsh:Social Sciences, lineares Modell, cluster sampling, survey research, Social sciences, sociology, anthropology, lcsh:Statistics, lcsh:HA1-4737, multilevel modeling, Erhebungstechniken und Analysetechniken der Sozialwissenschaften, Sozialwissenschaften, Soziologie, estimation, Stichprobe, simulation, sample, Regression, sample size, linear model, lcsh:H, Methods and Techniques of Data Collection and Data Analysis, Statistical Methods, Computer Methods, ddc:300, cluster analysis, Schätzung
Abstract

This paper explores the consequences of small cluster size for parameter estimation in multilevel models. In particular, the interest lies in parameter estimates (regression weights) in linear multilevel models of level 2 variables that are functions of level 1 variables, as for instance the cluster-mean of a certain property, e.g. the average income or the proportion of certain people in a neighborhood. To this end, a simulation study is used to determine the effect of varying cluster sizes and number of clusters. The results show that small cluster sizes can cause severe downward bias in estimated regression weights of aggregated level 2 variables. Bias does not decrease if the number of clusters (i.e. the level 2 units) increases., methods, data, analyses, Vol 10, No 1 (2016)

Published
2016

15. Associations between the Big Five Personality Traits and the Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs for Cognitive Enhancement

Author

Sattler, Sebastian and Schunck, Reinhard

Subjects
Five-Factor Model, non-medical use of prescription drugs, drug misuse, lcsh:Psychology, lcsh:BF1-990, substance abuse, personality traits, Psychology, Pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement, Original Research
Abstract

While the number of studies of the non-medical use of prescription drugs to augment cognitive functions is growing steadily, psychological factors that can potentially help explain variance in such pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement (CE) behavior are often neglected in research. This study investigates the association between the Big Five personality traits and a retrospective (prior CE-drug use) as well as a prospective (willingness to use CE drugs) measure of taking prescription drugs with the purpose of augmenting one's cognitive functions (e.g., concentration, memory, or vigilance) without medical necessity. We use data from a large representative survey of German employees (N = 6454, response rate = 29.8%). The Five Factor Model (FFM) of Personality was measured with a short version of the Big Five Personality Traits Inventory (BFI-S), which includes: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Together with this, demographic variables such as gender, age, education, and income were used as potential confounders in multiple logistic regression models. Our results show a 2.96% lifetime prevalence of CE-drug use and a 10.45% willingness to (re)use such drugs in the future. We found that less conscientious and more neurotic respondents have a higher probability of prior CE-drug use and a greater willingness to use CE drugs in the future. No significant effects were found for openness, extraversion, or agreeableness. Prior CE-drug use was strongly associated with a greater willingness to take such drugs in the future. This study shows that specific personality traits are not only associated with prior enhancement behavior, but also affect the willingness to (re)use such drugs. It helps increase understanding of the risk factors of CE-drug use, which is a health-related behavior that can entail severe side-effects for consumers. The knowledge gathered can thus help improve interventions aimed at minimizing health problems.

Published
2016

17. Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany—Interpretation in The Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory

Author

Reiss, Katharina, Schunck, Reinhard, and Razum, Oliver

Subjects
Adult, Male, Time Factors, Adolescent, Turkey, lcsh:Medicine, Article, smoking, Young Adult, length of stay, Germany, Prevalence, Humans, longitudinal studies, Europe, Eastern, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Racial Groups, lcsh:R, Age Factors, emigrants and immigrants, Middle Aged, Logistic Models, Socioeconomic Factors, Female, Attitude to Health, acculturation
Abstract

Background: We analyzed changes in smoking by length of stay among immigrants in Germany and related them to the “smoking epidemic” model and the acculturation theory. Methods: We used data from a longitudinal survey (German Socio-economic Panel). Immigrants were identified by country of birth (Turkey: respondents n = 828, observations n = 3871, Eastern Europe: respondents n = 2009, observations n = 7202, non-immigrants: respondents n = 34,011, observations n = 140,701). Smoking status data was available for nine years between 1998 and 2012. Length of stay (LOS, in years) was used as proxy for acculturation. We calculated smoking prevalences, prevalence ratios and a random intercept multilevel logistic regression model. Results: With each year spent in Germany, smoking prevalence increases among Turkish women (OR = 1.14 (95%CI = 1.06–1.21)) and slightly decreases among men. Recently immigrated Turkish women smoke less than non-immigrant women (0–5 years: SPR = 0.25 (95%CI = 0.10–0.57)), prevalences converge with increasing LOS (31+ years: SPR = 1.25 (95%CI = 1.06–1.48)). Among Eastern European immigrants no significant changes were apparent. Conclusions: Immigrants from Turkey “import” their smoking prevalence from a country which is in the earlier stages of the “smoking epidemic”. With increasing LOS (thus, advancing acculturation), they “move” to the later stages. Anti-smoking interventions should consider different smoking attitudes in Turkey/Germany and need to discourage women from initiating smoking. Future research should also identify reasons for the possible differences between immigrant groups.

