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[EN] Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials in the development of optoelectronic devices, namely due to their high optical absorption coefficient, tuneable bandgap and charge carrier mobility. However, more efforts are needed to improve their stability against oxygen, moisture and light and find new ways to modulate their optical properties. In this work, we study the photoluminescence properties of lead-bromide-based layered (2D) perovskites with different composition and dimensionality as bulk crystals and mechanically exfoliated flakes. We highlight the tuning of the photoluminescence emission of 2D metal halide perovskites by design and enhance their ambient stability by encapsulating the exfoliated flakes with h-BN flakes. Finally, we carry out the fabrication of heterostructures using as building blocks perovskite flakes showing how to further modulate the photoluminescence emission colour.

[EN] Automated driving has augmented the interest in evaluating the comfort experienced by passengers in vehicles. In this work, machine learning techniques are used to study the existing relationship between the comfort felt by the vehicle passengers and the signaling obtained from CAN-BUS with the intent of extracting the characteristic driver behaviors originating the discomfort. Data from the Uyanik database is analysed making use of the acceleration threshold theory to assess the comfort. First, the data is preprocessed through a chain of cleaning, normalizing, categorising and oversampling, to be suitable for the algorithms. Then, the implemented machine learning techniques, the Radial Basis Function and the Self Organized Map, are trained utilizing the vehicle data. The Radial Basis Function exhibits poor prediction and indicates an improper comfort categorisation. The Self Organized Map recognizes five different discomforting driving patterns. Each one is analysed, the association between the driving actions the discomfort level are observed and driving recommendations are formed in the nature of gas, break and steering wheel operations. Finally, making use of these analyses, a driver study is conducted allows comparing the maneuvering of the vehicle and the discomfort produced respectively by each driver. Overall, distinct conditions and specific vehicle maneuvering are responsible for producing discomfort and drivers are generally comforting. As future work, Decision Trees or Feature Selection - Extraction algorithms will be implemented, and better data categorisation will be made. [ES] La conducción automatizada ha aumentado el interés por evaluar el confort que experimentan los pasajeros en los vehículos. En este trabajo, se utilizan técnicas de aprendizaje automático para estudiar la relación existente entre el confort sentido por los pasajeros del vehículo y la señalización obtenida de CAN-BUS con la intención de extraer los comportamientos característicos del conductor que originan el malestar. Los datos de la base de datos de Uyanik se analizan haciendo uso de la teoría del umbral de aceleración para evaluar el confort. Primero, los datos se procesan previamente a través de una cadena de limpieza, normalización, categorización y sobremuestreo, para que sean adecuados para los algoritmos. Luego, las técnicas de aprendizaje automático implementadas, la Función de Base Radial y el Mapa Autoorganizado, se entrenan utilizando los datos del vehículo. La Función de Base Radial exhibe una predicción deficiente e indica una incorrecta categorización de la comodidad. El Mapa Autoorganizado reconoce cinco patrones incómodos diferentes de conducción. Cada uno es analizado, la asociación entre las acciones de conducción el nivel de incomodidad es observado y se forman recomendaciones de conducción en forma operaciones de gas, freno y volante. Finalmente, haciendo uso de estos análisis, se realiza un estudio del conductor que permite comparar la maniobrabilidad de los vehículos y la incomodidad producida respectivamente por cada conductor. En general, distintas condiciones y maniobras específicas del vehículo son responsables de producir incomodidad, y los conductores son generalmente reconfortantes. Como trabajo futuro, Árboles de Decisión o Algoritmos de Selección - Extracción serán implementados y se realizará una mejor categorización de los datos. [EU] Gidatze automatikoak ibilgailuetan bidaiariek bizi duten erosotasuna ebaluatzeko interesa areagotu du. Lan honetan, ikaskuntza automatikoko teknikak erabiltzen dira ibilgailuko bidaiariek sentitzen duten erosotasunaren eta CAN-BUSetik lortutako seinaleztapenaren arteko erlazioa aztertzeko, ondoeza eragiten duten gidariaren jokabide ezaugarriak ateratzeko asmoz. Uyanik datu-baseko datuak analizatzen dira, azelerazio-atalasearen teoria erabiliz erosotasuna ebaluatzeko. Lehenik eta behin, datuak aldez aurretik garbitu, normalizatu, kategorizatu eta gainlagindu egiten dira, algoritmoetarako egokia izan daitezen. Ondoren, inplementatutako ikaskuntza automatikoko teknikak, Oinarri Erradialaren Funtzioa eta Auto-Antolatutako Mapa, ibilgailuaren datuak erabiliz entrenatzen dira. Oinarri Erradialaren Funtzioak iragarpen txarra erakusten du eta erosotasunaren kategorizazioa oker bat adierazten du. Auto-Antolatzen Mapak bost gidatzeko eredu deseroso ezberdin ezberdintzen ditu. Bakoitza aztertzen da, ibilgailua gidatzeko ekintzen artean ondoeza maila nabaritzen da eta gidatze-gomendioak eratzen dira gas pedal, balazta eta bolante ekintzetan. Azkenik, analisi horietaz baliatuz, gidariaren azterketa bat burutu da, eta gidarien maniobragarritasuna alderatzen du, ibilgailua eta gidari bakoitzak sortutako ondoeza, hurrenez hurren. Oro har, hainbat baldintza eta ibilgailuen maniobra zehatzak ondoeza sortzeaz arduratzen dira, eta gidariak, oro har, erosoak dira. Etorkizuneko lan gisa, Erabaki Zuhaitzak edo Hautaketa - Erauzketa Algoritmoak erabiliko dira eta datuen kategorizazio hobea egingo da.

[EN] The Burnside problems are among the most important problems in group theory in the 20th century. In this project, we will focus on the General Burnside Problem, which asks whether a finitely generated periodic group is necessarily finite, for which the answer is negative. The notes are organized in three chapters. In the first chapter the reader is introduced to commutator theory, which will be useful to define and work with nilpotent and soluble groups, for which the answer to the General Burnside Problem is affirmative. Then, we also study the problem for linear groups, for which the answer is also affirmative. In the second and third chapters some negative solutions to the General Burnside Problem are introduced. In the second chapter, Golod-Shafarevich groups are constructed using formal power series and polynomials in non-commuting indeterminates. In the third chapter, we introduce Gupta-Sidki and Grigorchuk groups, using graph theory and automorphisms of trees.

[EN] The air levitated ball-pipe system is a pneumatic levitation system that is based on airflow. Its working principle consists of a force created with a blower with the purpose of counteracting the opposing gravitational force of the ball. A TOF sensor measures the position of the ball inside the pipe and a Raspberry Pi Zero manages the control of the system. This work performs a modelling process of the ball-pipe system, an analysis of its non-linearities and it presents a variety of controllers and observers such as a PID controller, a LQR controller and a Kalman filter.

[EN] Effects of climate change on water use efficiency (WUE) and its components, measured at different temporal and spatial scales in Fagus sylvatica.

[EN] Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) have been brought to the spotlight due to their numerous promising properties in different fields of the industry, and therefore the research focused on the discovery of novel compounds has considerably increased through the last decades. However, the challenge does not only rely on discovering the SMs, but also on optimizing their production, and to do so, it is essential to link them to their respective biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). The expression of PKS35 in Fusarium solani is still under study as it seems to be a complicated BGC to trigger due to its inactivity in usual growth conditions. To overcome this issue, the present study aimed to study the production of PKS35 compounds through an OSMAC strategy and several genetically engineered mutants from both F. solani and F. graminearum. Through phenotypical and metabolical resulting data obtained in this study, it has been possible to draw conclusions regarding the activity of PKS35 in several media and conditions, pointing to rice agar, YES, and PDA as optimum growth media for the study of this BGC, and 3 candidate compounds are proposed. Additionally, UV light seemed to trigger the expression of PKS35 and it was further linked to perithecia pigmentation in F. solani. Still, there were some factors that complicated the study of PKS35’s production rates, such as the connected regulation with PKS3 and the observed interaction with PKS12, since a high rate of one of the pathways’ intermediates rubrofusarin was yielded when PKS35 was found active in F. graminearum mutants.

[EN] The objective of this work is to give an introduction to singular homology groups, to present CW complexes and their basic properties and to discuss the advantages these spaces have when computing their homology groups.

[EN] Most proteins cannot cross the nuclear envelope by diffusion, instead they need to be actively transported by specific nuclear transport (import or export) receptors that recognize and bind specific nucleocytoplasmic transport signals in proteins. Nuclear import receptors recognize Nuclear Localization Signals (NLSs) and transport their cargo proteins to the nucleus, while nuclear export receptors recognize Nuclear Export Signals (NESs) and transport cargos to the cytoplasm. The best-studied export receptor is CRM1, which mediates the nuclear export of cargos bearing “leucine-rich” NES motifs. CRM1-mediated nuclear export is crucial for proper protein localization and to maintain cellular homeostasis. Therefore, CRM1 malfunction can be a trigger for different human diseases, and identifying CRM1 cargo proteins might be important to better understand related pathologies. However, the full CRM1 cargo spectrum is not yet completely clear. A global proteomics analysis, proposed a long list of potential CRM1 cargoes, but many remain to be validated. In the present work, a protein from this list, c-CBL, was selected for further study, as the mechanisms and signals that might modulate its subcellular distribution are still unkown. We aimed to identify novel nucleocytoplasmic transport signals in this protein. For that purpose, in silico predictions and nuclear export assays were carried out. We report here two novel functional NESs in c-CBL, and discuss the importance of this finding in the context of c-CBL’s transport, stressing the need for further research on c-CBL’s nucleocytoplasmic transport to better understand and use c- CBL as a novel target for different therapies. [EU] Proteina gehienek ezin dute gaineztadura nuklearra difusioz zeharkatu, eta nukleoko garraio- hartzaile espezifikoen bidez igaro behar dute modu aktiboan (inportazioz edo esportazioz). Hartzaile horiek proteinen garraio nukleozitoplasmatikorako seinale espezifikoak ezagutu eta lotzen dituzte. Zehazki, inportazio- hartzaileek nukleorako kokapen-seinaleak (NLS) ezagutzen dituzte eta proteinak nukleora garraiatzen dituzte; esportazio-hartzaileek, berriz, nukleotiko esportazio-seinaleak (NESak) ezagutu eta proteinak zitoplasmara garraiatzen dituzte. Gehien ikertu den esportazio-hartzailea CRM1 da, “leuzinatan aberatsak diren NESak” dituzten proteinak zitoplasmara esportatzen dituena. CRM1 bidezko esportazioa ezinbestekoa da proteinen kokapen egokirako eta zelulako homeostasia mantentzeko. Ondorioz, CRM1-en akatsek zenbait giza gaixotasun eragin ditzakete. Horregatik, CRM1-en bidez esportatzen diren proteinak identifikatzea garrantzizkoa izan daiteke horiei loturiko gaixotasunak hobeto ulertzeko. Hala ere, CRM1-en bidez esportatzen diren proteinen espektroa (zein proteina garraiatzen diren CRM1 bidez) ez da guztiz argia oraindik. Proteomika-analisi global batek CRM1- en bidez esportatzen diren proteina potentzialen zerrenda proposatu zuen, baina horietako asko balioztatzeke daude. Lan honetan, zerrendako proteina bat, c-CBL, hautatu zen sakonago ikertzeko. Izan ere, proteina horren kokapen zelularra eraentzen duten mekanismo eta sekuentziak ezezagunak dira eta beraz, gure helburua proteina honetan garraio nukleozitoplasmatikorako sekuentzia berriak bilatzea zen. Horretarako, in silico iragarpenak egin genituen, esportazio-entseguekin batera. Lan honetan bi NES funtzional berri deskribatu dira eta aurkikuntza honek c-CBL-ren garraioan duen garrantziaz eztabaidatzen da. Azkenik, c-CBL terapia ezberdinetan itu berri gisa erabili ahal izateko, bere garraioaren inguruko ikerketa gehiagoren beharra azpimarratzen da.

