Search

Introduction: Shoulder pain, ranking third among musculoskeletal issues, hampers diagnostics due to test limitations. The present study explores the potential of the Shoulder Symptom Modification Procedure (SSMP) as an intervention. Influential factors in physiotherapy outcomes, including kinesiophobia, are linked to shoulder pain. A knowledge gap remains on the impact of SSMP on pain and kinesiophobia in individuals with shoulder pain, contributing insights to musculoskeletal interventions. Aim: To investigate the effect of SSMP on pain and kinesiophobia in patients with shoulder pain. Materials and Methods: A single-blinded quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy on 35 participants aged 40-60 years experiencing shoulder pain, recruited from R.V. College of Physiotherapy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, over a six month period from February 2022 to July 2022. Pain was measured using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and kinesiophobia was measured with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). The researcher, blinded to pre- and post-test results of TSK-11 and NPRS, conducted a shoulder symptom modification assessment. The procedure’s response-guided treatment was administered twice a week for three weeks, with each session lasting 30 minutes. Pre-assessment of TSK-11 and NPRS was performed by an assessor, with the same assessor re-evaluating outcomes after three weeks. Data underwent statistical analysis using a paired t-test in R Software version 4.1.0, with significance attributed to results having a p-value

Introduction Verbal de-escalation is an essential skill for physicians across specialties and is the first-line intervention for patients who present with agitation. Training in verbal de-escalation for medical students is less robust compared to other health care disciplines. We describe the creation and evaluation of a novel verbal de-escalation curriculum for third- and fourth-year medical students on their psychiatry clerkship rotation. Method We developed a simulation using standardized patient (SP) methodology and a dedicated reflection session, implementing it in the third-year psychiatry clerkship. Participants in the scenario received targeted feedback from their peers and SPs. The sessions were video recorded, and a random sample was selected and reviewed to identify key observations and themes from student performance. Results A total of 139 students participated in the encounter. One hundred twenty-two of 125 students (82%) stated the activity met the learning objectives, with 108 (86%) assigning the letter grade A to the activity. Written feedback indicated that the majority of students believed the activity to be realistic, instructive, and helpful but felt the SPs de-escalated too quickly. Video review of the encounters found that while the students effectively used the skills, many jumped to a quick fix, and some offered inappropriate choices to end the encounter. Discussion This SP activity was effective in allowing students to practice skills in a safe setting and was valued by students. In the future, adding another workshop in the fourth year could facilitate higher retention and practice of skills.

The present study investigates third language (L3) learners' processing of Chinese subject and object relative clauses in a supportive context. Using a self-paced reading task, we tested native Italian L3 learners of Mandarin Chinese and native Chinese speakers. The results showed that the L3 learners read significantly more slowly than the native speakers in all the target regions. Also, in the head noun region, they read object relative clauses significantly more slowly compared to subject relative clauses, indicating a preference for the latter. By contrast, for the native speakers, no significant differences were observed between subject and object relative clauses in any of the target regions. The L3 learners' performance offers support for the Structural Distance Hypothesis over the Dependency Locality Theory, and the contrast between the two populations indicates that context is at play in the processing of relative clauses.

