2,112 results on '"plc"'
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2. Data losses and synchronization according to delay in PLC-based industrial automation systems
- Author
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Hijazi, Ayah, Andó, Mátyás, and Pödör, Zoltán
- Published
- 2024
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3. PLC-CN-NFAT1 signaling-mediated Aβ and IL-1β crosstalk synergistically promotes hippocampal neuronal damage
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Shi, Qifeng, Sun, Xiangyu, Zhang, Hui, Yang, Liu, Fu, Yinglin, Wang, Guohang, Su, Yong, Li, Weiping, and Li, Weizu
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- 2024
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4. PRACTICAL ASPECTS REGARDING IMPLEMENTATION OF PID CONTROLLER ON A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER.
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BLEJAN, Marian and BLEJAN, Robert
- Subjects
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PID controllers , *PROGRAMMABLE controllers , *SIGNAL processing - Abstract
The accessibility of programmable logic controller, abbreviated as PLC, with real-time signal processing performance for the control of fast systems (such as hydraulic drives), allows the implementation of high-performance control algorithms that are executed in real time. The paper presents the software and hardware considerations for the implementation in a common PLC of a Proportional-Integral-Derivative PID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
5. Combined PCL and anatomic posterolateral corner reconstruction: A tibial slope under 8 degrees and a persisting dorsal instability of 4 mm or more have a negative effect on the clinical outcome.
- Author
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Fahlbusch, H., Weiß, S., Korthaus, A., Akoto, R., Krause, M., and Frosch, K. H.
- Abstract
Purpose: The failure rate following posterolateral corner reconstruction (PLC) remains high. Previous research indicates that in posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction the laxity is affected by the tibial slope (TS). However, there is currently no literature evaluating the impact of TS on surgical outcome in combined reconstruction of PLC/PCL. Methods: This study analyzed 47 patients in a retrospective cohort study who underwent PCL and anatomical PLC reconstruction according to techniques described by Arciero or LaPrade. TS was measured, and patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n = 16) with TS < 8° and Group B (n = 31) with TS ≥ 8°. After a minimum follow-up of 12 months, the side-to-side difference (SSD) of posterior tibial translation (PTT) was assessed using instrumented stability testing (Rolimeter), and various patient-reported outcome measures (IKDC, Lysholm) were collected and compared. Results: At a mean follow-up of 17.7 ± 4.7 months, group A exhibited a higher SSD of PTT (A 3.9 mm ± 2.1 vs. B: 2.8 mm ± 1.5; p < 0.05). A negative correlation was observed between SSD of PTT and both TS (r = − 0.43; R2 = 0.18; p < 0.01) and the Lysholm Score (r = − 0.41; R2 = 0.17; p < 0.01) in the overall cohort. Subgroup analysis revealed a higher Lysholm Score in patients with a postoperative SSD of PTT less than 4 mm (85.7 ± 10.1 vs. 79.2 ± 6.6; p = 0.0006). Conclusion: In combined PCL and anatomic PLC reconstruction a TS < 8° results in elevated SSD of PTT. A flattened TS is linked to higher remaining SSD of PTT, while lower SSD of PTT is associated with improved clinical outcomes. Level of evidence: Retrospective Cohort Study, IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2025
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6. Design and Experiment of a PLC-Based Intelligent Thermal Insulation Box for Nursing Piglets.
- Author
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Sun, Bin, Wang, Hao, Pan, Xuemin, Zeng, Yaqiong, Hu, Bin, Qi, Renli, Long, Dingbiao, and Xu, Shunlai
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PROGRAMMABLE controllers , *THERMAL insulation , *TEMPERATURE control , *SWINE farms , *HEATING control , *PIGLETS - Abstract
Simple Summary: In pig farming, maintaining an optimal temperature for nursing piglets is critical for their health and growth. Traditional localized heating methods, such as heating lamps, often lack precise temperature control, leading to energy waste and suboptimal conditions for piglets as they grow. This study developed a Programmable Logic Controller-based intelligent thermal insulation box that uses a strip heater to automatically adjust its temperature based on the piglets' age and environmental conditions. We tested the system's effectiveness by comparing it to traditional heating in terms of temperature stability, energy consumption, and piglet growth. The new system significantly improved the temperature stability, reduced energy consumption by over 50%, and enhanced piglet growth. This intelligent thermal insulation box could provide an effective, energy-saving solution for improving piglet welfare and farming efficiency. Local heating of the activity area for nursing piglets is crucial for piglet health and the energy efficiency of barn climate control. Traditional heating methods using lamps or covers lack precise control, result in significant energy waste, and cannot be dynamically adjusted according to piglet age or changing environmental temperatures. To address these issues, this study designed a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-based thermal insulation box for nursing piglets, utilizing a strip heater instead of the conventional round heating lamp. The design incorporates a movable thermal insulation box that dynamically adjusts the heater's power based on the real-time monitoring of environmental temperatures and target temperatures specific to piglet age. First, in a controlled laboratory environment, the study tested and compared the spatial temperature uniformity, temporal stability, and power consumption of the new thermal insulation box versus traditional heating methods. Subsequently, animal trials were conducted in a farrowing barn using eight sows with similar farrowing dates as test subjects. The new thermal insulation box was installed in one group, and the traditional heating lamp in the control group. During the trial, ambient temperature, insulation area temperature, piglet behavior, growth performance, and power consumption were recorded. The results showed that compared to the control group, the new system reduced average temperature fluctuations in the insulation area by 31.6% and spatial temperature variation by 78.3%. During animal trials, the average temperatures directly under the heater for the new system versus the control in the insulation area were 39.7 ± 0.2 °C and 30.2 ± 1.4 °C in the first week, 40.9 ± 0.5 °C and 31.6 ± 0.7 °C in the second week, and 32.3 ± 1.5 °C and 28.6 ± 1.7 °C in the third week—significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the test group. The new system also reduced total energy consumption by 58.3%. The usage rate of the thermal insulation area by piglets in the test and control groups was 47.5 ± 5.3% and 42.1 ± 6.6%. The daily weight gain of piglets in the test group was 9.8% higher than that of the control group, also significantly (p < 0.05) higher. This intelligent thermal insulation box enables precise and dynamic temperature control, reducing heating energy consumption and supporting improved piglet health and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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7. Tuning of PID Controller in PLC-Based Automatic Voltage Regulator System Using Adaptive Artificial Bee Colony–Fuzzy Logic Algorithm.
- Author
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Altınkaya, Hüseyin and Ekmekci, Dursun
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VOLTAGE regulators ,PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,PID controllers ,REAL-time control ,VOLTAGE control ,SYNCHRONOUS generators - Abstract
The voltage control of synchronous generators, particularly under varying load conditions, remains a significant and complex challenge in the field of engineering. Although various control methods have been implemented for automatic voltage regulator (AVR) systems to control the terminal voltage of synchronous generators, the PID-based control method continues to be one of the most basic and widely used approaches. Determining the optimal values for the Kp, Ki, and Kd values is essential to ensuring efficient and rapid performance in a PID controller. This study presents PLC-based PID controller tuning using an adaptive artificial bee colony–fuzzy logic (aABC-FL) approach for voltage control in a micro-hydro power plant installed as an experimental setup. The real-time control and monitoring of the system was conducted using an S7-1200 programmable logic controller (PLC) integrated with a totally integrated automation (TIA) portal interface and a SCADA screen. The aABC-Fuzzy design was developed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform, with PLC-MATLAB communication established through OPC UA and the KEPServerEX interface. The results obtained from experiments conducted under different load conditions showed that the proposed aABC-FL PID significantly minimized settling time and overshoot compared to the classical PLC-PID. Additionally, the proposed method not only provided a good dynamic response but also proved to be robust and reliable for real physical AVR systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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8. Low-Latency FPGA-Based PLC Microprocessor for Industrial Automation in Compliance with IEC-61131-3.
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Cancino-Escobar, Manuel, Delgado-Del-Carpio, Marcelo, Solís-Cisneros, Horacio I., Mota-Grajales, Rafael, and Hernández-Gutiérrez, Carlos A.
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CENTRAL processing units , *INDUSTRIAL robots , *INDUCTIVE sensors , *SYSTEMS on a chip , *ARCHITECTURAL design - Abstract
This study presents the design and implementation of a PLC microprocessor adhering to the IEC-61131-3 standard, executed on a Cyclone V FPGA using a DE10-NANO development board. Our microprocessor optimizes the central processing unit by streamlining the data path, achieving a remarkable simulated response time of approximately 60 ns, equivalent to three clock cycles at a 50 MHz frequency for Boolean operations. To substantiate our approach, we conducted practical experiments utilizing a FESTO conveyor station, employing relays as actuators, and incorporating optical and inductive sensors. The results underscore the feasibility of our proposed approach and serve as practical validation of its efficacy. This work introduces a promising avenue for the development of cost-effective PLCs employing SoC FPGA variants. Additionally, a thorough comparison of execution times with other early reported architectures. Our microprocessor outperforms even well-established PLCs like the S7-312, with substantial reductions in execution times of 94.54% for floating-point operations, 71.42–93.33% for word operations, and up to 78.57% for bit operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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9. Adaptive DMC controller based on cloud computing.