[EN] This project explores an application of physics to the study of financial systems. Particularly, it analyses the physical principles in option pricing. The main objective is to establish a connection between physics and finance. Options are financial instruments whose value depends on the price of an underlying asset (stock, bond,…). One of the purposes of this project is to model the behaviour of the underlying asset price with a Brownian motion so that later it can be applied to build the Black-Scholes model which leads to the partial differential equation used to price options. For European options, the equation can be explicitly solved to find the Black-Scholes formula. This solution can be obtained transforming the Black-Scholes equation into a diffusion equation and treating the problem as a diffusion process. In the case of American options, particularly American put options, the equation requires the use of numerical analysis to find a solution. The problem of valuing American put options is a free boundary problem which can be transformed into a linear complementarity problem to eliminate the dependence on the free boundary. This linear complementarity problem can be written using finite-difference formulation with the Crank-Nicolson scheme and can be solved using an algorithm that includes the LU method. The algorithm needs to be implemented in Python to be able to run simulations to price American put options.

[EN] Geometric constructions with straightedge and compass go as far back as to the time of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. In fact, there are three classical problems in Greek mathematics related to straightedge and compass constructions which were extremely important in the development of geometry, which are the squaring of a circle, the duplication of a cube, and the trisection of an angle. These three problems are impossible to solve with straightedge and compass, but the Greeks lacked the mathematical development needed to prove this. The proof of the impossibility of these problems had to await the mathematics of the 19-th century, in particular to the development of Galois theory. In 1837 Pierre Wantzel published a paper in which he proved that duplication of a cube and the trisection of an angle are impossible to solve with straightedge and compass. The imposibility of the squaring of the circle will have to await until 1882 when Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that π is trascendental. In his paper of 1837, Pierre Wantzel also characterized which regular polygons are constructible with straightedge and compass. Sufficiency was proved by Gauss in 1796, but Wantzel was the first to prove the characterization, in a theorem now known as the Gauss-Wantzel Theorem.

[EN] In this research, an underdeveloped 3D scanning technology is presented. It consists of immersing an object in a liquid, and using Archimedes' principle to get its volume. Measuring many times the volume of different slices of the object can be obtained. If the scan is performed with an object with axial symmetry, immersing it along its symmetry axis, the object can be rebuilded stacking cylindrical slices one over the other. This method can also have applications in quality control or supporting other techniques. The research also covers the development of a 3D scanner. It works using a load cell to measure buoyant force, and moving an object up and down in order to immerse it in water. It is controlled with an Arduino, which receives commands from an external controller using serial connection or MQTT. The firmware to make it work is also explained. To control it from a PC, a Python application has been developed too, to communicate with the Arduino and scan objects. Finally, the scanner was able to scan objects with axial symmetry with adequate precision.

[EN] Despite of being called the blue planet, fresh water constitutes just a small fraction of all water available on Earth. About three quarters of this fresh water is stored as ice and snow all around the globe, mainly on glaciers and on ice sheets at the poles. Besides being the water towers of the world, this perenial ice contains internal structures and impurities that serve as an archive of the climate history of the planet. Nevertheless, the integrity of this record is conditioned by the dynamics of ice. Ice microstructures are constantly under the influence of the ice inner flow (also called “creep”), which also influences the ice melting and the rise of sea level. In order to study the marks that the ice creep leaves on its microstructure, optical microscopy is often used. The aim of this work is to assess the viability of oil immersion microscopy on the study of ice microstructures. Immersion microscopy, which consists of using an oil between the objective lens and the specimen, is a technique well-developed for the study of diverse materials, but it has so far not been explored for the study of ice. As described in this work, this technique might bring certain advantages, e.g., a higher resolution. On the other hand, certain challenges may appear, including problems with immersion oils at low temperature and absence of information about how different oils react to low temperatures. In order to overcome these problems dimethicone was used (historically used to preserve ice samples and does not change dramatically at low temperature) and the absent information (viscosity and refraction index) was roughly calculated. The results can be divided in two categories: the observation of surface structures, which seems to give better photomicrographs through traditional "dry" microscopy, using a combination of incident and transmitted illumination; and intracrystalline structures, which gives notably better images through immersion microscopy, using transmitted light only. The quality of these last results encourages us to believe that immersion microscopy has a huge potential on ice as a complementary technique for traditional "dry" microscopy.

[EN] Cancer is one of the main causes of death worldwide. Therefore, cancer research is essential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients. Nowadays novel cancer therapies include the identification of molecular targets that promote malignant cells to adapt to environmental stress. This thesis has two aims. First, to characterize non-isoform specific HSP90 inhibitors PU-H71, STA-9090, and HSP990 by analyzing U2OS (human osteosarcoma epithelial) cell survival with CCK8 assay and HSF1, HSF2, HSP70, β-tubulin, and p53 expression, in a way to understand the inhibitory effect in U2OS cell viability and cytotoxicity, HSR induction and client protein stability. Related to this, we wanted to optimize the CCK8 assay in U2OS for future applications. Second, to characterize isoform-specific novel TRAP-1 inhibitors, which might be a promising alternative to minimize the toxicity of non-isoform-selective inhibitors. This will be done by analyzing U2OS wild-type (WT), HSF1 knockout (KO), and HSF2 KO cell viability and HSR induction in inhibitory conditions. Cells lacking HSF1 and HSF2 will allow us to understand these proteins’ function and cytotoxic effect during their absence and to know if WT and KO cells are equally sensitive to TRAP-1 inhibitors. We hypothesized that TRAP-1inhibitors should not induce HSR as they do not target all HSP90 isoforms. At the same time, we hypothesized that KO cells would be more sensitive than WT cells to TRAP-1 inhibitors, being HSF1 KO cells the most sensitive ones, as seen in Bagatell et al., 2000 and Joutsen et al., 2020, and because HSF1 is the major regulator of the cytoprotective HSR.

[EN] Prostate cancer (PCa) is a remarkably widespread disease. The role of modulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1α (PGC1α) could be of distinguished relevance for diagnosis and treatment for this type of cancer, as it has been proved to be a tumour suppressor in PCa. PGC1α interacts with the estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα). The complex that is formed induces a metabolic rewiring that reduces proliferation, shrinks PCa’s aggressiveness and eases metastatic stages. The gene ASPA, which codes for aspartoacylase protein, has been shown to be of great interest in PCa patients. Its expression is modified in patients according to preliminary data: ASPA is upregulated under PGC1α’s induction. This study has proven the molecular mechanisms by means of which ASPA is regulated, resulting in the following conclusions: in vitro, ASPA is regulated by PGC1α through ERRα and ERRα itself regulates the expression of ASPA (given deletion of ERRα, ASPA is downregulated). In vivo, at mRNA level, ASPA is downregulated as a result of ERRα knockout, while it is upregulated due to PGC1α’s induction, as well as in vitro; nonetheless, at protein level ASPA follows another expression patron, being it overexpressed in ERRα knockout conditions under PGC1α’s induction. Hence, ASPA could be used as a biomarker for PCa and as a target for future therapies. [ES] El cáncer de próstata (PCa) es una enfermedad notablemente extendida. El papel del modulador del receptor gamma activado por el proliferador de peroxisomas 1α (PGC1α) podría ser de gran relevancia para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este tipo de cáncer, ya que se ha demostrado que es un supresor tumoral en el PCa. El PGC1α interactúa con el receptor α relacionado con el estrógeno (ERRα). El complejo que se forma induce un reordenamiento metabólico que reduce la proliferación, disminuye la agresividad del PCa y facilita las fases metastásicas. El gen ASPA, que codifica la proteína aspartoacilasa, ha demostrado ser de gran interés en los pacientes con PCa. Su expresión está modificada en los pacientes, según datos preliminares: ASPA se regula al alza bajo la inducción de PGC1α. En este estudio se han comprobado los mecanismos moleculares mediante los cuales se regula ASPA, llegando a las siguientes conclusiones: in vitro, ASPA es regulado por PGC1α a través de ERRα y el propio ERRα regula la expresión de ASPA (dada la deleción de ERRα, ASPA se regula a la baja). In vivo, a nivel de ARNm, ASPA se regula a la baja como resultado de la supresión de ERRα, mientras que se regula al alza debido a la inducción de PGC1α, así como in vitro; sin embargo, a nivel de proteínas ASPA sigue otro patrón de expresión, siendo sobreexpresado en condiciones de supresión de ERRα bajo la inducción de PGC1α. Por lo tanto, ASPA podría ser utilizado como un biomarcador para el PCa y como un objetivo para futuras terapias.