Introduction The overwhelming need for health care generated by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a catastrophic effect on health-care programmes, particularly outpatient tuberculosis screening and detection. Before the [...], Objective To evaluate the implementation of new operational workflows for simultaneous screening of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and tuberculosis at four high-volume COVID-19 testing centres located in tertiary hospitals in Mumbai, India. Methods Each centre already offering antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests were equipped with a rapid molecular testing platform for COVID-19 and tuberculosis, sufficient laboratory staff, and reagents and consumables for screening. Using a verbal tuberculosis questionnaire, a patient follow-up agent screened individuals visiting the COVID-19 testing centres. Presumptive tuberculosis patients were asked to provide sputum samples for rapid molecular testing. Subsequently, we reversed our operational workflow to also screen patients visiting tuberculosis outpatient departments for COVID-19, using rapid diagnostic tests. Results From March to December 2021, we screened 14 588 presumptive COVID-19 patients for tuberculosis, of whom 475 (3.3%) were identified as having presumptive tuberculosis. Of these, 288 (60.6%) were tested and 32 individuals (11.1%) were identified as tuberculosis positive (219 cases per 100 000 individuals screened). Of the tuberculosis- positive individuals, three had rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis. Among the remaining 187 presumptive tuberculosis cases not tested, 174 reported no symptoms at follow-up and 13 individuals either refused testing or could not be traced. Of the 671 presumptive tuberculosis cases screened for COVID-19, 17 (2.5%) were positive by antigen rapid diagnostic tests, and five (0.7%) who tested negative, later tested positive on the molecular testing platform (2483 COVID-19 cases per 100 000 individuals screened). Conclusion Simultaneous screening for COVID-19 and tuberculosis in India is operationally feasible and can improve real-time on-site detection of COVID-19 and tuberculosis. [Phrase omitted] Depistage simultane de la COVID-19 et de la tuberculose en Inde Objectif Evaluer la mise en reuvre de nouveaux processus operationnels pour le depistage simultane de la maladie a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) et de la tuberculose au sein de quatre grands centres de depistage de la COVID-19 situes dans des hopitaux tertiaires a Mumbai, en Inde. Methodes Une plateforme de tests moleculaires rapides pour la COVID-19 et la tuberculose, des agents de laboratoire en suffisance ainsi que des reactifs et consommables destines au depistage ont ete mis a la disposition de chaque centre proposant deja des tests de diagnostic rapide bases sur la detection d'antigenes. Par le biais d'un questionnaire oral sur la tuberculose, un agent charge du suivi des patients a selectionne des individus se rendant dans les centres de depistage de la COVID-19. Les patients potentiellement atteints d'une tuberculose ont ete invites a fournir des echantillons d'expectorations en vue de realiser des tests moleculaires rapides. Ensuite, nous avons inverse notre processus operationnel et utilise des tests de diagnostic rapide afin de depister la COVID-19 chez les patients ayant effectue une visite dans des cliniques externes dediees a la tuberculose. Resultats Entre mars et decembre 2021, 14 588 cas presumes de COVID-19 ont ete retenus pour un depistage de la tuberculose; 475 (3,3%) d'entre eux presentaient une suspicion de tuberculose. Au sein de cette categorie, 288 (60,6%) individus ont ete testes, dont 32 (11,1%) se sont reveles positifs a la tuberculose (219 cas pour 100 000 individus selectionnes). Sur l'ensemble de ces individus positifs, trois souffraient d'une tuberculose resistant a la rifampicine. Parmi les 187 cas presumes de tuberculose restants qui n'ont pas ete testes, 174 n'ont declare aucun symptome lors du suivi et 13 ont refuse d'etre testes ou n'ont pas ete retrouves. D'autre part, sur les 671 cas presumes de tuberculose soumis a un depistage de la COVID-19, 17 (2,5%) ont obtenu un resultat positif lors des tests de diagnostic rapide bases sur la detection d'antigenes et cinq (0,7%) ont obtenu un resultat negatif, avant d'obtenir un resultat positif via la plateforme de tests moleculaires (2483 cas de COVID-19 pour 100 000 individus selectionnes). Conclusion Le depistage simultane de la COVID-19 et de la tuberculose en Inde est non seulement realisable sur le plan operationnel, mais peut aussi ameliorer la detection de la COVID-19 et de la tuberculose sur site et en temps reel. Examen de deteccion simultanea de COVID-19 y tuberculosis, India Objetivo Evaluar la implementacion de nuevos flujos de trabajo operativos para llevar a cabo examenes de deteccion simultanea de la enfermedad de coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) y de tuberculosis en cuatro centros de pruebas de alta incidencia de COVID-19, ubicados en hospitales terciarios de Mumbai (India). Metodos Se equipo a cada uno de los centros que ya ofrecia pruebas de diagnostico rapido de deteccion de antigenos con una plataforma de pruebas rapidas moleculares para detectar COVID-19 y tuberculosis. Asimismo, se les doto de suficiente personal de laboratorio, de reactivos y de material para realizar los examenes de deteccion. Mediante un cuestionario oral sobre tuberculosis, la persona responsable del seguimiento de pacientes evaluo a las personas que visitaban los centros de pruebas de COVID-19. Se solicito a los pacientes que presuntamente padecian tuberculosis que proporcionaran muestras de esputo para realizar pruebas rapidas moleculares. Posteriormente, utilizando pruebas de diagnostico rapido, se cambio el flujo de trabajo operativo con el fin de realizar tambien examenes de deteccion de COVID-19 a pacientes que visitaban centros ambulatorios de tuberculosis. Resultados De marzo a diciembre de 2021, se realizaron examenes de deteccion de tuberculosis a 14 588 pacientes que presuntamente padecian COVID-19; entre estos pacientes, se identifico que 475 (3,3%) sufria una presunta tuberculosis. Entre estos pacientes, se realizaron pruebas a 288 (60,6%), llegandose a detectar tuberculosis positiva (219 casos por cada 100 000 individuos examinados) en 32 pacientes (11,1%). Entre los individuos con tuberculosis positiva, tres de ellos presentaban tuberculosis resistente a la rifampicina. De los 187 casos restantes no sometidos a pruebas y con presunta tuberculosis, 174 individuos informaron sobre la ausencia de sintomas en el seguimiento, y las 13 personas restantes o bien se negaron a hacerse las pruebas o no fue posible realizar su seguimiento. De los 671 casos con presunta tuberculosis en los que se llevo a cabo un examen de deteccion de COVID-19, 17 personas (2,5%) dieron positivo en pruebas de diagnostico rapido de antigenos, y cinco (0,7%) que dieron negativo en un principio arrojaron posteriormente un resultado positivo en la plataforma de pruebas moleculares (2483 casos de COVID-19 por cada 100 000 individuos examinados). Conclusion El examen de deteccion simultanea de COVID-19 y tuberculosis de la India es factible a nivel operativo y puede mejorar la deteccion de casos de COVID-19 y tuberculosis in situ en tiempo real.