Published
2015

18. Investigating the feasibility of a factorial survey in a CATI

Author

Andernach, Björn and Schunck, Reinhard

Subjects
response latency, education, age, response consistency, vignettes, telephone interviews, CATI, factorial survey
Abstract

Factorial surveys are a common method for studying social norms, attitudes, and hypothetical decision situations in the social sciences. Although they are usually applied in interview settings which allow for a visual representation of the factorial survey, they are also regularly used in computer assisted telephone interviews (CATI). However, we know little about the applicability of a factorial survey in an interview mode that does not allow for a visual presentation of the factorial survey. This paper investigates potential problems that may arise in implementing a factorial survey in a CATI by investigating how respondents of different age and educational backgrounds deal with factorial surveys of different degrees of complexity. To asses potential problems we rely on respondents’ self-reported response difficulties, a measure of response latency, and response consistency. We do not find that older respondents are experiencing or reporting more difficulties in processing the factorial survey. Respondents with higher levels education appear to produce more consistent responses.

Published
2014

19. The SFB-B3 Linked Employer-Employee Panel Survey (LEEP-B3)

Author

Diewald, Martin, Schunck, Reinhard, Abendroth, Anja, Melzer, Silvia Maja, Pausch, Stephanie, Reimann, Mareike, Andernach, Björn, and Jacobebbinghaus, Peter

Subjects
panel data, longitudinal data, linked-employer-employee data, multilevel data, work organizations, establishment
Published
2014

21. Within and between estimates in random-effects models: Advantages and drawbacks of correlated random effects and hybrid models

Author

Schunck, Reinhard

Subjects
xtreg, panel data, multilevel data, fixed effects, xtmixed, hybrid model, random effects, correlated random effects, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
Abstract

Correlated random-effects (Mundlak, 1978, Econometrica 46: 69–85; Wooldridge, 2010, Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data [MIT Press]) and hybrid models (Allison, 2009, Fixed Effects Regression Models [Sage]) are attractive alternatives to standard random-effects and fixed-effects models because they provide within estimates of level 1 variables and allow for the inclusion of level 2 variables. I discuss these models, give estimation examples, and address some complications that arise when interaction effects are included.

Published
2013
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25. Within- and between-cluster effects in generalized linear mixed models: A discussion of approaches and the xthybrid command.

Author

Schunck, Reinhard and Perales, Francisco

Subjects
*RANDOM effects model, *FIXED effects model, *HETEROGENEITY
Abstract

One typically analyzes clustered data using random- or fixed-effects models. Fixed-effects models allow consistent estimation of the effects of level-one variables, even if there is unobserved heterogeneity at level two. However, these models cannot estimate the effects of level-two variables. Hybrid and correlated random-effects models are flexible modeling specifications that separate within- and between-cluster effects and allow for both consistent estimation of level-one effects and inclusion of level-two variables. In this article, we elaborate on the separation of within- and between-cluster effects in generalized linear mixed models. These models present a unifying framework for an entire class of models whose response variables follow a distribution from the exponential family (for example, linear, logit, probit, ordered probit and logit, Poisson, and negative binomial models). We introduce the user-written command xthybrid, a shell for the meglm command. xthybrid can fit a variety of hybrid and correlated random-effects models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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26. Education systems, school segregation, and second-generation immigrants’ educational success: Evidence from a country-fixed effects approach using three waves of PISA.