[EN] Death by AMPA-provoked excitotoxicity in oligodendrocytes (OLs), which are the myelinating cells in the Central Nervous System, is considered one of the underlying causes in the etiopathogenesis of several demyelinating neurological diseases, like multiple sclerosis. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the activation of GABA receptors (GABAR), on cell damage caused by excitotoxicity, since these receptors are mediators of the neuron-glia communication necessary for the successful differentiation of immature OLs to myelinating OLs. Our results show that both muscimol (GABAAR selective agonist) and baclofen (GABABR selective agonist) have a protective impact against this excitotoxicity in vitro. Due to the growing interest in GABABR receptor function in oligodendroglial cells, we focused on them and on analyzing which molecules take part in the protective impact of baclofen. Overall, our results indicate that the death pathways activated in this case are mostly apoptotic, that the activation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is relevant in this protective effect mediated by baclofen at short time frames, and that the inactivation of Akt is also important at longer time frames in the protective effect of baclofen. In the future, it would be of great interest to elucidate which molecules are being activated/inactivated by CREB and Akt, since modulating their activation state could have therapeutic potential. [ES] La muerte por excitotoxicidad provocada por AMPA en oligodendrocitos (OLs), que son las células mielinizantes en el Sistema Nervioso Central, está considerada una de las causas subyacentes en la etiopatogenia de varias enfermedades neurológicas desmielinizantes, como la esclerosis múltiple. En este trabajo, analizamos el efecto de la activación de los receptores GABA (GABAR), en el daño celular provocado por excitotoxicidad, ya que estos receptores son mediadores de la comunicación neurona-glía necesaria para la diferenciación exitosa de los OLs inmaduros a OLs mielinizantes. Nuestros resultados muestran que tanto el muscimol (agonista selectivo de GABAAR) como el baclofeno (agonista selectivo de GABABR) tienen un impacto protector frente a esta excitotoxicidad in vitro. Debido al creciente interés en los receptores GABABR en la función de las células oligodendrogliales, nos centramos en ellos y en analizar qué moléculas toman parte en el impacto protector del baclofeno. En conjunto, nuestros resultados indican que las vías de muerte activadas en este caso son mayoritariamente apoptóticas, que la activación de cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) es relevante en este efecto protector mediado por el baclofeno a tiempos cortos, y que la inactivación de Akt también es importante a tiempos más largos en el efecto protector del baclofeno. En un futuro, sería de gran interés elucidar qué moléculas están siendo activadas/inactivadas por CREB y Akt, ya que modular su estado de activación podría tener potencial terapéutico. [EUS] Nerbio Sistema Zentraleko zelula mielinizatzaileak diren oligodendrozitoetan (OL) AMPAk eragindako eszitotoxikotasunaren erruzko heriotza gaixotasun neurologiko desmielinizante anitzen etiopatogenesian parte hartzen du, hala nola esklerosi anizkoitzaren kasuan. Lan honetan, GABA hartzaileen (GABAR) aktibazioaren efektua aztertzen dugu eszitotoxizitateak eragindako kalte honetan, hartzaile hauek OL heldugabeak OL mielinizatzaileetara arrakastaz bereizteko beharrezkoa den neuronen eta gliaren arteko komunikazioa bideratzen baitute. Gure emaitzek erakusten dute bai muszimolak (GABAAR-en agonista selektiboa), bai baklofenoak (GABABR-en agonista selektiboa) in vitro eszitotoxikotasun honen aurkako babesa eskaintzen dutela. Zelula oligodendroglialen funtzioan GABABR hartzaileekiko interes gero eta handiagoa dela eta, haietan fokatu gara eta baklofenoaren eragin babeslean zein molekulek parte hartzen duten aztertu dugu. Gure emaitzek adierazten dute kasu honetan aktibatutako heriotza bideak gehienbat apoptotikoak direla, cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) transkripzio faktorearen aktibazioa garrantzitsua dela baklofenoak denbora laburretan duen efektuan, eta Akt-ren desaktibazioa ere garrantzizkoa dela denbora tarte luzeagotan baklofenoak eragiten duen babesean. Etorkizunean, interes handikoa izango litzateke CREB eta Akt-ek aktibatzen/desaktibatzen dituzten molekulak zein diren jakitea, haien aktibazio egoera modulatzeak potentzial terapeutikoa izan dezakeelako.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men, only behind lung cancer. The development of precision medicine has become one of the main objectives for treating it and it seems increasingly crucial to find biomarkers that allow both to stratify patients and to propose a personalized treatment. Previous studies have described the transcriptional coactivator PPAR gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC1⍺) as a possible biomarker for the stratification of patients with PCa. However, despite PGC1⍺’s role in the stratification, it remains necessary to study its molecular mechanisms so that it can be targeted in personalized treatment. Taking into account that one of the characteristics of cancer is its uncontrolled cell proliferation due to cell cycle deregulation, the aim of this work is to analyze if PGC1⍺ may regulate the progression of the cycle and the G1-to-S phase transition targeting E2F transcription factor. For that, first we analyze the transcriptional program associated with PGC1⍺ and related to cell cycle; second, the activity of CDK4 and associated proteins; and lastly, the correlations between PGC1⍺ and its transcriptional program in patients.

[EN] Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most diagnosed cancer among males worldwide. Due to the current molecular markers used in clinic there is an overdiagnosis and patient overtreatment, revealing the need for biomarkers and gene signatures capable of stratifying patients, distinguishing aggressive prostate tumors from the indolent ones. Our laboratory has previously reported a master co-regulator of PCa metabolism capable of exerting a tumor and metastasis suppressive response: the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 (PGC1α). PGC1α has been shown to prevent tumor growth, metastasis and invasion in PCa, associated with the downregulation of c-MYC. Given the unknown molecular mechanisms driving the biological effects of PGC1α and a recent RNA-sequencing experiment carried out in our laboratory, we hypothesize that the interferon transcriptional program upregulated by PGC1α drives its tumor suppressive activity. Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines greatly studied in cancer due to their ability to directly and/or indirectly modulate tumorigenesis. However, their role on PCa is not completely studied. In this context, we have characterized the PGC1α-driven phosphorylation of STAT1 and the subsequent upregulation of the IFN transcriptional program in (i) PGC1α expressing and (ii) IFN-β treated PCa cells. Lastly, in co-cultures assays, we have approached the study of the anti-proliferative effect of the cell communication between PGC1α expressing and non-expressing PCa cells. Altogether, we consider the present work a first approach to studying the link between IFN pathway and the tumor suppressive properties of PGC1α in PCa cells, offering potential for new therapeutic targets and strategies. [ES] El cáncer de próstata (CaP) es el segundo cáncer más diagnosticado entre los varones de todo el mundo. Debido a los actuales marcadores moleculares utilizados en la clínica existe un sobrediagnóstico y un sobretratamiento del paciente, lo que revela la necesidad de contar con biomarcadores y firmas génicas capaces de estratificar a los pacientes, distinguiendo los tumores de próstata agresivos de los indolentes. Nuestro laboratorio ha descrito previamente un corregulador maestro del metabolismo del PCa capaz de ejercer una respuesta supresora de tumores y metástasis: el coactivador del receptor gamma activado por proliferación de peroxisomas 1 (PGC1α). Se ha demostrado que el PGC1α previene el crecimiento tumoral, la metástasis y la invasión en el PCa, asociado a la regulación a la baja de c-MYC. Teniendo en cuenta los mecanismos moleculares desconocidos que impulsan los efectos biológicos de PGC1α y un reciente experimento de secuenciación de ARN llevado a cabo en nuestro laboratorio, nuestra hipótesis es que el programa transcripcional del interferón regulado por PGC1α impulsa su actividad supresora de tumores. Los interferones (IFNs) son citoquinas muy estudiadas en el cáncer debido a su capacidad de modular directa y/o indirectamente la tumorigénesis. Sin embargo, su papel en el PCa no está completamente estudiado. En este contexto, hemos caracterizado la fosforilación de STAT1 impulsada por PGC1α y la subsiguiente regulación del programa transcripcional de IFN en (i) células de PCa que expresan PGC1α y (ii) tratadas con IFN-β. Por último, en los ensayos de cocultivo, hemos abordado el estudio del efecto antiproliferativo de la comunicación celular entre las células de PCa que expresan PGC1α y las que no lo hacen. En conjunto, consideramos que el presente trabajo es una primera aproximación al estudio de la relación entre la vía del IFN y las propiedades supresoras de tumores de PGC1α en células de PCa, ofreciendo un potencial para nuevas dianas y estrategias terapéuticas.