Author(s): Sarah Nagle-Yang [sup.1] , Jyoti Sachdeva [sup.2] , Lulu X. Zhao [sup.3] , Neeta Shenai [sup.4] , Nicole Shirvani [sup.5] , Linda L.M. Worley [sup.6] , Priya Gopalan [sup.4] [...], Purpose Trauma is common among those seeking Ob-Gyn care and may have pervasive impact on obstetrical and gynecological health, social functioning, and healthcare engagement. While guidelines exist on the detection and treatment of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders within Ob-Gyn care, the role of Ob-gyn clinicians in identifying and addressing patients' traumatic experiences and related symptoms is less clearly delineated. This manuscript provides an overview of trauma-related symptoms in the context of Ob-Gyn care and practical guidance of clinicians aiming to improve their detection and response to trauma in their clinical practice. Description Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) describes a psychiatric illness which develops as a response to a traumatic event. Women who have experienced trauma are also at increased risk for borderline personality disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Postpartum PTSD has particular relevance to obstetrical care. Assessment Screening for trauma in Ob-Gyn care can provide an opportunity to address risk and offer targeted intervention. Several brief evidence-based screening tools are available. Individuals who screen positive require assessment of immediate safety and targeted referrals. Trauma informed care describes an approach to healthcare aimed to enhance physical and emotional safety for patients and clinicians. Conclusion Given the prevalence and the potentially devastating and enduring impact of trauma and trauma-related symptoms, there is a critical need to address trauma within Ob-Gyn care. By recognizing the signs of trauma and initiating or referring to appropriate treatments, Ob-Gyn clinicians have a unique opportunity to better understand their patients and to improve their care.

This study investigated the processing of double negation in Chinese children with reading difficulties. The comprehension of Mandarin affirmative, single negative and double negative sentences was tested with Chinese young poor readers and typical readers, using a sentence-picture verification task. Results showed that double negative sentences were most difficult to process for both groups; the poor readers performed significantly worse than the typical readers in comprehending double negative sentences, while no difference between the two groups was observed in comprehending affirmative and single negative sentences. Besides, morphological awareness correlated with the comprehension of double negative and single negative sentences in poor readers, while this correlation did not emerge with typical readers. Overall, our results suggest that children with reading difficulties experienced great processing difficulty in double negation, confirming that reading disorders are also characterised by oral language difficulties, in particular in the comprehension of sentences requiring high processing costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been shown that morphological skills are particularly enhanced in bilingual children, whereas they are compromised in dyslexics. The aim of this work is that of investigating how bilingualism interacts with dyslexia in a task measuring the subject's morphological abilities, to verify if the advantage typically found in bilingualism arises also in presence of a linguistic pathology such as dyslexia. We administered a task assessing the ability to generate plural noun inflections of nonwords to 106 children: 24 Italian monolingual dyslexics (mean age 10;0 y.o.), 30 Italian monolingual typically developing children (10;1), 22 bilingual dyslexic children with Italian as L2 (10;4) and 30 bilingual typically developing children with Italian as L2 (10;2). Results point to a positive effect of bilingualism, which also extends to dyslexia, with bilingual dyslexics performing consistently better than monolingual dyslexics, approaching and even surpassing, as in the most difficult conditions, the performance of monolingual unimpaired children.