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BODORA, Dominik, KŁOPOT, Tomasz, and STEBEL, Krzysztof
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INDUSTRIAL robots ,CLOUD computing ,HEATING - Abstract
Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
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- 2024
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10. VIRTUAL COMMISSIONING AS PART OF NEW MACHINE IMPLEMENTATION.
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JANOTA, ALES, HRUBOS, MARIAN, KUCHAR, PAVOL, and ZDANSKY, JURAJ
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REAL-time programming ,MACHINE parts ,RISK assessment ,ASSEMBLY machines ,AUTOMATION ,DEBUGGING - Abstract
The article provides practical insights into the development of a specialized machine for automating the assembly of components based on customer-specified parameters. The initial design undergoes a risk analysis in accordance with the EN ISO 13849 standard, ensuring safety compliance. For the software aspect, we create sequences and algorithms for the machine's individual components using standardized formats within the TIA Portal software. To expedite programming and real-time debugging, a virtual commissioning approach utilising the fe.screen-sim program is employed. This allows us to address any issues or deficiencies in the virtual model, which mirrors the actual machine, optimizing the time needed for final physical adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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11. Achievement of automatic nylon rope winding control using adaptive decision-making algorithm.
- Author
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Lin, Hsiung-Cheng, Peng, Yan-Hao, Xu, Hong-Jun, and Xu, Zhi-Xuan
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CHEMICAL processes , *OPTICAL sensors , *ADAPTIVE control systems , *ARITHMETIC , *ALGEBRA , *ROPE - Abstract
Nowadays, the nylon ropes have been widely applied in many different areas such as fishing, hiking, hoisting, and pull traction. Presently, there are some commercial machines available for nylon rope winding onto a shipping reel before shipment. However, they still need manual operation relying on rapid movement of the hands, also requiring full coordination with the winding action. This operation procedure makes it very difficult to continuously achieve the winding process fast and accurately due to high dependence on human operation but also some forms of diameter deviation occurred from the chemical process. In reality, even a slight human mistake may result in uneven winding outcome. Therefore, an adaptive reeling schedule method using a simple algebra computation is developed to resolve this problem. For this reason, an automatic rope winding control system to adaptively suit various rope diameters with an error involved is developed using adaptive decision-making (ADM) algorithm based on a simple arithmetic operation. First, the winding turn in each layer of drum is obtained from the quotient of the drum length divided by average rope diameter of each layer. Second, through the accumulated winding turn divided by the winding turn of a layer, the quotient represents the number of winding layers, and the remainder is the current winding turn of the layer. Third, the turning location to instantly swift to forward or backward winding direction is therefore determined when the winding turn reaches the target of each layer. The proposed model is realized on the basis of automation mechanism integrated with programming logical controller (PLC), human machine interface (HMI), optical micrometer, server motor, linear motor, tension sensor and optical motor, etc. The experimental results verify that the proposed system can reach 100% reality performance in the rope diameters of 3.8 mm, 4.0 mm, and 6.5 mm. Compared with the traditional winding method taking 15 min, the operation time is reduced to 11 min. Accordingly, it is confirmed that the proposed system is superior to traditional human-handling machines in term of rapidness, robustness, and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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12. Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Acute Hepatic Porphyria: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
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Singal, Ashwani K., Reddy, Rewanth K., Gudiwada, Mohan C., Jasti, Jaswant J., and Anderson, Karl E.
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ACUTE intermittent porphyria , *ASYMPTOMATIC patients , *DISEASE risk factors , *VIRAL hepatitis , *HEPATOCELLULAR carcinoma - Abstract
Background and Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a long-term complication of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) inclusive of acute intermittent porphyria [AIP], variegate porphyria [VP], or hereditary coproporphyria [HCP]. Data on HCC risk in AHP patients are limited and heterogeneous. We performed this meta-analysis with aims to (a) determine incidence of HCC in AHP and specific subtypes of AHP and (b) examine high-risk groups for HCC. Methods: Data from studies reporting HCC development in AHP patients were pooled and reported per 100 person years with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: 12 observational (5 prospective) studies (11 Europe and 1 US) on 2735 patients (mean age 54.8 yrs., 62% females) with AHP (80% AIP) were analyzed. 115 HCC cases were observed with HCC incidence per 100 person years of 0.3 (0.2–0.5) in AHP, 0.4 (0.2–0.6) in AIP, 0.3 (0–0.4) in VP, and 0.2 (0.1–0.6) in HCP. The risk was 0.4 (0.2–0.6) in females, 0.3 (0.1–0.5) in males, 0.9 (0.1–1.7) in symptomatic, and 0.5 (0–1.6) in asymptomatic patients. Analyses were heterogeneous with publication bias. AHP patients with HCC were older females with a higher prevalence of cirrhosis, alcohol use, and viral hepatitis. Conclusions: The annual incidence of HCC in AHP patients is 0.3%, with higher risk in AIP, older females, symptomatic patients, and those with other risk factors of liver disease. Future studies pooling individual patient data and overcoming limitations of the current meta-analysis are needed as a basis for deriving a effective screening and surveillance approach for HCC in patients with AHP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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13. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Phospholipase C Gene Family Reveals Orthologs, Co-Expression Networks, and Expression Profiling Under Abiotic Stress in Sorghum bicolor.
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Wang, Hongcheng, Yu, Junxing, Zhang, Xingyu, Zeng, Qian, Zeng, Tuo, Gu, Lei, Zhu, Bin, Yu, Feng, and Du, Xuye
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GENE expression ,PHOSPHOLIPASE C ,SORGHUM ,ABIOTIC stress ,GENE families - Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) is an essential enzyme involved in lipid signaling pathways crucial for regulating plant growth and responding to environmental stress. In sorghum, 11 PLC genes have been identified, comprising 6 PI-PLCs and 5 NPCs. Through phylogenetic and interspecies collinearity analyses, structural similarities between SbPLCs and ZmPLCs proteins have been observed, with a particularly strong collinearity between SbPLCs and OsPLCs. Promoter function analysis has shown that SbPLCs are significantly enriched under abiotic stress and hormonal stimuli, like ABA, jasmonic acid, drought, high temperature, and salt. Gene co-expression networks, constructed using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), highlight distinct expression patterns of SbPLC1, SbPLC3a, and SbPLC4 in response to abiotic stress, providing further insights into the expression patterns and interactions of SbPLCs under various environmental stimuli. qRT-PCR results reveal variations in expression levels among most SbPLCs members under different stress conditions (drought, NaCl, NaHCO
3 ), hormone treatments (ABA), and developmental stages, indicating both specific and overlapping expression patterns. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights into the roles of SbPLCs in sorghum, shedding light on their specific expression patterns, regulatory elements, and protein interactions across different environmental stimuli and developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...- Published
- 2024
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14. pUS6 in pseudorabies virus participates in the process of inhibiting antigen presentation by inhibiting the assembly of peptide loading complex
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Ningning Ma, Yawei Sun, Chenmeng Ding, Yongtao Li, Linyang Yu, and Lu Chen
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Pseudorabies virus ,Immune escape ,SLA I ,PLC ,TAP ,Tapasin ,Veterinary medicine ,SF600-1100 - Abstract
Abstract Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can establish lifelong latent infection in peripheral nervous ganglion, and persistent infections in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Establishing an infection in the lymphocytes does not only enable the PRV to escape host immune surveillance but pass through the placental barrier, leading to fetal death and abortion. Due to the pathogenicity of the PRV, it poses a huge challenge in its prevention and control. The PRV escapes host immunity through downregulation of swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA I) molecules on infected cells. However, data on the molecular mechanisms of the SLA I suppression remains scant. Here, in order to verify the effect of candidate proteins PRV pUL44 and pUS6 on PRV immune escape related molecules SLA I and peptide loading complex (PLC), we detected the expression of SLA I and PLC components after expressing PRV pUL44 and pUS6. The effects of pUS6 and pUL44 on SLA I and PLC were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot at mRNA and protein level, respectively. Cells expressing pUS6 or pUL44 genes showed a significantly suppressed expression of surface and total SLA I molecules. In addition, unlike UL44, the US6 gene was shown to downregulate the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), TAP2 and Tapasin molecules. The results show that PRV pUS6 may participate in virus immune escape by directly regulating the SLA I, TAP dimer and Tapasin molecules, thus blocking the transportation of TAP-bound peptides to the ER to bind SLA I molecules. We provide a theoretical basis on the mechanism of TAP mediated immune escape by the PRV. more...