[EN] In the last decades, molecular methods are becoming increasingly relevant in the assessment of sex, sex differentiation and gametogenesis staging in teleost fish as they can provide more accurate estimates than histological or visual analysis of gonads. This is a requirement of the EU Data Collection Framework as part of the policy to improve fisheries management, where fecundity estimates of commercial fish stocks are of prime interest. In this study, we wanted to analyse the differential transcription distinguishing ovaries and testes in fish by studying the levels of transcription of amino acid-specific transfer RNAs (tRNA). Expression of tRNAs was hypothesised to be a lot higher in ovaries than in testes, as it has already been proved with the other major product of RNA polymerase III activity, 5S rRNA. The teleosts species selected for this study were the zebrafish, Danio rerio, as laboratory model species whose genome has been fully sequenced, and the thicklip grey mullet, Chelon labrosus, as pollution sentinel species that in the Basque coast has displayed cases of intersex with oocytes produced in testis due to exposure to xenoestrogens. Primers for PCR analysis were designed against the multiple genes displayed in the genome of zebrafish targeting specific amino acid tRNAs. Such primers allowed quantification of transcription levels of selenocysteine, suppressor, phenylalanine, tryptophan and alanine tRNAs showing higher transcription levels in testes than in ovaries. These results against expectations could be due to the different cross-amplification of primers across the more than 50 genes per analysed specific tRNA or due to tRNA structural properties that did not allow adequate PCR analysis. No amplification was obtained in the case of C. labrosus with the exception of suppressor tRNA. Small RNA capillary electrophoresis of total RNA, which allows identification of very small RNA fragments up to 200 bp in length, showed higher production of tRNAs, as well as of 5S rRNA, in the ovaries than in testes in both species. The calculated tRNA/5S rRNA index value showed no differences between gonads of both sexes but the tRNA/5.8S rRNA index clearly showed the highest levels in ovaries than in testes. These differences were only significant in the case of C. labrosus (analysed C. labrosus ovaries were all previtellogenic). This proves a high RNA polymerase III activity during the early phases of oogenesis in C. labrosus that results in high levels of tRNA and 5S rRNA. Conversely, RNA polymerase I activity and production of 5,8S, 18S and 28S rRNA is initiated with vitellogenesis which explains low levels in the studied mullet samples. In the meantime, zebrafish ovaries were showing oocytes in all stages of oogenesis and this did not allow significant differences in tRNA/5.8S rRNA index values between gonads. Bulk tRNA production has been proven to be a good marker to identify sex in teleost fish when comparing gonads in the early stages of gametogenesis. Similarly, the tRNA/5.8S rRNA index has shown to be a useful proxy to identify the oogenesis stage in fish ovaries. Further research is necessary to elucidate the usefulness of each specific tRNA in the monitoring and staging of ovarian gametogenesis in teleost fish. [EUS] Azken hamarkadetan, metodo molekularrak gero eta garrantzi handiagoa dute sexu desberdintzapen eta gametogenesiaren faseen identifikazioan arrain teleosteoetan, aurreikuspen zehatzagoak eskaini ahal baitituzte gonaden analisi histologiko edo bisualak baino. Hori EBko “Data Collection Framework” betebeharra da, arrantzaren kudeaketa hobetzeko politika aurrera eramateko, non arrain komertsialen emankortasunaren estimazioa interes handia duen. Ikerketa honetan arrainetan obarioak eta testikuluak bereizten dituen transkripzio diferentziala analizatu nahi genuen amino azido espezifiko transferentziako RNA (tRNA) transkripzio maila aztertuz. tRNAren adierazpena obarioetan testikuluetan baino askoz altuagoa izateko hipotesia zegoen, polimerasa III aktibitatearen beste produktu nagusiarekin, 5S rRNA, frogatu den bezala. Analisi honetarako aukeratutako teleosteo espezieak, hauek izan ziren: zebra arraina, Danio rerio, genoma guztiz sekuentziatuta duen laborategiko eredu espezie gisa, eta hondoetako korrokoia, Chelon labrosus, poluzioaren monitorizatzaile gisa, Euskal kostaldean intersex egoera aurkeztu baitu xenoestrogenoen ondorioz obozitoak ekoiztuz testikuluetan. PCR analisirako primerrak diseinatu ziren D. rerio genomako amino azido espezifiko tRNA geneak kontuan izanda. Primer horiek selenozisteina, supresorea, fenilalanina, triptofanoa eta alanina tRNA transkripzio mailak kuantifikatzea ahalbidetu zuten testikuloetan obarioetan baino transkripzio maila handiagoak erakutsiz. Hondoetako korrokoiaren kasuan ez zen anplifikaziorik lortu supresore tRNAan izan ezik. RNA totalaren RNA txikiko kapilare elektroforesia, 200bp-ko RNA kate txikien identifikazioa ahalbidetzen duena, 5S rRNA eta tRNA produkzio handiagoa erakutsi zuen obarioetan testikuloetan baino bi espezieetan. Kalkulatutako tRNA/5S rRNA indizearen balioak ez zuen ezberdintasunik erakutsi gonaden artean, baina, tRNA/5.8S rRNA indizeak maila altuagoa argi erakutsi zuen obarioetan testikuloetan baino. Ezberdintasun horiek soilik izan ziren esangarriak C. labrosus kasuan (aztertutako C. labrosus obario guztiak prebitelogenikoak ziren). Horrek egiaztatzen du RNA polymerasa IIIren aktibitate handia C. labrosus oogenesiaren fase goiztiarretan tRNA eta 5S rRNA sortzen duena. Alderantziz, RNA polimerasa I-ko aktibitatea eta 5,8S, 18S eta 28S RNAren ekoizpena vitellogenesiarekin batera hasten da, korrokoietan lortutako balio baxuak azaltzen duena. Bitartean, D. rerio obuluak fase oogenesi guztietako obozitoak erakutsi dituzte eta horrek ez du ahalbidetu ezberdintasun esangarririk gonaden arteko tRNA/5.8S rRNA indizean. tRNA produkzioa sexua identifikatzeko markatzaile ona dela frogatu da arrain teleosteoetan gonadak alderatzean gametogenesiaren fase goiztiarretan. Era berean, tRNA/5.8S rRNA indizea arrain obulutegietako oogenesi fasea identifikatzeko baliogarria dela erakutsi da. Ikerketa gehiago egin behar dira zehazteko tRNA espezifiko bakoitzaren erabilgarritasuna monitorizazioan eta arrain teleosteoen obulutegi gametogenesiaren faseen adierazpenean. [ES] En las últimas décadas, los métodos moleculares son cada vez más relevantes en la evaluación del sexo, la diferenciación del sexo y el estadiaje de la gametogénesis en peces teleósteos, ya que pueden proporcionar estimaciones más precisas que el análisis histológico o visual de las gónadas. Este es un requisito del Marco de Recogida de Datos de la UE como parte de la política de mejora de la gestión pesquera, en la que las estimaciones de fecundidad de las poblaciones de peces comerciales son de interés primordial. En este estudio, queríamos analizar la transcripción diferencial que distingue a los ovarios y a los testículos en los peces mediante el estudio de los niveles de transcripción de los ARN de transferencia (ARNt) específicos de los aminoácidos. Se planteó la hipótesis de que la expresión de los ARNt es mucho mayor en los ovarios que en los testículos, como ya se ha demostrado con el otro producto principal de la actividad de la ARN polimerasa III, el ARNr 5S. Las especies de teleósteos seleccionadas para este estudio fueron el pez cebra, Danio rerio, como especie modelo de laboratorio cuyo genoma ha sido completamente secuenciado, y el salmonete de labios gruesos, Chelon labrosus, como especie centinela de contaminación que en la costa vasca ha presentado casos de intersexualidad con ovocitos producidos en testículos debido a la exposición a xenoestrógenos. Se diseñaron cebadores para el análisis por PCR contra los múltiples genes que aparecen en el genoma del pez cebra dirigidos a aminoácidos específicos de los ARNt. Dichos cebadores permitieron cuantificar los niveles de transcripción de los ARNt de selenocisteína, supresor, fenilalanina, triptófano y alanina, mostrando mayores niveles de transcripción en los testículos que en los ovarios. Estos resultados contrarios a las expectativas podrían deberse a la diferente amplificación cruzada de los cebadores en los más de 50 genes por ARNt específico analizado o a las propiedades estructurales del ARNt que no permitieron un análisis adecuado por PCR. No se obtuvo ninguna amplificación en el caso de C. labrosus con la excepción del ARNt supresor. La electroforesis capilar de ARN pequeño del ARN total, que permite identificar fragmentos de ARN muy pequeños de hasta 200 pb de longitud, mostró una mayor producción de ARNt, así como de ARNr 5S, en los ovarios que en los testículos en ambas especies. El valor del índice ARNt/5S ARNr calculado no mostró diferencias entre las gónadas de ambos sexos, pero el índice ARNt/5.8S ARNr mostró claramente los niveles más altos en los ovarios que en los testículos. Estas diferencias sólo fueron significativas en el caso de C. labrosus (los ovarios de C. labrosus analizados eran todos previtelogénicos). Esto demuestra una elevada actividad de la ARN polimerasa III durante las fases tempranas de la oogénesis en C. labrosus que da lugar a altos niveles de ARNt y ARNr 5S. Por el contrario, la actividad de la ARN polimerasa I y la producción de ARNr 5,8S, 18S y 28S se inicia con la vitelogénesis, lo que explica los bajos niveles en las muestras de mújol estudiadas. Mientras tanto, los ovarios de pez cebra mostraban ovocitos en todas las etapas de la oogénesis y esto no permitió diferencias significativas en los valores del índice de ARNt/5,8S rRNA entre las gónadas. Se ha demostrado que la producción de ARNt en masa es un buen marcador para identificar el sexo en los peces teleósteos cuando se comparan las gónadas en las primeras etapas de la gametogénesis. Del mismo modo, el índice de ARNt/5,8S ha demostrado ser un indicador útil para identificar la fase de oogénesis en los ovarios de los peces. Es necesario seguir investigando para dilucidar la utilidad de cada ARNt específico en el seguimiento y la estadificación de la gametogénesis ovárica en los peces teleósteos.

[EN] Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease characterised by a cascade of pathological events including excitotoxicity, inflammation and cellular death. Ischemia also leads to an increase of the concentrations of purines including adenosine and, as a result, adenosine receptors (AR) have become of interest in the recent years. Previous studies have shown that in vivo imaging modalities are useful techniques to analyse the distribution of AR such as A1ARs after stroke. However, the in vivo distribution of A2ARs has been scarcely explored so far. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo distribution of A2ARs before and after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) using [11C]SCH442416. Furthermore, the Simplified Reference Tissue Model (SRTM) was used to obtain a more concise quantification of [11C]SCH442416 brain kinetics. These results demonstrated that A2ARs were mainly expressed in the rat striatum in healthy conditions. Additionally, non-displaceable binding potential (BPnd) showed an increase at day 3 in relation to day 1 after cerebral ischemia in the ipsilateral striatum. Overall, these data provide evidence that PET imaging is a useful technique for quantifying the in vivo distribution of A2AR in healthy and brain ischemic conditions. [ES] El ictus isquémico es una enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda caracterizada por una cascada de acontecimientos patológicos que incluyen excitotoxicidad, inflamación y muerte celular. La isquemia también provoca un aumento de las concentraciones de purinas, incluida la adenosina, por lo que los receptores de adenosina (RA) han cobrado interés en los últimos años. Estudios anteriores han demostrado que las modalidades de imagen in vivo son técnicas útiles para analizar la distribución de los RA, como los A1AR, después del accidente cerebrovascular. Sin embargo, la distribución in vivo de los A2ARs ha sido escasamente explorada hasta ahora. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la distribución in vivo de A2ARs antes y después de la oclusión transitoria de la arteria cerebral media (MCAO) con imágenes de resonancia magnética (MRI) y tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) utilizando [11C]SCH442416. Además, se utilizó el modelo tisular de referencia simplificado (SRTM) para obtener una cuantificación más concisa de la cinética cerebral de [11C]SCH442416. Estos resultados demostraron que los A2AR se expresaban principalmente en el estriado de la rata en condiciones de salud. Además, el potencial de unión no desplazable (BPnd) mostró un aumento en el día 3 en relación con el día 1 después de la isquemia cerebral en el estriado ipsilateral. En general, estos datos proporcionan evidencia de que la imagen PET es una técnica útil para cuantificar la distribución in vivo de A2AR en condiciones sanas y de isquemia cerebral.