Abstract Background Complex facial pain is a debilitating condition with varying etiologies that overall responds poorly to both medical and traditional surgical management. Cortical stimulation is a unique therapeutic intervention which can be effective for some types of complex facial pain syndromes (CFPS). However, the novel use of preoperative functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) coupled with intraoperative stimulation mapping and phase reversal to improve the accuracy for placement of spinal paddle electrodes in motor cortex stimulation, to our knowledge, has not been reported in the literature. Case presentation Here, we present a unique case of a 56-year-old male who developed left-sided complex facial pain syndrome after a stroke refractory to medical management and peripheral nerve stimulation. He previously underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) with limited control of his left-sided facial pain. In order to treat this, the patient underwent motor cortex stimulation. The motor strip of the face and tongue was identified preoperatively with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Intraoperatively, phase reversal was used to identify corticospinal tracts and stimulus mapping confirmed the location before the epidural placement of two spinal paddle electrodes. Postoperatively, the patient reported significant reduction in pain levels, burning dysesthesias, and intensity and frequency of symptoms. This trend continued, and the patient experienced equivalent levels of relief at 6 months. Conclusions This is a rare case report of successful motor cortex stimulation with the novel preoperative use of fMRI and DTI, coupled with intraoperative functional mapping, to successfully guide the placement of spinal paddle electrodes for the treatment of CFPS.

The conventional corrosion management process consists of defining the expected process conditions, identifying potential corrosion threats, and estimating their likely rate, then using that information to develop mitigation plans and inspection schedules. The Virtual Corrosion Engineer (VCE) project aims to improve this process by utilizing online monitoring data to automate the running of the best available corrosion models and provide a continuously updated dashboard in real time. This paper provides an overview of the VCE, together with a brief discussion of the underlying models for two exemplar damage mechanisms, High-Temperature Hydrogen Attack (HTHA) and Under Deposit Corrosion (UDC) in steam generators.

This study investigates the derivation of scalar implicatures in Chinese children with reading difficulties (RD). Twenty-four children with RD (mean age 9 years and 8 months), 20 age-matched typical readers (mean age 9 years and 10 months), 20 six-year-old children and 20 five-year-old children were tested with the comprehension of sentences with scalar items "yixie" 'some' and "suoyou" 'all'. The pattern of children with RD was similar to that of six-year-old children but differed from that of age-matched typical readers in the comprehension of the sentences containing "yixie" that were pragmatically "underinformative" in the context. Interestingly, many children with RD and younger children, who accepted the sentences containing "yixie" that were pragmatically "underinformative," rejected the sentences containing "yixie" that were true in a context supporting the literal (semantic) interpretation. These results support the view that the computation of scalar implicatures may be impaired in children with RD, due to a complex interplay of factors such as (at least) the lexical knowledge of the scalar term and processing/pragmatic limitations.

DFT functionals are of paramount importance for an accurate electronic and structural description of transition metal systems. In this work, a systematic analysis using some well‐known and commonly used DFT functionals is performed. A comparison of the structural and energetic parameters calculated with the available experimental data is made in order to find the adequate functional for an accurate description of the TiO2 bulk and surface of both anatase and rutile structures. In the absence of experimental data on the surface energy, the theoretical predictions obtained using the high‐accuracy HSE06 functional were used as a reference to compare against the surface energy values calculated with the other DFT functionals. A clear improvement in the electronic description of both anatase and rutile was observed by introducing the Hubbard U correction term to PBE, PW91, and OptPBE functionals. The OptPBE‐U4 functional was found to offer a good compromise between accurately describing the structural and electronic properties of titania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a debate as to whether topic structures in Chinese involve A'-movement or result from base-generation of the topic in the left periphery. If Chinese topicalization was derived by movement, under the assumptions of Friedmann et al.'s Relativized Minimality (Lingua 119:67-88, 2009), we would expect children's comprehension of object topicalization (with OSV order) to be worse than their comprehension of subject topicalization (with SVO order). This study examined 146 Mandarin-speaking children from age three to age six by means of a picture-sentence matching task with an appropriate context. The results showed a subject/object asymmetry when the topic marker is overt, and no asymmetry when the topic marker is covert. This suggests that the presence or absence of topic markers play an important role in children's comprehension of topicalization. We propose that both structures involve movement in the adult grammar, but not in the child grammar, at least initially. Sentences without overt topic markers are base-generated on a par with gapless sentences with a topic, and the base-generation analysis is abandoned as soon as children learn the syntax and semantics of topic markers, which function as attractors of topics.