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- 2024
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15. High-Impact AMPAkines Elevate Calcium Levels in Cortical Astrocytes by Mobilizing Endoplasmic Reticular Calcium Stores
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Daniel P. Radin, Rok Cerne, Jeffrey Witkin, and Arnold Lippa
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AMPA receptor ,ampakine ,Gq protein ,IP3 receptor ,PLC ,Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system ,RC346-429 - Abstract
Ampakines—positive allosteric modulators of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs)—are drug candidates that have shown substantial promise in pre-clinical models of various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Much of the study of ampakines has focused on how these drugs modulate neuronal AMPARs to achieve certain therapeutic effects. However, astrocytes also express functional AMPARs and their physiology may be sensitive to modulation by ampakines. Herein, we investigate the effects of multiple ampakines on calcium levels in cortical astrocytes. We find that ampakines augment cytosolic calcium elevations in astrocytes to an extent far greater than that achieved by AMPA alone. This effect is amenable to competitive AMPAR blockade. Furthermore, calcium induction is sensitive to phospholipase Cβ antagonism and blockade of inositol triphosphate receptors located on the endoplasmic reticulum. Low-impact ampakines exerted weaker effects on cytosolic calcium levels in astrocytes and higher concentrations were required to observe an effect. Furthermore, high doses of the low-impact ampakine, CX717, were not toxic to cortical astrocytes at high concentrations, which may serve to differentiate low-impact ampakines from classical AMPAR positive modulators like cyclothiazide. As ampakines are further developed for clinical use, it would be prudent to determine the extent to and manner by which they affect astrocytes, as these effects may also underpin their therapeutic utility in CNS pathologies. more...
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- 2024
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16. Transformational Leadership Training for Vocational School Principals in Ponorogo District : Strengthening Professional Learning Communities
- Author
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Windasari Windasari, Syunu Trihantoyo, Ayu Wulandari, and Rezki Nurma Fitria
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transformasional leaderhsip ,plc ,vocational school ,training. ,Social Sciences ,Science - Abstract
This community service aims to improve the social competence of school principals through transformational leadership training to encourage professional learning communities in the Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, and Ambiguity era. The method used in this community service used an IGROW- based coaching approach. The target participants of the training consisted of principals and vice principals of vocational schools in Ponorogo District who were accompanied by coaches from the field of education management with expertise in transformational leadership and educational organizations. The evaluation of this training was conducted using questionnaires. The data collected from these instruments were then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of this activity showed that this transformational leadership model training was carried out well and smoothly so that the targets and outcomes of this community service activity could be achieved. Participants were active in conveying and elaborating on the leadership problems faced in their schools. The analysis of the training implementation evaluation data showed that principals were highest in applying the inspirational motivation aspect of transformational leadership. This aspect of inspirational motivation could include the principal's ability to inspire and motivate staff and teachers to achieve the school's vision and goals. This indicates the importance of the principal's role in fostering a positive work environment and motivating their team to achieve better. more...
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- 2024
- Full Text
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17. Control system design of a Pin-on-Disc wear machine using PLC
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Huda Mohammed, Khansaa Salman Abed, and Ahmed Reja
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pin-on-disc ,plc ,touch screen ,aa6061 alloy ,ck45 steel alloy ,Science ,Technology - Abstract
This study presents the design and implementation of a control system for a Pin-on-Disc wear testing machine using a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The novel approach employed involves adjusting the applied pressure on the pin, rather than the conventional method of altering weights, to evaluate the impact of varying loads on the wear rate. This method enhanced the accuracy of wear results by 25% compared to traditional techniques. The control system was developed and implemented with a Human-Machine Interface (HMI) that interacts with the PLC to control and monitor key parameters, including applied load, temperature, rotational speed, sliding time, and friction force. Key wear parameters such as the coefficient of friction (COF), wear rate, and temperature were calculated. The wear tests were conducted under varying conditions, with rotational speeds ranging from 300 to 900 rpm, applied loads from 5 to 25 N, and sliding times from 5 to 25 minutes. The results indicated that an increase in applied load led to higher wear rates and temperatures, while the COF decreased. Conversely, an increase in rotational speed reduced the wear rate but increased both the COF and temperature. Prolonged sliding time resulted in higher wear rates and temperatures, while the COF decreased. Additionally, it was observed that the wear rate of the aluminum alloy AA6061 was higher than that of the CK45 steel alloy. The study utilized various software tools, including AutoCAD 2018, SoMove AC Drive Software, EcoStruxure Machine V1.2 VP1, Vijeo Designer 6.2, Ifs – Conf RTD, and MATLAB. more...
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- 2024
- Full Text
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18. PLC Honeypots: Enhancing Interaction-Level Assessment.
- Author
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Heluany, Jessica B.
- Subjects
INFORMATION technology ,PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,BUSINESS communication ,LITERATURE reviews ,LOGIC design ,HONEY - Abstract
The motivation for this work arose when noticing that definitions of honeypots' interaction level are mainly based on the information technology environment and do not reflect operational technology even if several honeypot projects approach this field. Within operational technology, programmable logic controllers (PLCs) have a main role, resulting in several honeypot researchers choosing to mimic this device at a certain interaction level. However, searching for an interaction level definition that approaches PLCs results in few studies. In this context, this work aims to explore how to adapt the information technology definition of the interaction level in order to encompass PLCs and their specific features. The method chosen to obtain inputs was a literature review where, in attempting to keep the connection with information technology, the features were based in terms of honey system, honey service, and honey token. The findings of this review provide a means to translate these terms when developing a PLC honeypot for a desired interaction level, resulting in a metrics proposal for low and high interaction. Summarizing the proposed metrics, the system of a PLC can be considered as the vendor specific firmware, its unique device banner, and a realistic network topology. For services, a PLC honeypot reflects the tasks performed by the real device, thus resulting in industrial communication protocols, network management protocols, appropriate response times, code-related interactions, dynamic input and output data processing, physical process simulation, and web interface. Lastly, a PLC honey token can be approached with the PLC program file, MIB file, and software license, among other elements. Based on these metrics, researchers can better evaluate how to design a programmable logic controller honeypot or select tools that match their target interaction level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. pUS6 in pseudorabies virus participates in the process of inhibiting antigen presentation by inhibiting the assembly of peptide loading complex.
- Author
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Ma, Ningning, Sun, Yawei, Ding, Chenmeng, Li, Yongtao, Yu, Linyang, and Chen, Lu
- Subjects
- *
AUJESZKY'S disease virus , *LATENT infection , *ANTIGEN processing , *ANTIGEN presentation , *PEPTIDES - Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can establish lifelong latent infection in peripheral nervous ganglion, and persistent infections in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Establishing an infection in the lymphocytes does not only enable the PRV to escape host immune surveillance but pass through the placental barrier, leading to fetal death and abortion. Due to the pathogenicity of the PRV, it poses a huge challenge in its prevention and control. The PRV escapes host immunity through downregulation of swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA I) molecules on infected cells. However, data on the molecular mechanisms of the SLA I suppression remains scant. Here, in order to verify the effect of candidate proteins PRV pUL44 and pUS6 on PRV immune escape related molecules SLA I and peptide loading complex (PLC), we detected the expression of SLA I and PLC components after expressing PRV pUL44 and pUS6. The effects of pUS6 and pUL44 on SLA I and PLC were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot at mRNA and protein level, respectively. Cells expressing pUS6 or pUL44 genes showed a significantly suppressed expression of surface and total SLA I molecules. In addition, unlike UL44, the US6 gene was shown to downregulate the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), TAP2 and Tapasin molecules. The results show that PRV pUS6 may participate in virus immune escape by directly regulating the SLA I, TAP dimer and Tapasin molecules, thus blocking the transportation of TAP-bound peptides to the ER to bind SLA I molecules. We provide a theoretical basis on the mechanism of TAP mediated immune escape by the PRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. PLCBlox: Using blockchain-based audit trails to generate secure PLC commands.
- Author
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Short, Andrew R., Orfanoudakis, Τheofanis G., and Leligou, Helen C.