[EN] During the last decades, the term “Second Quantum Revolution” has been widely used among authors to refer to the emerging quantum science and technology, such as quantum computation, quantum metrology or Quantum Information Theory. Quantum Information Theory sets to studying the new ways of transmitting and processing information using Quantum Mechanics, and it has already found applications in describing entanglement in many-body physics. Nonetheless, it is far from complete and still poses open problems of diverse mathematical connections, and one of them, which has applications in quantum cryptography and quantum state tomography, is the Mutually Unbiased Bases problem. The Mutually Unbiased bases problems is concerned with the amount of mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) that exist in a given Hilbert space. In this Bachelor’s thesis we will present some of the known results, namely, generating all the MUBs when the dimension d of the Hilbert space is prime. For this purpose, we will use a different mathematical formalism than usual, the Bloch representation, which allows for a more geometrical picture of the problem. We will first introduce the Bloch representation by discussing the case d=2, and we will follow by presenting some of the most interesting geometrical structures that arise for any dimension. Finally, we will show a construction of all MUBs when the dimension is an odd prime. The thesis will contain plenty of examples in order to tone down the mathematical derivations. [ES] Durante las últimas décadas, el término "Segunda Revolución Cuántica" ha sido ampliamente utilizado entre los autores para referirse a la ciencia y tecnología cuántica emergente, como la computación cuántica, la metrología cuántica o la Teoría de la Información Cuántica. La Teoría de la Información Cuántica se propone estudiar las nuevas formas de transmitir y procesar la información mediante la Mecánica Cuántica, y ya ha encontrado aplicaciones en la descripción del entrelazamiento en la física de muchos cuerpos. Sin embargo, está lejos de ser completa y todavía plantea problemas abiertos de diversas conexiones matemáticas, y uno de ellos, que tiene aplicaciones en la criptografía cuántica y la tomografía de estados cuánticos, es el problema de las Bases Mutuamente Insesgadas. El problema de las bases mutuamente insesgadas se refiere a la cantidad de bases mutuamente insesgadas (MUBs) que existen en un espacio de Hilbert dado. En esta tesis de licenciatura presentaremos algunos de los resultados conocidos, a saber, la generación de todas las MUBs cuando la dimensión d del espacio de Hilbert es prima. Para ello, utilizaremos un formalismo matemático diferente al habitual, la representación de Bloch, que permite una visión más geométrica del problema. Primero introduciremos la representación de Bloch discutiendo el caso d=2, y seguiremos presentando algunas de las estructuras geométricas más interesantes que surgen para cualquier dimensión. Finalmente, mostraremos una construcción de todos los MUBs cuando la dimensión es un primo impar. La tesis contendrá muchos ejemplos para suavizar las derivaciones matemáticas.

[EN] In this study, castor oil based SMPUs have been synthesised using different PTMGs mass (1000, 650 and 250 g·mol-1) and aliphatic diisocyanate, IPDI. There have been applied different characterization techniques, such as ATR-FTIR, TGA, DMA, DSC and TMA in order to determine the physical-chemical properties, and also a cytotoxic evaluation for biocompatibility effect. [ES] En este estudio, se han sintetizado SMPUs a base de aceite de ricino utilizando diferentes masas de PTMGs (1000, 650 y 250 g-mol-1 ) y diisocianato alifático, IPDI. Se han aplicado diferentes técnicas de caracterización, como ATR-FTIR, TGA, DMA, DSC y TMA para para determinar las propiedades físico-químicas, así como una evaluación citotóxica para efecto de biocompatibilidad.

[EN] In this work, a configurable neural network is designed using VHDL, a standard hardware description language. The complete designing process is explained, from the basic blocks to the final architectures that end implemented in a FPGA. In addition, some simplifying measures with the objective of reducing the resource cost are presented. Finally, a multispectral satellite image classification is carried out using one of the designed architectures. [ES] En este trabajo se diseña una red neuronal configurable utilizando VHDL, un lenguaje de descripción de hardware estándar. Se explica el proceso completo de diseño, desde los bloques básicos hasta las arquitecturas finales que acaban implementadas en una FPGA. Además, se presentan algunas medidas de simplificación con el objetivo de reducir el coste de los recursos. Finalmente, se realiza una clasificación de imágenes de satélite multiespectrales utilizando una de las arquitecturas diseñadas.

[EN]: In this work a computational analysis of 12 mutations in the potassium channel KCNQ2 is done. For that purpose the macromolecular modeling software Rosetta is used. This mutations are relevant because they are related to a rare epilepsy disorder called BFNS that newborn children suffer in their first year of life., [ES]: En este trabajo se realiza un análisis computacional de 12 mutaciones en el canal de potasio KCNQ2. Para ello se utiliza el software de modelado macromolecular Rosetta. Estas mutaciones son relevantes porque están relacionadas con un raro trastorno epiléptico llamado BFNS que sufren los niños recién nacidos en su primer año de vida.

[EN] In this work we will be working thoroughly with topological groups, profinite groups and character groups. Thus, we present briefly the basics, mostly without proofs, just for the reader to be more familiar with these notions and to ease the understanding of the proof of local class field theory. We follow mostly [RZ10]. [ES] En este trabajo trabajaremos a fondo con grupos topológicos, grupos profinitos y grupos de caracteres. Así, presentamos brevemente los fundamentos, principalmente sin pruebas, sólo para que el lector esté más familiarizado con estas nociones y para facilitar la comprensión de la prueba de la teoría de campo de clase local. Seguimos mayormente [RZ10].

A ray tracer has been implemented using Python accelerated by Numba and Numba CUDA. The ray tracer renders 3D scenes that include shadows, reflections, refraction and other basic features. In addition, more advanced features like depth of field have been implemented. Finally, the performance of the ray tracer has been measured, and compared to a C++ implementation of a similar ray tracer. [ES] Un trazador de rayos ha sido implementado usando Python acelerado por Numba y Numba CUDA. El trazador de rayos hace escenas 3D que incluyen sombras, reflexiones, refracción y otras características básicas. Además, más avanzado características como la profundidad de campo se han implementado. Finalmente, el rendimiento del trazador de rayos se ha medido, y en comparación con una implementación de C++ de un trazador de rayos similar.

[EN] In the littoral area, the sessile organisms that inhabit the intertidal zone undergo abrupt environmental variations due to their amphibious lifestyle. Actinia equina (L.) is a cosmopolitan species that can colonize upper shore levels (mussel fringe) occupying preferently sheltered areas such as rock crevices or intertidal pools to reduce extreme desiccation stress. This study is complementary to the previous investigations that have been carried out with the community of A. equina from Sopelana, and its objectives are, on the one hand, to monitor in situ the anemones that inhabit both crevices and rock pools, also recording juvenile individuals, and on the other hand, to analyse in the laboratory the biometric parameters of individuals corresponding to rock pools. For this, periodic samplings have been carried out in the field and a relation has been established in the laboratory between the pedal disc area (PDA) and the live weight (LW) of the anemones. In this way, it has been possible to observe a growth in the size of the individuals monitored in the field, and the effects of zonation and how anemones face temperature changes when they emerge have been determined. The number of offspring and the juveniles’ growth have also been monitored. In the laboratory experiment, it has been concluded that the relation between pedal area and live weight does not differ significantly when rock pool anemones are submerged or after 3 hours of emersion. In addition, comparing with previous studies, it has been observed that the anemones of the cracks show a significantly equal relation, therefore it has been shown that biometry is a reliable method and that it is useful to determine the biomass of the anemones in situ. [ES] En el área litoral los organismos sésiles que habitan en la zona intermareal sufren variaciones ambientales abruptas debido a su estilo de vida anfibia. Actinia equina (L.) es una especie cosmopolita capaz de colonizar zonas intermareales que generalmente opta por ocupar grietas o charcos en las rocas para evitar los cambios bruscos de condiciones ambientales. Este estudio es complementario a las investigaciones previas que se han llevado a cabo con la comunidad de A. equina de Sopelana, y tiene como objetivo, por un lado, hacer un seguimiento in situ de las anémonas que habitan tanto en grietas como en charcos registrando también los individuos juveniles, y por otro lado, analizar en el laboratorio los parámetros biométricos de individuos correspondientes a los charcos. Para ello, se han realizado muestreos periódicos en el campo y en el laboratorio se ha establecido una relación entre el área pedal y el peso vivo de las anémonas. De esta manera, se ha podido observar un crecimiento de tamaño de los individuos monitorizados en el campo y se han determinado los efectos que tienen la zonación y cómo afrontan las anémonas los cambios de temperatura cuando emergen. También se han monitorizado las crías y el crecimiento tanto en número como en tamaño. En el experimento de laboratorio se ha llegado a la conclusión de que la relación del área pedal y el peso vivo no difieren significativamente cuando las anémonas de los charcos están sumergidas o después de 3 horas de emersión. Además, comparando con estudios previos, se ha observado que las anémonas de las grietas muestran una relación significativamente igual, por lo que se ha demostrado que la biometría es un método fiable y que sirve para determinar la biomasa de las anémonas in situ.

[EN] Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that play a pivotal role fighting against cancer and viral infections. NK cells derive from the CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and since they have cytotoxic activity, it is suggested that NK and cytotoxic T cells might have evolved from a common ancestral cytolytic effector cell [ES] Las células asesinas naturales (NK) son un tipo de células linfoides innatas (ILC) que juegan un papel fundamental luchando contra cáncer e infecciones virales. Las células NK provienen de las células progenitoras hematopoyéticas CD34+ (HPC) y desde entonces tienen actividad citotóxica, se sugiere que las células T citotóxicas y NK podrían haber evolucionado de una célula eficaz citolítica ancestral común

[EN] Local adaptation studies offer a powerful conceptual approach for evolutionary ecology studies. Particularly, they provide evidence of the evolutionary processes that influence lineage diversification that can potentially lead to speciation. This paper reviews literature on local adaptation and focuses on the adaptation of plants to serpentine soils as they present an important example of research on this area. First, I present fundamental aspects of local adaptation and consider ecological and breeding studies. To follow up, I discuss the multiple approaches in genomic studies that focus on the identification of candidate loci involved in adaptation. Example studies are described as well to provide useful background for the subsequent discussion of adaptation to serpentine soils. Finally, I consider different ecological studies involved in the identification of adaptive traits to serpentine soils and genomic studies that seek to analyze the genetic basis of these traits. I highlight specific mechanisms, such as nickel hyperaccumulation, and physiological models that have been proposed. The genetic basis of these mechanisms is reviewed, yet no general tendency is concluded as simple and complex bases have been detected. Lastly, I propose that future studies should focus on combining plant breeding with genomic approaches. [ES] Los estudios de adaptación local ofrecen un poderoso enfoque conceptual para los estudios de ecología evolutiva. En particular, proporcionan evidencias de los procesos evolutivos que influyen en la diversificación de linajes que potencialmente pueden conducir a la especiación. En este artículo se revisa la literatura existente sobre la adaptación local y se enfoca en la adaptación de plantas a suelos serpentínicos, ya que presentan un importante ejemplo de investigación en esta área. Primero, presenta los aspectos fundamentales de la adaptación local y considera los estudios ecológicos y de reproducción. Para continuar, discute los múltiples enfoques en los estudios genómicos que se centran en la identificación de genes candidatos involucrados en la adaptación. También se analizan estudios para proporcionar antecedentes útiles para la posterior discusión de la adaptación a suelos serpentínicos. Finalmente, se consideran los diferentes estudios ecológicos involucrados en la identificación de rasgos adaptativos a suelos serpentínicos y los estudios genómicos que buscan analizar la base genética de estos. Se destacan los mecanismos específicos, como la hiperacumulación de níquel, y los modelos fisiológicos que han sido propuestos. Se revisa la base genética de estos mecanismos, sin embargo, no se concluye una tendencia general ya que han sido detectadas bases simples y complejas. Por último, se propone la combinación de estudios de fitomejoramiento con estudios genéticos como enfoque para los futuros estudios.

