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This study described the interactions of different nutritional components with the immune system. A detailed search was carried out on Google Scholar and PubMed databases to find out the relevant research studies using different keywords, such as "Nutrients", "Micronutrients", and "Immune system and micronutrients". Only those papers that discussed the interactions between nutrients and the components of the immune system were included in the study. This research outlined the impact of different vitamins, trace elements or metals, amino acids, and fatty acids on different immune system components. It was found that vitamins, such as vitamin A, D, and C, tend to help immune cell differentiation and enhance the expression of different cytokines. Vitamins also contribute to the proliferation of T and B cells and impact the production of white blood cells. Similarly, trace elements or metals act as enzyme cofactors and control different immune response cycles by controlling the expression of cytokines, chemokines, and other signaling molecules. Moreover, different essential and non-essential amino acids play important roles in immune system development as they are primarily involved in protein synthesis. Amino acids, such as arginine, glutamine, and alanine, modulate the expression of cytokines and also control the migration and transmigration capabilities of macrophages. They also enhance the phagocytic properties of macrophages and neutrophils. In a similar way, fatty acids act as anti-inflammatory agents since they can decrease the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II. Furthermore, they inhibit the secretion of different inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, all the components of our daily diet are associated with the development of the immune system, and understanding their interactions is important for future immune therapies and drug development.

Abstract: This paper describes the conditions under which autoimmune T cells enter the central nervous system to attack the local tissue. During a prodromal period preceding the onset of neurological disease, the CNS tissue is converted from its physiological immune-hostile state to an immune-friendly state. At the same time, in the peripheral immune system, activated autoimmune T cells undergo profound changes that allow them to enter through the blood-brain barrier and to finally interact with local autoantigen-presenting cells. Antigen recognition leads to T cell activation and the secretion of inflammatory mediators that are responsible for the development of the inflammatory lesions and the neurological deficits. To cite this article: H. Wekerle, C. R. Biologies 330 (2007). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]