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SUPERVISORY control & data acquisition systems ,PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,AUDIT trails ,CURRENT good manufacturing practices ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) - Abstract
This research paper discusses security issues with current deployments of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Systems (SCADA) in the industry and proposes a solution that enables PLC devices to query a blockchain infrastructure for commands and setpoints. The blockchain assumes a dual role in this context: serving as an immutable audit trail database as well as a trusted source for critical commands and setpoints. In contrast to the conventional paradigm, this novel approach does not require write access at the PLC level, thus minimizes its attack surface and helping to protect against known and zero-day vulnerabilities often used in cyberwarfare, such as in the case of the notorious Stuxnet worm. Applications that enforce the logging of user operations for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) or compliance purposes use the blockchain network as an audit trail database for user actions. Any attempt to maliciously circumvent the logging operation would not affect the operation of a critical process. Additionally, a prototype implementation developed as part of this research finds that modern PLC devices are more than capable of interacting with private Ethereum blockchain nodes. The required libraries and user code consume a small percentage of available resources, while the duration of a complete request-response cycle measured around 22msec. The authors anticipate that PLCBlox can be used as a drop-in replacement for applications requiring higher security standards and logging enforcement, such as nuclear power plants or other critical infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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21. Re‐imagining professional learning communities in education: Placing teacher leadership in STEM context.
- Author
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Martinovic, Dragana and Milner‐Bolotin, Marina
- Subjects
- *
CAREER development , *TEACHER leadership , *PROFESSIONAL employee training , *PROFESSIONAL learning communities , *COMMUNITY education - Abstract
This conceptual analysis paper discusses the characteristics of teacher leadership (TL) in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education, presenting benefits for its development within the professional learning communities (PLCs). We describe our STEM education approach and argue that TL in STEM is different and more complex than leadership in any particular discipline. We compare two pathways for STEM learning and professional development (PD): engineering design approach and modeling approach. Then, we answer two research questions pertaining to the characteristics of STEM teacher leaders' (TLRs) knowledge, dispositions, and skill set; the support TLRs need to empower STEM educators; and consequently, we discuss how PLCs can become vehicles for growing STEM TLRs and empowering teachers. When promoting integrated STEM, educators likely find themselves in an out‐of‐field teaching situation, where communication with their PLC's leaders and peers is crucial in developing epistemological multiliteracy and confidence. We elaborate on the four main characteristics of STEM PLCs: (1) collaborative nature; (2) focus on boosting teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and confidence; (3) evidence‐based decision making; and (4) advocacy for high‐quality STEM education, teacher education, and PD. Each feature serves different but complementary goals, suitable for developing and utilizing the seven dimensions of TL discussed in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. High-Impact AMPAkines Elevate Calcium Levels in Cortical Astrocytes by Mobilizing Endoplasmic Reticular Calcium Stores.
- Author
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Radin, Daniel P., Cerne, Rok, Witkin, Jeffrey, and Lippa, Arnold
- Subjects
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AMPA receptors , *PROTEIN receptors , *GLUTAMATE receptors , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *ENDOPLASMIC reticulum - Abstract
Ampakines—positive allosteric modulators of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs)—are drug candidates that have shown substantial promise in pre-clinical models of various neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. Much of the study of ampakines has focused on how these drugs modulate neuronal AMPARs to achieve certain therapeutic effects. However, astrocytes also express functional AMPARs and their physiology may be sensitive to modulation by ampakines. Herein, we investigate the effects of multiple ampakines on calcium levels in cortical astrocytes. We find that ampakines augment cytosolic calcium elevations in astrocytes to an extent far greater than that achieved by AMPA alone. This effect is amenable to competitive AMPAR blockade. Furthermore, calcium induction is sensitive to phospholipase Cβ antagonism and blockade of inositol triphosphate receptors located on the endoplasmic reticulum. Low-impact ampakines exerted weaker effects on cytosolic calcium levels in astrocytes and higher concentrations were required to observe an effect. Furthermore, high doses of the low-impact ampakine, CX717, were not toxic to cortical astrocytes at high concentrations, which may serve to differentiate low-impact ampakines from classical AMPAR positive modulators like cyclothiazide. As ampakines are further developed for clinical use, it would be prudent to determine the extent to and manner by which they affect astrocytes, as these effects may also underpin their therapeutic utility in CNS pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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23. Research on an Intelligent Seed-Sorting Method and Sorter Based on Machine Vision and Lightweight YOLOv5n.
- Author
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Feng, Yubo, Zhao, Xiaoshun, Tian, Ruitao, Liang, Chenyang, Liu, Jingyan, and Fan, Xiaofei
- Subjects
- *
COMPUTER vision , *FEATURE extraction , *IMAGING systems , *SEED quality , *SEEDS - Abstract
To address the current issues of low intelligence and accuracy in seed-sorting devices, an intelligent seed sorter was developed in this study using machine-vision technology and the lightweight YOLOv5n. The machine consisted of a transmission system, feeding system, image acquisition system, and seed screening system. A lightweight YOLOv5n model, FS-YOLOv5n, was trained using 4756 images, incorporating FasterNet, Local Convolution (PConv), and a squeeze-and-excitation (SE) attention mechanism to improve feature extraction efficiency, detection accuracy, and reduce redundancy. Taking 'Zhengdan 958' corn seeds as the research object, a quality identification and seed sorting test was conducted on six test groups (each consisting of 1000 seeds) using the FS-YOLOv5n model. Following lightweight improvements, the machine showed an 81% reduction in parameters and floating-point operations compared to baseline models. The intelligent seed sorter achieved an average sorting rate of 90.76%, effectively satisfying the seed-sorting requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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24. Implementation of PLC Schneider M340 for Dynamic Braking of Three-Phase Induction Motors.
- Author
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Tangdililing, Ferdianto and Runtono, Marcelino Rioz
- Subjects
BRAKE systems ,DYNAMIC testing ,DYNAMICAL systems ,STATORS ,COMPUTERS - Abstract
This study designs and builds a PLC application to optimize the dynamic braking process of a three-phase induction motor for safer and more efficient operation. The application monitors the motor braking system and calculates the braking time through a computer. The method used is experimental, aimed at designing a PLC application as a motor braking system utilizing the dynamic braking method. The braking system employs a PLC as the control system. To achieve dynamic braking, the stator coil of the motor receives an injection of direct current (DC) from a directed power source. The observed variables in this testing include the injected DC current value and the duration of the injection time. The test results demonstrate that the implementation of the PLC in the dynamic braking of a three-phase induction motor effectively calculates the motor braking time and monitors the braking process. In the dynamic braking test with a DC current injection of 0.5 A, an average stopping time of 2.63 seconds was recorded. With a DC current injection of 0.75 A, the average stopping time was 2.13 seconds. At a DC current injection of 1 A, the average stopping time decreased to 1.83 seconds, and at 1.2 A, it further decreased to 1.63 seconds. These results indicate that the motor stopping time is influenced by the magnitude of the injected current, with higher currents resulting in shorter stopping times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Design and simulation of an automatic bridge for efficient and safe railway platform crossing.
- Author
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Patil, Yogesh H. and Patil, Rachana Yogesh
- Abstract
The Indian Railway network is the world's fourth largest, transporting millions of people every day. One of the most difficult challenges for travelers is crossing the overhead bridges or subways to reach the right platform. To make this experience more comfortable we have developed the automatic system termed Railway Platform Crossing Automatic Bridge (RPCAB) to connect two opposite platforms. Here, the fabricated metal frame bridge is moved using a pair of double acting hydraulically/ pneumatically actuated telescopic cylinders. After the train pulls out of the station, the bridge connects to the other side of the platform, allowing passengers to walk on the bridge to cross the tracks. The position sensors, alarms, audio/visual indicators, and actuators are all in sync with the train traffic signaling system and the master controller, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). To prevent any mishaps from happening, a comprehensive safety interlock system has been implemented, including position sensors, safety barricades, emergency alarms, and an audio-visual information system. The proposed mechanical bridge facilitates the passage for the passengers who are physically impaired, with heavy luggage, pregnant women, and the elderly persons to cross the platform. Additionally, it controls the congestion of passengers when the train has left the station. The proposed system is simulated using PLC simulator for testing, validation, and analysis of the system's behavior in a simulated environment. The simulation results presented in this paper show how efficient and reliable the proposed design is. Prior to constructing a working prototype in real time, it is essential to put the system through a virtual environment. The results support the viability of applying the proposed design in real-world settings, which will improve both safety and efficiency at railway platform crossings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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26. Electrohydraulic Servo Actuators with IoT Capabilities.