[EN] It contains a review of the fundamental concepts of quantum computation and genetic algorithms. In the last chapter, the first steps towards the development of quantum genetic algorithms are explained. The supplementary materials contain the programs employed for the examples on genetic algorithms (GAscripts), programs developed for section 3.1 Quantum enhanced selection (QEnhancedSelection), and programs for the simulations in section 3.2 Completely quantum version (QGA_CGA). [ES] Contiene una revisión de los conceptos fundamentales de computación cuántica y de ms genéticos. En el último capítulo, se explican los primeros pasos hacia el desarrollo de los MS cuánticos genéticos. Los materiales complementarios contienen los programas empleados para los ejemplos de ms genéticos (GAscripts), programas desarrollados para la sección 3.1 Selección mejorada de Quantum (QEnh Selection) y programas para las simulaciones en la sección 3.2 Versión completa de quantum (QGA_CGA).

[EN] This work pursues three main objectives. The first one is to understand and explain quantum adiabatic computation, which requires mastering fundamental concepts on quantum mechanics and learning the practical steps to solve a problem with this technique. The second one is to see a particular example of the physical implementation of quantum computation, more precisely, the implementation with superconducting circuits. The third objective is to describe the procedure followed to develop and experimentally contrast the model in Ref. [6]. This required simulating quantum adiabatic processes and also getting familiar with the data retrieval using Twitter API, which was used to obtain the parameters of the model. This work is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, I review the necessary background to understand quantum adiabatic computation. In the second one, I explain the most relevant concepts about the implementation of quantum adiabatic computation with superconducting circuits. In the third chapter, I explain the model for forecasting elections and the experimental realization followed to contrast its results. [ES] Este trabajo persigue tres objetivos principales. El primero es entender y explicar el cálculo cuántico adiabático, que requiere conceptos fundamentales sobre la mecánica cuántica y aprender los pasos prácticos para resolver un problema con esta técnica. El segundo es ver un ejemplo particular de la implementación física de la computación quantum, más precisamente, la implementación con circuitos superconductores. El tercer objetivo es describir el procedimiento seguido para desarrollar y contrastar experimentalmente el modelo en Ref. [6]. Esto requería procesos cuánticos adiabáticos y también familiarizarse con la recuperación de datos utilizando la API de Twitter, que se utilizó para obtener los parámetros del modelo. Este trabajo se divide en tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo, repaso los antecedentes necesarios para entender el cálculo cuántico adiabático. En el segundo, explico los conceptos más relevantes sobre la implementación de la computación cuántica adiabática con circuitos superconductores. En el tercer capítulo, explico el modelo para pronosticar elecciones y la realización experimental seguida para contrastar sus resultados.

[EN] Ribosomes are indispensable organelles for cell survival. Eukaryotic ribosomes are made up of two subunits (60S and 40S), which are independently exported from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm, where they are finally assembled to form the functional ribosome. Due to their large size, ribosomal subunits need nuclear transport receptors, or karyopherins (such as the export receptor XPO1), to move through the nuclear pore complex. Karyopherins recognize cargo proteins bearing nucleocytoplasmic transport signals (nuclear localization signals (NLSs) or nuclear export signals (NESs)). In addition to karyopherins, nucleocytoplasmic transport of the small ribosomal subunit (40S), requires other factors, such as the ribosomal protein Rps15 and the non-ribosomal protein Ltv1. Due to the role of these proteins in the export of small ribosomal subunit, we hypothesized that they could carry still uncharacterized nucleocytoplasmic transport signals. Here we describe the identification of three new functional nuclear transport signals: one NLS and one NES in Rps15, as well as one NLS in Ltv1. Our results provide new information on the specific amino acid sequences that contribute to the function of Ltv1 and Rps15 as adapters in the nuclear export of the small ribosomal subunit. [ES] Los ribosomas son orgánulos indispensables para la supervivencia de la célula. Los ribosomas eucariotas están compuestos por dos subunidades (60S y 40S), que se exportan desde el nucleolo hasta el citoplasma de forma independiente, donde son finalmente ensambladas para dar lugar al ribosoma funcional. Debido a su gran tamaño, las subunidades ribosómicas necesitan receptores de transporte nuclear, o carioferinas (como el receptor de exportación XPO1), para atravesar el complejo del poro nuclear. Las carioferinas reconocen proteínas “cargo” que portan señales de transporte nucleocitoplásmico (señales de localización nuclear (NLSs) o señales de exportación nuclear (NESs)). Además de las carioferinas, el transporte nucleocitoplásmico de la subunidad ribosómica pequeña (40S), requiere otros factores, como la proteína ribosómica Rps15 y la proteína no ribosómica Ltv1. Debido al importante papel que juegan en la exportación de la subunidad ribosómica pequeña, planteamos la hipótesis de que estas proteínas podrían poseer señales de transporte nucleocitoplásmico aún sin caracterizar. Aquí describimos la identificación de tres nuevas señales de transporte nuclear funcionales: una NLS y una NES en Rps15, así como una NLS en Ltv1. Nuestros resultados aportan nueva información sobre las secuencias de aminoácidos concretas que contribuyen al funcionamiento de Ltv1 y de Rps15 como adaptadores en la exportación nuclear de la subunidad ribosómica pequeña.

[ES] El origen y evolución de la estructura a gran escala (LSS) es un área de investigación activa dentro de la cosmología física. En este trabajo, comenzamos por derivar el modelo lambda-materia oscura fría (ΛCDM). Dentro de este marco teórico, estudiamos los modelos que explican el crecimiento lineal y no lineal de la estructura cosmológica desde pequeñas fluctuaciones iniciales hasta objetos colapsados de escala de Mpc. Estos métodos van desde la teoría de perturbaciones lagrangiana hasta las simulaciones computacionales de N cuerpos. Finalmente, estudiamos la robustez de los resultados de un paquete de simulaciones, con especial atención al perfil de densidad de los halos de materia oscura y a los efectos de la resolución numérica limitada. [EU] Eskala handiko egituraren (LSS) jatorria eta bilakaera ikerketa-eremu aktiboa da kosmologia fisikoaren barnean. Lan honetan, lambda-materia ilun hotza (ΛCDM) eredua eratorriz hasten gara. Marko teoriko honen barnean, egitura kosmologikoen hazkuntza lineal zein ez-lineal azaltzen duten ereduak aztertzen ditugu, jatorrizko fluktuazio txikietatik Mpc-eskalako objektu kolapsatuetaraino.Metodo horiek lagrangiar perturbazio-teoriatik konputagailu bidezko N gorputzeko simulazio numerikoetara doaz. Azkenik, simulazio-multzo baten emaitzen sendotasuna aztertzen dugu, materia iluneko haloen dentsitate-profilari eta erresoluzio numeriko mugatuaren efektuei erreparatuz. [EN] The origin and evolution of large-scale structure (LSS) is an active area of research within physical cosmology. In this work, we begin by deriving the lambda-cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model. Within this framework, we study the methods used to explain the linear and nonlinear growth of cosmological structure, from initial small fluctuations to Mpc-scale collapsed objects. Those methods range from Lagrangian perturbation theory to computational N-body simulations. Finally, we study the robustness of the results of a suite of simulations, with special attention to the density profile of dark matter halos and the effects of limited numerical resolution.

[EN] We reviewed the paradigm of quantum computation, analysing its strengths and some of the most relevant algorithms, shuch as Shor's algorithm and Grover's algorithm. We also developed a new algorithm in the digital-analog quantum computation framework which aims at enhancing connectivity between qubits in quantum platforms.

[EN] Aquaculture produces fish organisms for food, aquarium or scientific purposes, whose one of the major challenges have always been feed costs. Chelon labrosus has been proposed as an aquacultural species in the Basque Country. They may be promising due to their extensive and abundant distribution, omnivorous (and increasingly herbivorous) diet, eurythermal and euryhaline nature and gastronomical value. The AKURA project aims to design process for their farming, including a proper diet that avoids less sustainable and more expensive compounds like fishmeal. In this study, C. labrosus individuals were exposed to 4 different diets in order to determine the biometrical and histological effects of the different nutritional compositions, for which some indices were also calculated. This was related to the health condition of mullets. Feed containing a high amount of protein and lipids resulted in the highest growth rates for both length and weight. Fish fed on the lowest amount of protein had the lowest growth rates but presented the highest efficiency in utilising protein. High dietary carbohydrate concentrations were related to bigger livers and higher vacuolisation levels. Therefore, it was suggested that plant-based carbohydrates could be a suitable compound of feed for C. labrosus, but only if proteins were to be added. Good quality fats would also be necessary for being the principal energy source of fishes. Other methods like the biofloc system were proposed as well. [EUS] Akuakulturak oganismo itsastarrak ekoizten ditu elikagaigintza, akuario edo asmo zientifikoetarako, eta haren erronka nagusietako bat betidanik izan da pentsuen kostu altua. Euskal Herrian​ Chelonlabrosus akuikulturarako espezie bezala sartzea proposatu da. Etorkizun oparoa izan dezakete, besteak beste, haien banaketa zabala eta ugaria, dieta-eredu omniboroa (eta gero eta herbiboroagoa), hedapen euritermiko eta eurihalinoa eta balio gastronomikoa direla medio. AKURA proiektuak haien hazkuntzarako prozesu bat diseinatzea du helburu, horren barne arrain-irina bezala osagaiez hain sostengarri eta garestiak saihesten dituen dieta bat egonez. Ikerketa honetan,​ C. labrosus​enbanakoak 4 dieta ezberdinen bidez elikatu eta haietako bakoitzaren konposaketa nutrizionalak zituen eragin biometriko eta histologikoak aztertu ziren, horretarako zenbait indize ere kalkulatuz. Hori korrokoien osasun-egoerarekin erlazionatu zen. Proteinen eta lipidoen portzentai handiak zeuzkan pentsuari egokitu zitzaizkion luzera zein pisurako hazkunde-tasa altuenak.Proteina-kopuru txikiena ingeritu zuten arrainek hazkunde-tasa baxuenak aurkeztu zituzten,baina efizienteenak izan ziren proteina erabiltzeko orduan. Karbohidratoenkontzejatorri begetaleko karbohidratoak​ C. labrosus​entzako pentsuaren konposatu egokia izandaitezkeelairadokida,beti ere proteinak gehitzen badira.Kalitate oneko gantzak beharrezkoak izango lirateke ere arrainenenergia-iturri nagusia izateagatik. Biofloc sistema bezalako beste metodo batzuk ere proposatu ziren.