Author

Teltemann, Janna and Schunck, Reinhard

Subjects
*SEGREGATION in education, *IMMIGRANT students
Abstract

Many countries are increasingly being challenged to integrate their growing immigrant populations. A major key to successful integration is the educational attainment of immigrant offspring. According to the results of comparative studies, second-generation immigrant students often lag behind their non-immigrant counterparts even though the host countries perform very differently with respect to the education of immigrant offspring. This study investigates how the interplay between the degrees of stratification and standardization in education systems and the degree of ethnic school segregation affects the performance gap between non-immigrant and second-generation immigrant students in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Based on data from three waves of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) study (2003, 2006, and 2009), this article presents a country fixed effects approach to analyzing repeated cross-sectional data by investigating how changes in education policies and institutional contexts are associated with non-immigrant–immigrant reading performance gap. Between-school stratification was associated with lower performance of second-generation immigrants relative to native students, particularly when paired with ethnic school segregation, whereas within-school stratification (ability grouping) was associated with higher relative performance of the immigrant students. In addition, the non-native students benefited from less standardization of educational input, because performance gaps were smaller when a country’s educational resources were distributed unequally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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27. Pathways between perceived discrimination and health among immigrants: evidence from a large national panel survey in Germany.

Author

Schunck, Reinhard, Reiss, Katharina, and Razum, Oliver

Subjects
*IMMIGRANTS, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *DISCRIMINATION (Sociology), *HEALTH status indicators, *MENTAL health, *MULTIVARIATE analysis, *QUESTIONNAIRES, *RESEARCH funding, *LOGISTIC regression analysis, *SOCIOECONOMIC factors, *ODDS ratio
Abstract

Objective.Discrimination is an important determinant of health, and its experience may contribute to the emergence of health inequalities between immigrants and nonimmigrants. We examine pathways between perceived discrimination and health among immigrants in Germany: (1) whether perceptions of discrimination predict self-reported mental and physical health (SF-12), or (2) whether poor mental and physical health predict perceptions of discrimination, and (3) whether discrimination affects physical health via mental health. Design.Data on immigrants come from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) from the years 2002 to 2010 (N= 8,307), a large national panel survey. Random and fixed effects regression models have been estimated. Results.Perceptions of discrimination affect mental and physical health. The effect of perceived discrimination on physical health is mediated by its effect on mental health. Our analyses do not support the notion that mental and physical health predict the subsequent reporting of discrimination. Different immigrant groups are differentially exposed to perceived discrimination. Conclusion.In spite of anti-discrimination laws, the health of immigrants in Germany is negatively affected by perceived discrimination. Differential exposure to perceived discrimination may be seen as a mechanism contributing to the emergence of health inequalities in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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29. BackMatter.

Author

Schunck, Reinhard

Published
2014

39. Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty.

Author

Breznau N, Rinke EM, Wuttke A, Nguyen HHV, Adem M, Adriaans J, Alvarez-Benjumea A, Andersen HK, Auer D, Azevedo F, Bahnsen O, Balzer D, Bauer G, Bauer PC, Baumann M, Baute S, Benoit V, Bernauer J, Berning C, Berthold A, Bethke FS, Biegert T, Blinzler K, Blumenberg JN, Bobzien L, Bohman A, Bol T, Bostic A, Brzozowska Z, Burgdorf K, Burger K, Busch KB, Carlos-Castillo J, Chan N, Christmann P, Connelly R, Czymara CS, Damian E, Ecker A, Edelmann A, Eger MA, Ellerbrock S, Forke A, Forster A, Gaasendam C, Gavras K, Gayle V, Gessler T, Gnambs T, Godefroidt A, Grömping M, Groß M, Gruber S, Gummer T, Hadjar A, Heisig JP, Hellmeier S, Heyne S, Hirsch M, Hjerm M, Hochman O, Hövermann A, Hunger S, Hunkler C, Huth N, Ignácz ZS, Jacobs L, Jacobsen J, Jaeger B, Jungkunz S, Jungmann N, Kauff M, Kleinert M, Klinger J, Kolb JP, Kołczyńska M, Kuk J, Kunißen K, Kurti Sinatra D, Langenkamp A, Lersch PM, Löbel LM, Lutscher P, Mader M, Madia JE, Malancu N, Maldonado L, Marahrens H, Martin N, Martinez P, Mayerl J, Mayorga OJ, McManus P, McWagner K, Meeusen C, Meierrieks D, Mellon J, Merhout F, Merk S, Meyer D, Micheli L, Mijs J, Moya C, Neunhoeffer M, Nüst D, Nygård O, Ochsenfeld F, Otte G, Pechenkina AO, Prosser C, Raes L, Ralston K, Ramos MR, Roets A, Rogers J, Ropers G, Samuel R, Sand G, Schachter A, Schaeffer M, Schieferdecker D, Schlueter E, Schmidt R, Schmidt KM, Schmidt-Catran A, Schmiedeberg C, Schneider J, Schoonvelde M, Schulte-Cloos J, Schumann S, Schunck R, Schupp J, Seuring J, Silber H, Sleegers W, Sonntag N, Staudt A, Steiber N, Steiner N, Sternberg S, Stiers D, Stojmenovska D, Storz N, Striessnig E, Stroppe AK, Teltemann J, Tibajev A, Tung B, Vagni G, Van Assche J, van der Linden M, van der Noll J, Van Hootegem A, Vogtenhuber S, Voicu B, Wagemans F, Wehl N, Werner H, Wiernik BM, Winter F, Wolf C, Yamada Y, Zhang N, Ziller C, Zins S, and Żółtak T