- Author
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BLEJAN, Marian and BLEJAN, Andrei
- Subjects
ELECTROHYDRAULIC servomechanisms ,SINGLE-board computers ,RASPBERRY Pi ,INTERNET of things ,POWER resources - Abstract
The following document details an electrohydraulic servo actuator system with Internet of Things (IoT) functionalities, highlighting its main components: control electronics, the servo amplifier, the power supply, the servo valve, the hydraulic actuator, and the feedback transducer. The system utilizes a twodegree-of-freedom (2- DOF) controller and IoT integration for monitoring and preventive maintenance. The system implementation is done using a Modicon M221 PLC and a Raspberry Pi single-board computer for the local server and monitoring. The conclusions emphasize the improvement of remote monitoring and system parameterization, suggesting future research directions for the development of cloud-based business models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
27. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens Spores in Selected Regions of Saudi Arabia.
- Author
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Banawas, Saeed S., Kronmiller, Brent A., Abdelghany, Mohamed G., Alqarawi, Ali A., and Sarker, Mahfuzur R.
- Subjects
- *
DNA sequencing , *CLOSTRIDIUM perfringens , *FOOD poisoning , *NUCLEOTIDE sequencing , *ENTEROTOXINS - Abstract
The prevalence of Clostridium perfringens spores in the environment is crucial for the pathogenesis of this bacterium because these dormant spores, upon contact with a suitable host, can return to active growth to cause disease. We evaluated the prevalence of C. perfringens spores in the Hail and Qassim regions of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A plating method was used to identify C. perfringens. PCR analyses and DNA sequencing were performed for genotypic characterization of the newly isolated C. perfringens.25 of 300 collected samples were identified as C. perfringens by selecting black colonies on selective media and monitoring b-hemolysis on blood agar plate. PCR analyses showed that all 25 isolates carry a-toxin gene (plc), but not the enterotoxin gene (cpe), further confirming that these isolates are indeed cpe-negative. Genome sequencing found that Saudi isolates are genotypically similar to the American and European isolates; no homologues of toxinotyping genes encoding b-, i-, e- and NetB-toxin were detected in 22 Saudi isolates, with the exception of 3 isolates that carry only e-toxin gene etx. Collectively, our findings suggest that C. perfringens are highly prevalent in the Hail and Qassim environment, with 22 (88%) of 25 isolates are type A and remaining 3 (12%) are type D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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28. Investigation on the Design and Application of Hydraulic Loading Fatigue Test Device for Non-Vascular Stent.
- Author
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Li, Y., Li, J., Mao, M., Yin, H., Ni, X., and Pan, C.
- Subjects
- *
FATIGUE testing machines , *CYCLIC loads , *PULSATILE flow , *FLOW simulations , *STRESS fractures (Orthopedics) , *MATERIAL fatigue , *WATER jets - Abstract
Background: The implanted non-vascular stent is prone to fatigue fracture due to the periodic cyclic load caused by long-term physiological motion in the non-vascular lumen. Objective: To effectively study and predict the fatigue performance of non-vascular stents, an experimental setup was designed to simulate and conduct fatigue performance tests on non-vascular stents under various loads. This design simplified the periodic cyclic loads generated within non-vascular lumens, in accordance with the physiological motion patterns of non-vascular lumens, into pulsatile loads. Methods: To meet the requirements of different stents and various fluctuating load conditions during testing, the relationship between test conditions and the fatigue load of the stent was studied based on Fluent. Results: A fatigue test device with a special load module was built and used to complete the fatigue performance test of a group of esophageal stents. It can be found that the experimental device can satisfy the control and application of the fatigue load of the stent, and can effectively realize the testing requirements of the fatigue performance of the stent. Conclusion: In this paper, a non-vascular stent fatigue in vitro test device that can simulate the fluctuating load of a non-vascular lumen is designed. The results of flow field simulation, fatigue simulation, and actual fatigue test show that the device can meet the needs of fatigue test and has good versatility and operability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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29. An Automatized Rebalancing System to Address Faradaic Imbalance and Prolong Cycle Life in Alkaline Ferrocyanide – Anthraquinone Redox Flow Batteries.
- Author
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Cantera, Miguel, Lubián, Lara, Cavusoglu, Koray, Rubio‐Presa, Rubén, Sanz, Roberto, Ruiz, Virginia, Cámara, Jose María, and Ventosa, Edgar
- Subjects
PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,OPEN-circuit voltage ,OXYGEN evolution reactions ,FLOW batteries ,HYDROGEN evolution reactions ,ALKALINE batteries - Abstract
Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries are a family of promising energy storage systems. However, they face various challenges related to their lifetime, such as the Faradaic imbalance due to the occurrence of parasitic reaction leading to the fading of its energy storage capacity. Herein, automatization of a rebalancing system to reverse the detrimental effects of Faradaic imbalance due to the unavoidable presence of small quantities of oxygen in the negative reservoir or hydrogen evolution reaction is developed and implemented in an alkaline flow battery. A membrane‐free rebalancing cell is proposed to promote the oxygen evolution reaction and reverse the accumulated charge in the catholyte showing a 100 % coulombic efficiency. The programmable logic controller monitors the open circuit voltage to calculate the charge stored in each charge/discharge step and closes a circuit so a fixed voltage is applied to the rebalancing cell when the battery needs to be rebalanced. The system is tested using an alkaline flow battery consisting of ferrocyanide and 2,6‐dihydroxyanthraquinone, improving the energy capacity retention from 0.27 % cycle‐1 and 0.47 % h‐1 without rebalancing system to 100 % retention after >850 cycles and >24 days (without Ar‐filled glovebox), demonstrating the feasibility of this proposed system to address the Faradaic imbalance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Lightweight Pseudo Random Number Generator for Embedded Systems.
- Author
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Sama, Andi, Meyliana, Heryadi, Yaya, and Sahroni, Taufik Roni
- Subjects
PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,RANDOM number generators ,INDUSTRIAL robots ,DATA encryption ,COMPUTER systems - Abstract
A cryptography algorithm for data transfer encryption provides confidentiality, requires considerable computing power, and is not commonly implemented in embedded systems with limited computing power, such as Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). PLC is the core component for automation and control in industrial automation. For decades, PLC has prioritized speed over security; program execution in PLC must be as efficient as possible. The cryptography algorithm uses a seed, the initialization vector, to encrypt the data with the cryptography key to strengthen the encryption. Pseudo Random Number Generator (PRNG) can be used as the initialization vector. This paper proposes the XORasm PRNG algorithm, the lightweight XORshift-based algorithm with a modified seed from the system's clock. The applied methodology generates and visualizes PRNG, tests the randomness, and implements the PRNG on compact PLC. XORasm is evaluated statistically with runs-test in simulation by comparing the algorithm to one of the simulated compact PLC's PRNG implementations. The findings from this research are that p-values demonstrate that XORasm is statistically and significantly more random than the current implementation, and there is evidence that XORasm's generated data distribution is practically random at a 99.95% confidence level, suitable for implementation in embedded systems as a lightweight PRNG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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31. Differences in leading and learning professional learning communities
- Author
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Plank, Kara, Sanzo, Karen L., and Scribner, Jay Paredes
- Published
- 2024
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32. Chaperone-mediated MHC-I peptide exchange in antigen presentation
- Author
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Jiansheng Jiang, Kannan Natarajan, and David H. Margulies
- Subjects
structural immunology ,antigen presentation ,major histocompatibility complex ,mhc ,peptide exchange ,plc ,mhc-i/tapasin ,mhc-i/tapbpr ,chaperones ,Crystallography ,QD901-999 - Abstract
This work focuses on molecules that are encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and that bind self-, foreign- or tumor-derived peptides and display these at the cell surface for recognition by receptors on T lymphocytes (T cell receptors, TCR) and natural killer (NK) cells. The past few decades have accumulated a vast knowledge base of the structures of MHC molecules and the complexes of MHC/TCR with specificity for many different peptides. In recent years, the structures of MHC-I molecules complexed with chaperones that assist in peptide loading have been revealed by X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy. These structures have been further studied using mutagenesis, molecular dynamics and NMR approaches. This review summarizes the current structures and dynamic principles that govern peptide exchange as these relate to the process of antigen presentation. more...