[EN] Single-photon photodetection of propagating microwaves is a long-standing question in the area of superconducting circuits. Initially, it was merely a scientific question, since applications of propagating quantum microwaves in the last decades did not requiere this device. However, it was recently proven its necessity for many novel applications related to quantum communications, distributed quantum computing with superconducting chips, and quantum radar. Here, we will study superconducting circuits and superconducting qubits in order to review a theoretical proposal for a working and efficient single-photon microwave photodetector.

[EN] We reviewed the paradigm of quantum computation, analysing its strengths and some of the most relevant algorithms, shuch as Shor's algorithm and Grover's algorithm. We also developed a new algorithm in the digital-analog quantum computation framework which aims at enhancing connectivity between qubits in quantum platforms.

[EN] Mytilus species are important organisms in marine systems being highly abundant and widely distributed along the coasts of Europe and worldwide. They are widely used in monitoring programmes to assess the health status of coastal and estuarine ecosystems, and to assess the effects produced after exposure to contaminants (single and mixtures) under laboratory exposure conditions. In order to ascertain the effects of oil spills and their responses an experiment was carried out in the facilities of Plentzia Marine Station (PiE-UPV/EHU). After a period of acclimatization to laboratory conditions two mussel species from the Mytilus complex (Mytilus trossulus, M. edulis) were exposed to produced Water Accommodated Fraction of crude oil (WAF) at a high concentration (WAF25%) and WAF of dispersed crude oil (Finasol OSR52) (WAF5%D) at 15 ℃ and 20 psu (Practical Salinity Unit). Mussels were dissected at days 0 and 7 and different endpoints were measured, such as tissue-level biomarkers, including cell type composition (volume density of basophilic cells, VvBAS) in digestive gland epithelium, structural changes of digestive alveoli (MLR/MET, MET/MDR) and connective to diverticula ratio (CTD). Moreover, gonadal development of mussels (as a supporting parameter) was also determined. [EUS] Mytilus espezieak izaki garrantzitsuak dira sistema itsastarretan oso ugariakdirelakoeta beraiensakabanakuntzaEuropako kostaldean zehar eta munduan zeharematen delako. Monitorizazio programetan asko erabiltzen dira estuarioetakoeta kostaldeko ekosistemen osasun egoeraebaluatzeko, baita laborategiko esposizio egoeretan kutsatzaileek(bakarrik edo nahastuta)eratzen dituzten efektuak ikertzeko erabiltzen dira.Fuel isurkiek eta hauen erantzunak dituzten efektuak determinatzeko esperimentu bat burutu zen Plentziako Itsas Estazioko (PiE, EHU/UPV) instalazioetan. Aklimatazio periodo baten ondorenlaborategikoegoeretara, Mytilus konplexuko bi muskuilu espezie (Mytilus trossulus, M. edulis) ekoiztutakofuelarenUretan Moldatutako Frakzioa(WAF)kontzentrazio altuan (WAF25%)eta sakabanatutakofuelaren(Finasol OSR 52) Uretan Moldatutako Frakzioaren (WAF5%D) eraginpean jarri ziren 15 °C-taneta20 psu-tan (Practical Salinity Unit).Muskuiluak0eta 7 egunetandisekzionatuzirenparametro ezberdinak aztertzeko:ehun-mailako biomarkatzaileak,halanola,zelula-mota osaera (zelula basofilikoen dentsitate bolumetrikoarenaldaketa, VvBAS) liseri-guruineko epitelioetan, liseri-guruinaren aldaketa egituralak(MLR/MET,MET/MDR),ehun konektibo eta dibertikuluenarteko ratioa(CTD). Gainera,muskuiluen gonaden garapenadeterminatuzen (parametro laguntzaile moduan).

[EN] The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) has supposed an electromagnetic source of information for studying the properties of the early Universe, as well as for clarifying a wide range of uncertainties related to its thermal history and evolution. It is for these reasons that it has been of a great significance to measure such ancient radiation with high accuracy. In fact, a great deal of both ground and space experiments have been performed throughout history, where scientists have been facing formidable challenges in the sense of developing innovative techniques and making use of unprecedented instrumentation. Radiometry is the scientific field that takes on the study of radio receivers, analyses their characteristics (sensitivity, resolution, signal model, circuitry...) and explores different measurement methods in order to obtain more and more rigorous results. It is in this sense that the Planck Mission from the European Space Agency (ESA) has been considered one of the biggest breakthroughs in the last years: it has been able to measure the CMB radiation with unique sensitivity and angular resolution, and has revealed both CMB temperature and polarization maps. Hence our main objective is going to be to provide an overview of radiometry concepts and then focus on the so-called differential or pseudo-correlation radiometers used in the Planck Satellite. Besides, the particular case of the mentioned receptors will give us the opportunity to develop a specific analytical model for them, where our main goal will be to combine the theoretical results with simulation-based ones, strengthening in this way the successful performance and great utility of the technique employed in Planck Mission. Concerning the structure of this work, in the upcoming second chapter we will give a general insight of the most important events through the Universe’s thermal history in order to understand the origin of the CMB and its properties; moreover, we will also briefly mention some of the numerous experiments made for its measurement. Chapter 3 will be responsible for analysing different concepts of radiometry and presenting the most known radiometer types: the total power radiometer, the Dicke radiometer and the correlation radiometer. We will then be able to introduce ourselves in the study of the Planck Mission and the main features of its Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) will be explained (chapter 4). The analytical model of the LFI’s pseudo-correlation radiometers will be developed in chapter 5, where we will also complete an analysis of systematic effects such as noise temperature and gain fluctuations. Chapter 6 will consist of simulations carried out with Advanced Design System (ADS) software: we will describe the simulation technique used and present the results achieved. The work will come to an end with some conclusions and future work discussion

[EN] Quantum Illumination is a novel technique which exploits quantum entanglement as a resource to detect the presence of an object with higher accuracy or smaller number of photons. The applications go from detection of trapped molecules to quantum radars, detection of cloaked objets and better weather forecasts. Here we will present Gaussian states, a paradigmatic family of quantum states in quantum optics. We will study the best classical and quantum Gaussian illumination protocols and compare them. Finally, we will introduce the photon subtraction operation, which de-Gaussianizes quantum states, and compare the performance of the new non-Gaussian protocol with the aforementioned ones.

[EN] We present a gradual transition from classical to quantum artificial life and shallowly prove that minimal Darwinian evolution (reproduction, interaction, aging, etc.) can be achieved on quantum computers, being them the best resource in order to surmount the exponential growth of space and time resources that arise in (here, evolutionary) computing in the quantum framework. Three different classical computing Octave codes have been made during this work.

[EN] We show that the use of multipolar, low-radiant modes of a gold ring nanocavity can enhance the magneto-optical activity of a permalloy-disk nanoantenna placed inside beyond the limits of what is achievable with a bare one. We then explore through computational simulations how the tuning of the dipolar resonance of the disk and the octupolar mode of the ring may lead to an even larger enhancement. The project is written in English although both the abstract and introduction are also available in Spanish. [ES] El Capítulo 1 es un resumen de los aspectos básicos de la magneto-plasmónica que introduce los conceptos más releventaes necesarios para entender el resto del texto. En el Capítulo 2 mostramos que la actividad magneto-óptica de una nanoantenna en formato disco de permalloy es aumentada por encima del límite de una estructura simple mediante la excitación de un modo oscuro multipolar S6 (debido a la simetría de la distribución de carga) de una nanocavidad en forma de anillo de oro cuando los dos componentes se colocan descentrados, formando un sistema híbrido. El modo dipolar brillante del componente ferromagnético se hibridiza con éste último para producir un modo dipolar poco radiante y otro dipolo radiante y amplificado gracias al acoplamiento espín-órbita en el permalloy en presencia de un campo magnético débil. Los resultados experimentales y las simulaciones por computador concuerdan en un aumento de un order de magnitud para el modo híbrido comparado a la resonancia dipolar pura del disco de permalloy por sí mismo. A estos resultados los siguen en el Capítulo 3 cálculos por computador de discos con funciones dieléctricas modificadas para resonar a la misma longitud de onda que el modo S6 que sugieren que un mayor aumento de la actividad magneto-óptica es posbible cuando las dos resonancias tienen lugar en el mismo punto espectral.

[EN] This Bachelor Thesis is focused on the simultaneous kinetic modelling of the catalytic transformation of dimethyl ether into light olefins and catalyst deactivation. The catalyst employed is a very acidic HZSM-5 (Si/Al=15) and the modelling includes of zero time and coke-driven deactivation kinetics. Modelling also contemplates water co-feeding.

[EUS] Lan honetan Algoritmo Genetikoen teoriaren errepaso arin bat egin ostean, hiru algoritmo genetikoren berri ematen da. Lehenengoa, simpleena, funtzio baten maximoa aurkitzen duen algoritmoa da. Bigarrena funtzio bat urbiltzeko asmoz, polinomio baten interpolazio puntu optimoak kalkulatzen ditu, eta azkenak, tamainu txikiko listak ordenatzen ditu programazio genetiko lineala eta "Holland's Broadcast Language" erabiliz. [EN] In this dissertation, we first introduce a very brief introduction to Genetic Algorithms. Then, we show our implementation of three Genetic Algorithms, the first one, tries to find the global maximum of a given function. The second algorithm, approximates a given function by finding the optimal interpolating points of a polynomial. Finally, the last algorithm learns to sort small lists by using Hollands Broadcast Language and linear genetic programming.

[EN] We present hyperbolic geometry and some of its models, define the concept of a hyperbolic manifold, and prove Mostow's rigidity theorem, which states, among other things, that for certain hyperbolic manifolds geometric properties are topologically invariant.

[EN] In this project the flavor and ethanol composition of a craft Pilsen beer provided by a micro-brewery called Boga will be analyzed. The first aim of this study is to identify the flavor active compounds found in such beer and study their respective abundance evolution throughout fermentation using the GC-MS technique. The second aim is to determine its ethanol concentration through MIR spectrometry.

[EN] The main goal of the work is to study some basic properties of free groups, by using group theory and topology. For this, graphs play a main role, since we will prove that the fundamental group of a connected graph is a free group. Therefore, basic notions and properties of free groups and graphs are explained firstly. Then, it is established a relation between operations in the category of graphs (the pullback and the pushout) and group theoretic operations between subgroups of free groups (the intersection and the join). After that, it is developed the theory of coverings of graphs. Finally, it is given an algorithm in order to decide whether a finitely generated subgroup of a free group is of finite index.