Subjects
Humans, Uncertainty, Reproducibility of Results, Research Personnel, Data Analysis
Abstract

This study explores how researchers' analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers' expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each team's workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers' results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.

Published
2022
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40. Standardized Testing, Use of Assessment Data, and Low Reading Performance of Immigrant and Non-immigrant Students in OECD Countries.

Author

Teltemann J and Schunck R

Abstract

This paper investigates the effects of standardized testing and publication of achievement data on low reading performance for immigrant and non-immigrant students in 30 OECD countries. The paper aims to test hypotheses derived from a principal-agent framework. According to this theoretical perspective, standardized assessments alone should not be associated with reading performance. Instead, the model proposes that the provision of the results to the principle (parents and education authorities) is associated with higher student performance, as this reduces the information asymmetry between principal (parents and educational authorities) and agent (teachers and schools). The results of our analyses of PISA 2009 and 2015 reading data from 422.172 students show that first , the use of standardized achievement tests alone was not associated with the risk of low performance. Second , making the results of standardized tests available to the public was associated with a decreased risk of low reading performance among all students, and, third , particularly among first generation immigrant students. These results were robust across various modeling approaches. In accordance with the predictions from the principal-agent framework, our findings suggest that the mere implementation of standardized assessments has no effects on low performance. Testing along with the public provision of the testing results, which decreases the information asymmetry between schools and teachers on the one hand and parents and education authorities on the other, was associated with a decreased risk of low performance, with the effect being stronger for immigrant students., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Teltemann and Schunck.)

Published
2020
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41. Effect of Length of Stay on Smoking among Turkish and Eastern European Immigrants in Germany--Interpretation in the Light of the Smoking Epidemic Model and the Acculturation Theory.

Author

Reiss K, Schunck R, and Razum O

Subjects
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Europe, Eastern epidemiology, Female, Germany epidemiology, Humans, Logistic Models, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Turkey ethnology, Young Adult, Acculturation, Attitude to Health, Emigrants and Immigrants psychology, Emigrants and Immigrants statistics & numerical data, Racial Groups psychology, Smoking epidemiology
Abstract

Background: We analyzed changes in smoking by length of stay among immigrants in Germany and related them to the "smoking epidemic" model and the acculturation theory., Methods: We used data from a longitudinal survey (German Socio-economic Panel). Immigrants were identified by country of birth (Turkey: respondents n = 828, observations n = 3871; Eastern Europe: respondents n = 2009, observations n = 7202; non-immigrants: respondents n = 34,011, observations n = 140,701). Smoking status data was available for nine years between 1998 and 2012. Length of stay (LOS, in years) was used as proxy for acculturation. We calculated smoking prevalences, prevalence ratios and a random intercept multilevel logistic regression model., Results: With each year spent in Germany, smoking prevalence increases among Turkish women (OR = 1.14 (95%CI = 1.06-1.21)) and slightly decreases among men. Recently immigrated Turkish women smoke less than non-immigrant women (0-5 years: SPR = 0.25 (95%CI = 0.10-0.57)); prevalences converge with increasing LOS (31+ years: SPR = 1.25 (95%CI = 1.06-1.48)). Among Eastern European immigrants no significant changes were apparent., Conclusions: Immigrants from Turkey "import" their smoking prevalence from a country which is in the earlier stages of the "smoking epidemic". With increasing LOS (thus, advancing acculturation), they "move" to the later stages. Anti-smoking interventions should consider different smoking attitudes in Turkey/Germany and need to discourage women from initiating smoking. Future research should also identify reasons for the possible differences between immigrant groups.

Published
2015
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