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- 2024
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33. Design of Logical Control System of Neutral Beam Injection on HL-3 Tokamak Based on PLC
- Author
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Peixuan YU, Hongxia ZHOU, and Yinxiang WAN
- Subjects
hl-3 tokamak ,neutral beam injection ,plc ,profibus ,real-time monitoring ,Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade ,HD9502-9502.5 - Abstract
[Introduction] Neutral beam injection (NBI) is an important means of plasma heating and current driving on HL-3 Tokamak. The NBI heating system involves multiple disciplines and fields such as vacuum, power electronics, mechanics, automatic control, and gas discharge. The control system is the basic guarantee for the reliable operation of the NBI heating system, enabling remote control of the field equipment of the heating system, the real-time monitoring of the running state, and the logic control of the discharge experiment. [Method] The hardware configuration of the PLC system was determined based on the requirement of NBI heating beamline, and the distributed I/O system was set up with Siemens S7-416 as the main controller, Profibus-DP network and industrial Ethernet as the basis, and optical fiber as the transmission medium. Configuration software STEP7 was used to realize hardware configuration, communication connection, and program writing, and interface software WinCC was used to complete centralized management, process monitoring, and information archiving. [Result] The PLC system can monitor the field equipment status in real time, exchange data with the NBI control system, and instruct field devices to work stably. In addition, the graphical user interface can realize the visualization of experiment processes and real-time display of vacuum value, flow rate, and temperature, providing timely state information for operators. [Conclusion] The whole PLC system is efficient, reliable, reproducible, well-compatible, and scalable, which can be used to monitor and control the field equipment of the NBI beamline. more...
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- 2024
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34. Design and Construction of a Portable IoT Station.
- Author
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Trape, Mario A., Hellany, Ali, Shah, Syed K. H., Rizk, Jamal, Nagrial, Mahmood, and Famakinwa, Tosin
- Subjects
- *
PROGRAMMABLE controllers , *INTERNET of things , *MODULAR construction , *TIMESTAMPS , *DATA transmission systems - Abstract
This paper discusses the design and implementation of a portable IoT station. Communication and data synchronization issues in several installations are addressed here, making possible a detailed analysis of the entire system during its operation. The system operator requires a synchronized data stream, combining multiple communication protocols into one single time stamp. The hardware selected for the portable IoT station complies with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) industrial standards. A short discussion regarding interface customization shows how easily the hardware can be modified so that it is integrated with almost any system. A programmable logic controller enables the Node-RED to be utilized. This open-source middleware defines operations for each global variable nominated in the Modbus register. Two applications are presented and discussed in this paper; each application has a distinct methodology utilized to publish and visualize the acquired data. The portable IoT station is highly customizable, consisting of a modular structure and providing the best platform for future research and development of dedicated algorithms. This paper also demonstrates how the portable IoT station can be implemented in systems where time-based data synchronization is essential while introducing a seamless implementation and operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. ORGANIZING THE AUTOMATED SYSTEM OF DISPATCH CONTROL OVER PUMP UNITS AT WATER PUMPING STATIONS.
- Author
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Zamikhovskyi, Leonid, Nykolaychuk, Mykola, and Levytskyi, Ivan
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL water supply ,ELECTRIC drives ,REAL-time control ,AUTOMATIC control systems ,ELECTRIC pumps - Abstract
The design and operation of modern dispatch control systems for pumping units involves comprehensive solution to separate engineering, technical, and scientific problems. The object of research is information processes enabling the operational modes of electrically driven pumping units at water pumping stations. This paper solves the scientific and technical task related to developing topology, hardware, and software tools, control algorithms, dispatch interface, and researching the modes of operation of pumping units in dispatch control systems at water pumping stations. Algorithms for controlling pumping units have been implemented, the advantage of which is the possibility of automated calculation of parameters for technological PID-controllers, taking into account the current electrical parameters of the frequency-controlled electric drive of pumping units and operating conditions. The WEB-oriented dispatch interface of the SCADA-based pumping unit control system was designed and tested, which enables control process in real time. Features of the developed dispatch control system are improved topology, expanded functionality, energy-saving control modes, and the possibility of further modernization based on the principles of standardization and unification of hardware and software tools and design procedures. The developed dispatch control system for pumping units at water pumping stations has been implemented and is successfully operated at an industrial water supply enterprise. The results provided for an increase in technical and economic indicators during the operation of technological equipment due to the efficiency of control and management procedures, energy-saving operational modes of the frequency-controlled electric drive of pumping units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. A Novel Function of a Research Process Based on a Power Internet of Things Architecture Intended for Smart Grid Demand Schemes.
- Author
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Al-Mashhadani, Sarmad Waleed Taha and Kurnaz, Sefer
- Subjects
SMART power grids ,INTERNET of things ,COMPUTER performance ,CARRIER transmission on electric lines ,ELECTRIC power distribution ,TIME-based pricing - Abstract
The global energy sector is currently undergoing a significant transformation to address sustainability, energy efficiency, and grid resilience. Smart grids, leveraging advanced technologies like the power internet of things (PIoT), play a crucial role in this transformation. This research focuses on enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and sustainability of electricity distribution through IoT technologies. It envisions a system where interconnected devices, sensors, and data analytics optimize energy consumption, monitor grid conditions, and manage demand response scenarios. Central to this effort is the integration of PIoT into the smart grid infrastructure, particularly in implementing dynamic pricing strategies for demand response. Leveraging power line communication (PLC) techniques, this innovative approach facilitates real-time communication between grid components and consumers. The results demonstrate improved grid stability through dynamic load management, effectively responding to demand fluctuations, and minimizing disruptions. The deployment of dynamic pricing methods using PLC-driven schemes empowers customers by offering access to real-time energy use data. This access incentivizes energy-efficient behavior. leading to a 30% increase in the adoption of energy-saving techniques among consumers. A utility company pilot study claimed a 12% drop in peak demand after adopting time-of-use charges, with an accuracy rate of 98.87% in total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. StructuredFuzzer: Fuzzing Structured Text-Based Control Logic Applications.
- Author
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Koffi, Koffi Anderson, Kampourakis, Vyron, Song, Jia, Kolias, Constantinos, and Ivans, Robert C.
- Subjects
PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,COMPUTER security vulnerabilities ,PYTHON programming language ,LOGICAL fallacies ,PROGRAMMING languages ,LOGIC - Abstract
Rigorous testing methods are essential for ensuring the security and reliability of industrial controller software. Fuzzing, a technique that automatically discovers software bugs, has also proven effective in finding software vulnerabilities. Unsurprisingly, fuzzing has been applied to a wide range of platforms, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs). However, current approaches, such as coverage-guided evolutionary fuzzing implemented in the popular fuzzer American Fuzzy Lop Plus Plus (AFL++), are often inadequate for finding logical errors and bugs in PLC control logic applications. They primarily target generic programming languages like C/C++, Java, and Python, and do not consider the unique characteristics and behaviors of PLCs, which are often programmed using specialized programming languages like Structured Text (ST). Furthermore, these fuzzers are ill suited to deal with complex input structures encapsulated in ST, as they are not specifically designed to generate appropriate input sequences. This renders the application of traditional fuzzing techniques less efficient on these platforms. To address this issue, this paper presents a fuzzing framework designed explicitly for PLC software to discover logic bugs in applications written in ST specified by the IEC 61131-3 standard. The proposed framework incorporates a custom-tailored PLC runtime and a fuzzer designed for the purpose. We demonstrate its effectiveness by fuzzing a collection of ST programs that were crafted for evaluation purposes. We compare the performance against a popular fuzzer, namely, AFL++. The proposed fuzzing framework demonstrated its capabilities in our experiments, successfully detecting logic bugs in the tested PLC control logic applications written in ST. On average, it was at least 83 times faster than AFL++, and in certain cases, for example, it was more than 23,000 times faster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Arthroscopic and open reconstruction of the posterolateral corner of the knee have equally good clinical results: first results of a prospective 12-month follow-up study.
- Author
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Fahlbusch, H, Weiß, S, Landenberger, J, von Rehlingen Prinz, F, Dust, T, Akoto, R, Krause, M, and Frosch, Karl-Heinz
- Subjects
- *
POSTEROLATERAL corner , *ARTHROSCOPY , *KNEE , *POSTERIOR cruciate ligament , *RANGE of motion of joints , *OPERATIVE surgery - Abstract
Purpose: Arthroscopic reconstruction techniques for higher-grade posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries (Fanelli Type B, PoLIS LI-B) have not yet been validated in clinical studies. The open reconstruction technique described by Arciero is well-established and showed good restoration of joint stability in previous studies. This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes of this established open surgery technique to a newly developed arthroscopic technique in a prospective randomized clinical trial. Methods: Between 2019 and 2021, this study focused on chronic high-grade PLC injuries (Fanelli Type B, PoLIS LI-B). Group A consisted of patients treated with conventional open surgery following Arciero's technique, while Group B included patients treated with Arciero's arthroscopic technique. All cases underwent additional PCL reconstruction. After a minimum 12-month follow-up, clinical scores and objective stability assessments were compared between the groups. Results: In total, 26 (group A 12, group B 14) eligible patients with a mean follow-up of 14.9 ± 7.2 months were evaluated in the present study. Knee stability and patient-reported outcome scores (PROMS) were significantly improved when comparing pre- and post-operative values (p < 0.0001). No clinically relevant differences in PROMS (Lysholm: A 83.9 ± 11.4 vs. B 85.3 ± 13.8; IKDC: A 76.91 ± 12.6 vs. B 76.8 ± 15.7) were shown in both groups. Additionally, no statistically significant differences were detected between groups with respect to external rotation, range of motion and instrumental stability testing. Arthroscopic reconstruction showed significantly shorter operation time (p = 0.0109). There were no clinical failures or neurovascular complications of the surgical procedures. Conclusion: Both surgical techniques for isolated chronic PLC Fanelli Type B injuries significantly improved the knee stability, were equivalent with respect to PROMs and led to good clinical results. However, arthroscopic PLC reconstruction was associated with a shorter surgery time compared to open PLC reconstruction. Therefore, arthroscopic PLC reconstruction may be a viable option in the hands of an experienced surgeon. Level of evidence: Prospective cohort study, II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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39. Frequency Effect on Electromagnetic States Emitted from High Voltage Overhead Power Lines and Busbar Substation.