[EN] Theropod remains are relatively common in the Early Cretaceous vertebrate sites from the Iberian Peninsula, being mostly known for their teeth. This is the case of the studied fossil sites located in Igea (La Rioja) where the Enciso Group crops out. Although the paleoenvironment of the Enciso Group is still under discussion, it represents an area where fluvial systems, fresh water-lakes and fluvial dominated coastal plains with marly lakes developed. Nine spinosaurid teeth have been found in four different fossil sites (Barranco de La Cañana, La Era del Peladillo, Peña Cárcena and Umbría de Costarrey). The teeth have been studied using qualitative and quantitative features and they have been compared with those from Teruel and other Iberian sites. In Igea two different baryonychine morphotypes have been described. The Morphotype 1 teeth show a similar morphology to the ones found in the Iberian Peninsula. Morphotype 2 tooth seems to differ from the known Iberian material, though no further conclusions can be currently done because of the scarcity of data. Teropodoen arrastoak erlatiboki arruntak dira Iberiar Penintsulako Behe Kretazeoko ornodunen aztarnategietan, gehien bat hortz fosilen bidez ezagutzen direlarik. Igean (Errioxa) Enciso Taldekoak diren azaleramenduetan aurkitu eta lan honetan aztertu direnak kasu. Nahiz eta Enciso Taldeko materialek adierazten duten paleoinguruneari buruz eztabaida dagoen, bertan sistema flubialak, ur gezako lakuak eta ibaien menpeko kostaldeko ordokiak behatu dira. Guztira, bederatzi espinosaurio hortz fosil aurkitu dira lau fosil azaleramendu ezberdinetan (Barranco de La Cañana, La Era del Peladillo, Peña Cárcena eta Umbría de Costarrey). Hortz hauek azaltzen dituzten ezaugarri kualitatibo eta kuantitatiboak aztertu eta emaitzak Teruel eta beste Iberiar aztarnategi batzuetan aurkitutako hortzekin konparatu dira. Igean bi baryonychido morfotipo ezberdindu dira. Morphotype 1-eko hortz fosilak Iberiar Penintsulan aurkitu direnen antzekoak dira. Morphotype 2 bezala sailkatu den hortz fosila, aldiz, Iberiako materialetik aldendu egiten da, nahiz eta datu faltagatik, ondorio zehatzagorik ateratzea posible izan ez den. [EUS] Teropodoen arrastoak erlatiboki arruntak dira Iberiar Penintsulako Behe Kretazeoko ornodunen aztarnategietan, gehien bat hortz fosilen bidez ezagutzen direlarik. Igean (Errioxa) Enciso Taldekoak diren azaleramenduetan aurkitu eta lan honetan aztertu direnak kasu. Nahiz eta Enciso Taldeko materialek adierazten duten paleoinguruneari buruz eztabaida dagoen, bertan sistema flubialak, ur gezako lakuak eta ibaien menpeko kostaldeko ordokiak behatu dira. Guztira, bederatzi espinosaurio hortz fosil aurkitu dira lau fosil azaleramendu ezberdinetan (Barranco de La Cañana, La Era del Peladillo, Peña Cárcena eta Umbría de Costarrey). Hortz hauek azaltzen dituzten ezaugarri kualitatibo eta kuantitatiboak aztertu eta emaitzak Teruel eta beste Iberiar aztarnategi batzuetan aurkitutako hortzekin konparatu dira. Igean bi baryonychido morfotipo ezberdindu dira. Morphotype 1-eko hortz fosilak Iberiar Penintsulan aurkitu direnen antzekoak dira. Morphotype 2 bezala sailkatu den hortz fosila, aldiz, Iberiako materialetik aldendu egiten da, nahiz eta datu faltagatik, ondorio zehatzagorik ateratzea posible izan ez den.

[EN] Rapid globalization and the increasing trends of trade, travel, and transport in recent decades have accelerated marine biological invasions. The Rhodophyta Asparagopsis armata is considered one of the most invasive species in European subtropical and temperate waters. A. armata, first recorded in the Azorean Archipelago in 1928, is now well established and very common in all Azorean islands, mainly between 5 and 20 m depth. Although having a wide distribution in the archipelago, little is known about its spatial and temporal variation and its impact on the invaded littoral communities. The present study aims to fill this gap and define spatial and temporal variations of the seaweed assemblages associated with the invasive Asparagopsis armata on low intertidal rocky shore. Three locations along the south coast of São Miguel Island were compared (Caloura, Lagoa and São Roque) in a monthly sampling between November 2016 and April 2017. According to our predictions, of temporal and spatial variability in the number of macroalgal taxa, there was an interactive effect between location and time. Environmental factors were proposed to account for this. A positive correlation between the abundance of Asparagopsis armata and the high diversity was found in Caloura, contrasting the venerable generalization of more diverse communities are more resistant to invasion. However, further studies taking into account its higher biomass peak (late spring) are needed in order to confirm this positive correlation.

[EN] Abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity, not only compromise crop quality and limit yield, but also limit the geographical range in which crops can be arisen. Nowadays, yield loss due to the salinization of the soils has become a major concern all over the world, as the 7% of the world´s land surface is saline. As a consequence of global climate change, the percent of saltaffected land surface has increased in the last 45 years. Thereby, climate change and its effect on soil salinization and drought induction have aroused on an approach to mitigate this problem. A solution could be the use of halophytic plant species, which are able to tolerate high salt concentrations in soil such as Chenopodium quinoa. For that reason, the aim of this study is to determine and study the response of the nitrogen metabolism to drought and high salt stresses in quinoa plants, comparing the effect of drought and severe salinity stresses in these plants and determining the salt concentration in which quinoa plants suffer no stress. So, plants were exposed to drought, 0, 60, 120, 240 and 500 mM of NaCl. Optimal growth was achieved under 0, 60 and 120 mM NaCl and from 240 mM NaCl on it decreased significantly. However, the total biomass was not equally distributed on plant organs, as root:shoot ratio was only significantly bigger under drought conditions. A higher nitrate content was favoured under drought treatment, but not in any salinity treatments, where gradual decrease in nitrate concentration was observed as salt concentration increased. A decrease in NR activity was observed in drought and 240-500 mM NaCl, but remained in optimal values for 0-120 mM NaCl. However, a descent for drought treated plants was observed in the NR activation state. As this was not observed for 500 mM NaCl, where the highest activation levels where measured, negative effects on protein biosynthesis or degradation due to Na+ and Cltoxicity could be suggested. Even though nitrogen assimilation was reduced in quinoa plants, the GS and GDH activities were maintained in all treatments. High ammonium production in leaves by photorespiration and phenolic compound synthesis could be a suggested explanation for the high GS and GDH activities in quinoa leaves. Proteins levels were distinct under drought and salinity. Whereas drought maintained high protein levels in leaves, plants exposed to salinity showed the opposite, leading to hypothesize that proteins and aminoacids could be used to fight osmotic adjustment induced by the studied stresses. Quinoa plants seemed to tolerate NaCl concentrations up to 120 mM, in which stress did not affect the plant growth and nitrogen metabolism development. The plasticity of the plants to tolerate high salt concentrations could have allowed them a more efficient response under the presence of high salinity, ensuring a better performance of the nitrogen metabolism. [EUS] Estres abiotikoek, hala nola, lehortea eta gazitasuna, ez dute soilik uzten kalitatea eta kantitatea baldintzatzen baizik eta hauen esparru geografikoaren mugatzaileak ere izan daitezke. Gaur egun, gazitasunak eragiten duen etekin galera berebiziko garrantzia hartu duen kezka da, izan ere, munduko lurrazaleko %7-a gazia da. Hortaz, aldaketa klimatikoak eta honek duen efektua lurzoruaren gazitze eta lehortzean, arazo honen aurrean konponbide bat bilatzekotan, ikerketa arlo garrantzitsua bilakatu da. Hots, gazitasun eta lehorteak eragindako efektu negatiboei aurre egiteko, gazitasunarekiko tolerantea den Chenopodium quinoa-ren erabilpena proposatzen da labore landare ordezko bezala. Hori dela eta, ikerketa honen helburua quinoa landareek lehorte eta gazitasunaren aurrean duten nitrogeno metabolismoaren erantzuna aztertzea da, lehorte eta gazitasun altuek induzitzen duten erantzunaren konparaketa eginez, halaber, landareek tolera dezaketen gazitasun kontzentraziorik altuena aurkitzea zeinetan estresik ez den antzematen. Beraz, landareak lehorte, 0, 60, 120, 240 eta 500 mM NaCl baldintzetan hazi ziren. Hazkuntza optimoa 0, 60 eta 120 mM NaCl tratamenduetan lortu zen , 240 mM NaCl kontzentraziotik gorako tratamenduentan ostera, murriztu. Hala ere, biomasaren banaketa ez zen berdina izan sustrai zein zurtoin eta hostoetan. Lehortearekin trataturiko landareek sustraietako biomasa altuago bat erakutsi zuten, 500 mM NaCl tratamenduan ikusi ez zena, alegia. Nitrato edukia mantendu egin zen lehortearekin trataturiko landareetan, hala ere, beherakada graduala eman zen gazitasun kontzentrazioa igo ahala. Honekin loturik, NR aktibitateak modu esangarrian behera egin zuela lehorte, 240 eta 500 mM NaCl tratamenduetan behatu zen, baina honen mantentzea eman zen 0- 120 mM NaCl tratamenduetan. Hortaz, NR-aren aktibatze egoera soilik murriztu zen gazitasun tratamenduak jasotako landareetan, minimoak 500 mM NaCl landareetan izanik. Honen erantzule, Na+ eta Cl- ioiek eragindako toxizitateak entzimaren integritate morfologiko zein funtzionalean duten eragin negatiboa izan daitekeela proposatzen da. Nahiz eta nitrogenoaren asimilazioan murrizte metabolikoa jasan, GS eta GDH aktibitatean mantenduak izan dira quinoa landareetan aplikaturiko tratamendu guztietan. Bai lehorte eta gazitasun egoerek, landareek sufritu zezaketen estres osmotikoa dela eta, fotoarnasketa eta konposatu fenolikoen sintesia faboratuko lukete landareetan, amonio kontzentrazio altuak sortaraziz. Proteinak, nitrogeno metabolismoaren azken produktua, maila ezberdinak erakutsi zituen aplikaturiko tratamenduetan. Zenbat eta gazitasun maila altuagoa aplikatu tratamenduetan, proteina kantitateen beheraka gradual negatiboagoa erakusten zuten. Lehortean, ostera, proteina maila altuak mantenduak izan ziren. Kasurik kasu, proteinen erabilpen ezberdinak estres osmotikoari aurre egiteko mekanismo ezberdin posible moduan interpretatuak izan daitezke. Quinoa landareek, tolerantzia maila altua erakutsi dute 120 mM NaCl-ko kontzentrazioetaraino, non estresik ez dute pairatzen. Estres hauen aurrean, landare hauek duten plastikotasun maila altua dela eta, nitrogeno metabolismoan erantzun eraginkorrago bat izatea baimendu die.