Recent experimental results suggest that negation is particularly challenging for children with reading difficulties. This study looks at how young poor readers, speakers of Mandarin Chinese, comprehend affirmative and negative sentences as compared with a group of age-matched typical readers. Forty-four Chinese children were tested with a truth value judgment task. The results reveal that negative sentences were harder to process than affirmative ones, irrespective of the distinction between poor and typical readers. Moreover, poor readers performed worse than typical readers in comprehending sentences, regardless of whether they were affirmative or negative sentences. We interpret the results as (a) confirming the two-step simulation hypothesis, based on the result that the difficulty in processing negation has a general validity (persisting in pragmatically felicitous contexts), and (b) disconfirming that negation, as far as behavioral data are concerned, can be used as a reliable linguistic predictor of reading difficulties.

Author(s): Neeta Shenai [sup.1] [sup.2] , Priya Gopalan [sup.1] [sup.2] , Jody Glance [sup.1] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) 0000 0001 0650 7433, grid.412689.0, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of [...], Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of a brief education session affecting patient perspectives on follow up care of substance use and trauma treatment in pregnant women admitted to a medical hospital. Description Participants (N = 31) were recruited from the antepartum unit at Magee-Women's Hospital at the University of Pittsburgh who had current substance use and history of trauma. A voluntary individual educational session was offered that discussed the diagnosis and treatment of substance use and trauma, fundamental coping skills, and local resources. Utility of the session, knowledge of PTSD, and barriers of care were evaluated through a pre- and post- session questionnaire. Assessment All participants found the session improved their knowledge of PTSD, substance use, safe coping skills, and increased their likelihood of pursuing further follow up treatment. Conclusion Brief educational interventions that are integrated in the medical hospital are found to be useful by patients and reported to influence their decision to seek further treatment. Further studies are needed to analyze the long-term outcomes of brief interventions.

Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is characterized by lung granulomas, inflammation and tissue destruction. Here we used within-subject peripheral blood gene expression over time to correlate with the within-subject lung metabolic activity, as measured by positron emission tomography (PET) to identify biological processes and pathways underlying overall resolution of lung inflammation. We used next-generation RNA sequencing and [18F]FDG PET-CT data, collected at diagnosis, week 4, and week 24, from 75 successfully cured PTB patients, with the [18F]FDG activity as a surrogate for lung inflammation. Our linear mixed-effects models required that for each individual the slope of the line of [18F]FDG data in the outcome and the slope of the peripheral blood transcript expression data correlate, i.e., the slopes of the outcome and explanatory variables had to be similar. Of 10,295 genes that changed as a function of time, we identified 639 genes whose expression profiles correlated with decreasing [18F]FDG uptake levels in the lungs. Gene enrichment over-representation analysis revealed that numerous biological processes were significantly enriched in the 639 genes, including several well known in TB transcriptomics such as platelet degranulation and response to interferon gamma, thus validating our novel approach. Others not previously associated with TB pathobiology included smooth muscle contraction, a set of pathways related to mitochondrial function and cell death, as well as a set of pathways connecting transcription, translation and vesicle formation. We observed up-regulation in genes associated with B cells, and down-regulation in genes associated with platelet activation. We found 254 transcription factor binding sites to be enriched among the 639 gene promoters. In conclusion, we demonstrated that of the 10,295 gene expression changes in peripheral blood, only a subset of 639 genes correlated with inflammation in the lungs, and the enriched pathways provide a description of the biology of resolution of lung inflammation as detectable in peripheral blood. Surprisingly, resolution of PTB inflammation is positively correlated with smooth muscle contraction and, extending our previous observation on mitochondrial genes, shows the presence of mitochondrial stress. We focused on pathway analysis which can enable therapeutic target discovery and potential modulation of the host response to TB.

The acquisition of languages by children using two languages is a matter of debate as many factors contribute to the success of this type of acquisition. We focus on how the competence of dual-language children changes in their two languages as a function of length of exposure and establish whether there are reciprocal influences during language development. We examined the comprehension of subject and object relative clauses in a group of 6-year-old (younger) and 8-year-old (older) Mandarin–Italian dual-language children. After 3 years of regular and intensive exposure to Italian, the younger group reached the same level of competence in the comprehension of relative clauses in their two languages, and after 5 years of exposure to Italian, the older group had a better comprehension of relative clauses in Italian than in Mandarin. Acquiring two languages leads to bidirectional influence, beyond a reciprocal support. Finally, some penalty may be observed in the acquisition of subject head-final relative clauses, which is not evident in that of subject head-initial relative clauses.