- Author
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Bendakir, Abdelhakim, Metatla, Samir, Mayache, Hichem, and Dib, Djalel
- Subjects
- *
OVERHEAD electric lines , *HIGH voltages , *ELECTROMAGNETIC fields , *ELECTRIC power , *ELECTROMAGNETIC radiation , *OVERVOLTAGE - Abstract
Electrical power systems represent an immense source of electromagnetic radiation spanning a wide frequency range, encompassing low-frequency, transient states, and high-frequency emissions. The radiation poses a significant self-pollution challenge for electric and electronic devices situated in close proximity to these systems. The present article aims to address this research, and provides a comprehensive review of the electromagnetic effects and pollution at differences frequency's ranges encompassing power systems network. In the context of the low-frequency range, the computation of electric and magnetic fields is conducted using quasi-static principles. To validate the behavior at high frequencies due to power line currents, Schelkunoff's approach is employed. Additionally, transient electromagnetic fields are analyzed using an exact analytical method. The results of computer simulations are compared with previously published and measured data for low-frequency regime and transient overvoltage conditions, verifying their consistency. Additionally, high-frequency results are presented and corroborated through the utilization of a numerical electromagnetic code (NEC-4). These analyses underscore the valuable role of computer-based calculations in examining the electromagnetic environment of power system networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Influence of Cutting Regime Parameters on Determining the Main Cutting Resistance during Polypropylene Machining.
- Author
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Prvulović, Slavica, Mošorinski, Predrag, Josimović, Ljubiša, Tolmač, Jasna, Djordjević, Luka, Djurdjev, Mića, Bakator, Mihalj, Radišić, Branislava, and Bajić, Dejan
- Subjects
- *
DYNAMIC loads , *IMPACT loads , *MACHINING , *STRUCTURAL stability , *CUTTING force , *POLYPROPYLENE - Abstract
This study examines the impact of cutting regimes on determining cutting resistance in the processing of polypropylene (PP) using the CNC lathe EMCO F5. The rationale for this research stems from polypropylene's rarity among thermoplastics in possessing structural stability, allowing for its comparison to metals and practical application in products replacing metal parts. Leveraging its favorable mechanical properties, polypropylene finds utility in producing parts subject to dynamic loads, boasting high resistance to impact loads—particularly undesirable in machining. An advantageous characteristic of polypropylene is its affordability, rendering it an economical choice across numerous applications. Despite these merits, polypropylene's exploration in cutting processing remains limited, underscoring the novelty of this research endeavor. The main method for determining cutting resistance involves measuring electric current strength during processing. This direct measurement, facilitated by input cutting regime parameters, is recorded by the PLC controller, with the current value extracted from the machine tool's ammeter. The experimental approach entails varying cutting regime parameters—cutting speed (v), feed rate (s), and depth of cut (a)—across minimum and maximum values, recognized as pivotal factors influencing cutting force development and the attainment of the desired machined surface quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Implementation of Simple Fuzzy PI Controller for Liquid Level Cascade Control.
- Author
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Charif, Moussa, Allad, Mourad, and Bensidhoum, Mohand Otahar
- Subjects
CASCADE control ,FUZZY sets ,FUZZY logic ,PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,LIQUIDS ,ADAPTIVE fuzzy control - Abstract
This paper presents simplest fuzzy logic controller (SFLC) PLC's based implementation applied to the cascade control strategy. Level and flow control loops are important and widely used in the oil and manufacturing industries to ensure a quality product. The control is used to maintain the level of the liquid in the tank at the desired value by manipulating the liquid in the reservoir. Two fuzzy sets on each input variable, five fuzzy sets on the output variable, five linear control rules, algebraic product bounded AND/OR operator, Larsen product inference and Centre of Sums (CoS) defuzzification are the components of this simplest nonlinear fuzzy controller to be implemented. The proposed work deals with the real implementation of a simplest fuzzy logic cascade control strategy designed on SIMATIC S7-300 Plc based on ladder diagram (LD) programming. In this paper, we have presented the results of the experimental tests of the conventional PI control strategy as well as the simplest fuzzy PI implementation applied to a PUL-2/EV cascade control device. Experimental results using this simplest fuzzy PI controller with the setpoint error shown that the setpoint tracking rise time can be reduced by 30% and the disturbance rejection time is decreased at 7sec compared to the conventional PID-PLC based controller, and concluded by stressing the importance of this new controller implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. A Review of Control Automatically Water Irrigation Canal Using Multi Controllers and Sensors.
- Author
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Kadpan, Wpreen Rashed, Mustafa, Faiz F., and Kadhim, Hussein Tbena
- Subjects
IRRIGATION water ,PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,DETECTORS ,RASPBERRY Pi ,AUTOMATIC control systems - Abstract
Automatic irrigation refers to the utilization of a mechanism to activate irrigation systems, facilitating the alteration of water flow from bays even in the absence of the irrigator. The implementation of automation encompasses various approaches, such as initiating and ceasing irrigation via supply canal outlets. The objective of this study was to review the majority of control water automatic irrigation canal problems and their solutions, utilizing several controllers and suitability sensors based on requirements, this review in order to assist researchers in selecting the right hardware and software for their respective studies. By employing controllers like Arduino, programmable logic controller (PLC), Raspberry Pi, and an assortment of sensors such as the soil moisture sensor, ultrasonic sensor and rain sensor. Control system can be constructed for the automation of water irrigation canals. This system's specifications are contingent upon the condition of the land necessitating irrigation as well as the requirements set forth by the farmer. Moreover, it takes into consideration the challenges that arise during the process and offers suitable solutions based on latest studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. PLC-based Implementation of Stochastic Optimization Method in the Form of Evolutionary Strategies for PID, LQR, and MPC Control.
- Author
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Zielonacki, Kajetan and Tarnawski, Jarosław
- Abstract
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are usually equipped with only basic direct control algorithms like proportional-integral-derivative (PID). Modules included in engineering software running on a personal computer (PC) are usually used to tune controllers. In this article, an alternative approach is considered, i.e. the development of a stochastic optimizer based on the (μ,λ) evolution strategy (ES) in a PLC. For this purpose, a pseudorandom number generator (pRNG) was implemented, which is not normally available in most PLCs. The properties of popular random number generation methods were analyzed in terms of distribution uniformity and possibility of implementation in a PLC. The Wichmann-Hill (WH) algorithm was chosen for implementation. The developed generator with a uniform distribution was the basis for the implementation of a generator with a normal distribution. Both generators are the engines of the stochastic optimization algorithm in the form of the (μ, λ) strategy. For verification purposes, a modular servomechanism laboratory set was used as a test object for PID and linear-quadratic regulator (LQR) control. Moreover, the possibility of using the developed optimizer was shown in an application of model predictive control (MPC). Comprehensive tests confirmed the correctness of the implementation and high functionality of the developed software. Calculation time issues are also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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44. Development of a Training Station for the Orientation of Dice Parts with Machine Vision †.
- Author
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Mitev, Penko
- Subjects
PROGRAMMABLE controllers ,COMPUTER vision ,MACHINE parts ,RAILROAD stations ,CONVEYING machinery - Abstract
This paper reviews the process of research, development and production of a training station for the optical recognition of dice parts with machine vision. This approach is chosen due to the lack of mechanical features to allow for classical orientation approaches. The embossed dots are about 0.1–0.2 mm deep so it is impossible to design classical traps. The orientation occurs purely by visual comparison to a reference image, part of the current camera job. The sequence of parts is controlled by the programmable logic controller(PLC)program, which manages the camera job-changing process via I/O signals, thus ensuring the right face of the die is captured by the camera and achieving the right predefined order of the sequence. When the preset number of dice in the sequence is reached, they are released back to the vibratory bowl feeder by a pneumatic separator. This way, all dice parts circulate until they are recognized by the camera. There are jobs for each possible orientation of the dice and also a small HMI where the dice sequences could be adjusted by the operator(generally students). The main benefit for the students is the opportunity to program the PLC and to adjust the camera jobs for the detection of each possible orientation. This relies upon the fact that during the fall from the return conveyor to the bowl feeder, the parts flip and, thus, change their previous orientation to another side. Experiments are conducted regarding the probability of obtaining orientation "5" and all the other possible states in order to statistically express the probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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45. Bovine oocyte activation with bull or human sperm by conventional ICSI and Piezo-ICSI: Its relationship with PLCɀ activity.
- Author
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Alvarez, Gabriel, Villanueva, Sofia, Breininger, Elizabeth, Geller, Marisa, Ruhlmann, Claudio, Dalvit, Gabriel, Cetica, Pablo, and Masashige Kuwayama
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- *
SPERMATOZOA , *OVUM , *INTRACYTOPLASMIC sperm injection , *BLASTOCYST , *HUMAN embryology , *BOS , *PHOSPHOLIPASE C , *ACTIVATION (Chemistry) - Abstract
Background: The intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique has low efficiency in cattle. This has mainly been attributed to the oocyte activation failure due to oocyte and/or sperm factors. Aim: Our aim was to evaluate the effect of conventional ICSI and Piezo-ICSI with bull or human sperm on bovine oocyte activation and embryo development and to assess its relationship with the phospholipase C zeta (PLCɀ) activity of both species. Methods: In vitro matured bovine oocytes were randomly divided into five groups and were fertilized as follows: conventional ICSI using bovine sperm with chemical activation (control), conventional ICSI using bovine sperm, Piezo-ICSI using bovine sperm, conventional ICSI using human sperm, and Piezo-ICSI using human sperm. PLCɀ activity was determined in bull and human sperm samples. Results: Within the groups using bull sperm, the oocytes fertilized by conventional ICSI had the lowest values of 2 pronuclei (PN) formation and cleavage, Piezo-ICSI increased both percentages and ICSI + chemical activation presented the highest 2 PN, cleavage, and blastocyst rates (p < 0.05). Within the groups using human sperm, the oocytes fertilized by Piezo-ICSI presented higher 2 PN and cleavage rates than those activated by conventional ICSI (p < 0.05). Piezo-ICSI with human sperm increased bovine oocyte activation as much as conventional ICSI + chemical activation with bovine sperm (p < 0.05). Higher values of PLCɀ activity were found in human sperm compared with bovine sperm (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the higher stability of the bovine sperm in combination with its relatively low content of PLCɀ impairs bovine oocyte activation after ICSI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
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46. The Influence of Instructional Leadership on Professional Learning Communities Practices.
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ZA’ABA, ZUHAILLA and ALIAS, BITY SALWANA
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TEACHER development ,PROFESSIONAL employee training ,PROFESSIONAL learning communities ,EDUCATIONAL leadership ,SCHOOL administrators ,LEARNING - Abstract
Instructional leadership plays a particular role in school since its role has always been to impact effective teaching and learning processes. Instructional leadership practices is essential in promoting professional development among teachers. Professional learning communities (PLCs) are recognized as one of effective organization practice involving collaborative learning to improve school performance. This paper emphasize the importance of promoting collaborative learning among teachers by instructional school leaders. Therefore, this conceptual paper aims to discuss the influence of instructional leadership practices among school leaders towards PLCs practices. Hence, issues and challenges in implementing PLCs in schools are discussed. As a result, this conceptual paper offers insights with implications for policy, practice, and training. The policy makers should emphasize the encouragement of PLCs implementation to promotes its beneficial practice for school performance. Besides, school leaders should focus on instructional leadership strategies that highlight best practices to promote collaborative learning opportunities for professional development among teachers. This paper also underscores the significance of equipping school leaders with the necessary skills to foster a positive school climate, thereby enhancing the successful implementation of Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) among teachers. In conclusion, instructional leadership plays an important role in supporting the PLCs implementation in school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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47. Cascading Timers : The New Method to Solve the Sequential Problems Including Timers in Automation Systems
- Author
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Soria-Tello, Saturnino, Campos-Cantón, Eric, editor, Huerta-Cuellar, Guillermo, editor, Zambrano-Serrano, Ernesto, editor, and Tlelo-Cuautle, Esteban, editor
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- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. IOT based intelligent energy monitoring of grid connected hybrid systems and controlling of loads using PLC
- Author
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THULASINGAM MUTHUKUMARAN, Ajay D Vimal Raj. P, and Muruagapermual Krishnamoorthy
- Subjects
IoT systems ,PLC ,Multifunction meter ,Mqtt Protocol ,Demand Management ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Nowadays IOT becoming popularize in all the application especially in the power system network for data monitoring from the Hybrid power distribution system. Because of easy adaptability of IOT technology, it find its place in data monitoring for the remote system and data can also be logged in the cloud server for analysis of the system under surveillance. By having data enabled IOT system, which will make the complete system smarter in terms of monitoring and analysis of the performance of the power distribution network. In these research paper, concept IOT technology for data monitoring of grid connected Hybrid system consist of PV source for the typical educational institute was developed and implemented in the campus. Apart from the data monitoring, controlling of the critical loads connected to this hybrid system was developed using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The MyQtt based cloud server was used to store the data pushed from the IOT device and user interactive mobile Application was developed using MIT inventor to monitor the data in the mobile itself, the command from the Mobile app was given to the PLC to control the loads. The energy data from the Multi-function energy meter (MFM) is pushed to PLC through gateway of Raspberry Pi. In this paper, Raspberry PI was used as IOT device and ILC 131 ETH PLC was used to control the loads. Performance of IOT device along with PLC was monitored for 3 months and results obtained were satisfactory. more...
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- 2024
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49. Design of Automatic Flood Control System in Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Mohammad Bagus Adityawan, Ahmad Rianto, Farhan Afif, Indrawanto, Mohammad Farid, Arno Adi Kuntoro, Widyaningtias, Hadi Kardhana, Bagus Pramono Yakti, and Dyah Kusumastuti
- Subjects
Arduino ,Automation ,Flood ,PLC ,Polder ,Technology - Abstract
The construction of Yogyakarta International Airport has resulted in land use changes and increased the topography in the area by up to 9 m, which has led to potential flooding. A spatial analysis was conducted on the flow direction after the airport's construction, specifically in the West Carik watershed. It was discovered that the flow direction was uncertain and trapped upstream of the airport. A polder system with automation is proposed as a solution to the drainage problem. An automation system is designed for pump operation with the objective of improving efficiency. The system is expected to reduce the volume of water in the polder by reducing human involvement and providing ease in monitoring. The results of hydrological analysis with a 50-year return period flood resulted in a design flood discharge of 11.73 m3/s. The polder has a storage capacity of 63,312 m3, a depth of 4 m, and a surface area of 1.58 ha. It requires a total pump capacity of 8.4 m3/s, consisting of three pump units, with one unit having a capacity of 1.8 m3/s and two units with 3.3 m3/s. One additional pump with a capacity of 3.3 m3/s is also planned as a backup pump. The pump automation system simulation employs an Arduino UNO as the controller, water level sensor, and relay. This system successfully fulfills the desired operational system for the pump. In the actual implementation, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is required as the controller, with water level sensors, relays, and contactors as inputs and outputs. more...
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- 2024
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50. Data losses and synchronization according to delay in PLC-based industrial automation systems
- Author
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Ayah Hijazi, Mátyás Andó, and Zoltán Pödör
- Subjects
PLC ,Node-RED ,Synchronization ,Time delay ,Missing values ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers) based data collection is integral to industrial automation and data acquisition processes. The pipeline – between the device and the database – is a complex system with many components and often causes some time delay, due to the synchronization and the applied hardware and software components. This delay can also lead to data loss on the database site. In this study, we aimed to examine this problem connected to the synchronized behavior of four counter networks within the TIA software for PLCs, particularly focusing on the implications of a 1 Hz (Hz) clock frequency on counter synchronization. Meticulous experiments were conducted and the integration of Node-RED, as an instrumental tool in industrial automation, facilitated counter-behavior monitoring. Recorded values of counter and timestamps were meticulously stored in four separate databases (MSSQL, MySQL, MongoDB, and Apache Cassandra) for comprehensive data analysis. Throughout the experiments, inconsistencies in the counter values were encountered, leading to the discovery of missing values that varied across the ten tests. To detect the reason, a unique delay calculation method was developed. According to our results, we were able to do post-synchronization with millisecond-level accuracy. It can help reveal the missing values that depend on the Node-RED and the PLC cycle time differences. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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