Introduction: Shoulder pain, ranking third among musculoskeletal issues, hampers diagnostics due to test limitations. The present study explores the potential of the Shoulder Symptom Modification Procedure (SSMP) as an intervention. Influential factors in physiotherapy outcomes, including kinesiophobia, are linked to shoulder pain. A knowledge gap remains on the impact of SSMP on pain and kinesiophobia in individuals with shoulder pain, contributing insights to musculoskeletal interventions. Aim: To investigate the effect of SSMP on pain and kinesiophobia in patients with shoulder pain. Materials and Methods: A single-blinded quasi-experimental study was conducted in the Department of Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy on 35 participants aged 40-60 years experiencing shoulder pain, recruited from R.V. College of Physiotherapy, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India, over a six month period from February 2022 to July 2022. Pain was measured using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and kinesiophobia was measured with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK). The researcher, blinded to pre- and post-test results of TSK-11 and NPRS, conducted a shoulder symptom modification assessment. The procedure's response-guided treatment was administered twice a week for three weeks, with each session lasting 30 minutes. Pre-assessment of TSK-11 and NPRS was performed by an assessor, with the same assessor re-evaluating outcomes after three weeks. Data underwent statistical analysis using a paired t-test in R Software version 4.1.0, with significance attributed to results having a p-value <0.05. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 52±7.74 years. There was a significant reduction in NPRS from 7.54±1.146 to 3.74±1.70 post-intervention and TSK-11 scores from 27.20±5.12 to 23.17±4.83 in subjects with shoulder pain after three weeks of intervention. The study showed a significant improvement in pain (p<0.001*) and kinesiophobia (p<0.001*) in patients with shoulder pain. Conclusion: The SSMP was found to be effective in reducing pain and kinesiophobia in patients with shoulder pain. Further research should be conducted in the future, taking large samples and varied techniques into account for the identification of optimal strategies in improving health-related outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the comprehension of relative clauses by Chinese-speaking children, and evaluates the validity of the predictions of the Dependency Locality Theory (Gibson, 1998, 2000) and the Relativized Minimality approach (Friedmann, Belletti & Rizzi, 2009). One hundred and twenty children from three to eight years of age were tested by using a character-sentence matching task. We found a preference for subject relative clauses that persists as children grow older. This preference is predicted by the Relativized Minimality approach, but not by the Dependency Locality Theory. In addition, we observed a fine-grained class of errors in comprehension. We discuss it in the light of the head-final status of Chinese relative clauses.

CONTEXT: Pottery is defined as clay that has been fashioned into the desired shape and then dried to reduce its water content before being fried or baked to fix its form. The artisans living in traditional societies are normally influenced by their environment as well as by their myths, legends, rituals, ceremonies, festivals, social organization, and cultural norms which are reflected in their creations. The poor environmental conditions and the lack of protective equipment in these pottery workshops are key contributing factors to the development of these occupational diseases. Most pottery industries are small- to medium-scale industries and have longer and irregular working hours, a higher percentage of elderly employees, limited opportunities for health education or health inspection, and insufficient health promotion facilities compared with large companies. These factors are considered to play an important part in the development of occupational diseases and some nonspecific diseases such as psychosomatic, cardiovascular, and locomotor diseases among pottery workers. Traditional pottery making has its unique method of potter-work where it demands prolonged squatting without back support for hours which can develop musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). AIMS: The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) among traditional pottery makers at selected places in Bengaluru. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two rural communities of Bengaluru. One hundred and ten traditional pottery makers were randomly selected. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects were screened for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMD) using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, following which the pottery makers who reported low back pain (LBP) were screened for the severity of disability using the Modified Oswestry LBP Disability Questionnaire (M-OSW). The results obtained were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0. RESULTS: The result showed the highest prevalence of MSDs in the lower back, the findings of this study confirmed the work-related stress on traditional pottery makers. In the present study, the highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder was found in the lower back, of which had trouble in the last 12 months, 56.36% were having trouble during the last 7 days, and 19.09% were prevented from doing normal activities during the last 12 months. The prevalence of MSDs during the last 12 months revealed that the maximum of them, i.e., 24.54%, were having pain in the lower back. The present study also found MSDs prevalent in the hip joint and knee joint due to the occupational need to complete the work on prolonged squatting. CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that prolonged work exposure and awkward work postural demand increase the incidence of MSD among traditional pottery makers in Bengaluru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]