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Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The document "Nepalese 'Gurkhas' in global security governance" published in Alternatives Sud addresses the growing role of private military companies in global conflicts, highlighting the employment of former Nepalese soldiers. These Gurkhas are recruited for their military experience and reputation for loyalty. The article emphasizes the challenges of responsibility and security faced by these workers from the global South, particularly in conflict contexts such as Ukraine. The regulation of this internationalized labor market is a major issue to ensure respect for human rights and the security of these agents. [Extracted from the article]

Countries around the world seek to develop their education systems and keep pace with civilization by scientific and cognitive development in various areas of life. They seek to invest in rising generations. This represents the main objective of any education system. For that, each country has a particular strategy through which it achieves its main objectives. Developing countries seek to achieve such goals. However, they face a number of difficulties and obstacles that prevent them from achieving their goals, such as: - Adopting of an ambiguous strategy and taking hasty and improvised decisions in the management of the education sector. - Weakness of the budget allocated to the education sector compared to that allocated by developed countries in terms of education. - Overcrowding of educational classes and lack of modern technological means in educational institutions and in the classroom. Based on what has been proposed, our study ends with a set of proposals, which are: - Evaluating all the elements of the teaching-learning process separately, and then combining them in order to facilitate dealing with the part compared to the whole. - Supporting strengths, addressing weaknesses and adopting a long-term, well-defined strategy.

The internationalization of the banking sector in developing countries brings both significant benefits and challenges. Foreign banks promote competition, efficiency and financial inclusion, which accelerates the integration of local banking systems into the global economy. However, the arrival of large international players may increase risks and force local banks to make significant changes. Studies show that the influence of foreign banks is ambiguous and depends on the level of economic development of the country. When assessing the effects of globalization, it is important to consider the differences between developed and developing countries. In periods of economic crisis, foreign banks can play a stabilizing role, but they can also import shocks from their own countries. To maximize benefits and minimize risks, it is necessary to develop a strategy that ensures a balanced presence of foreign banks, supports competition and innovation, but does not allow excessive concentration of bank capital. In this context, the internationalization of financial services becomes an important tool for strengthening and liberalizing the financial systems of developing countries, opening new opportunities for their economic growth and sustainable development. Since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system and the beginning of the era of financial liberalization, one of the most important manifestations of the process of integration of the banking sector into the world economy has been the expansion of foreign banking capital into foreign markets. Financial sector liberalization is intended to provide equal opportunities for financial institutions to access the international market or reduce restrictions from local regulators. Liberalization of the banking industry is one of the most important financial sector liberalization programs.

Technology transfer agreements are considered the most common and essential legal tool for conducting technological exchanges between developed countries and their developing counterparts. These agreements are not limited to their role in international trade, but also extend their impact to various stages of production, services, information technology, scientific and technical detection, as well as other sectors that are considered pillars of state sovereignty. These agreements contribute to the transfer of knowledge and technology between countries, thus helping to develop industries and services in developing countries, and contributing to improving the standard of living and the economy in those countries. Therefore, countries must pay great attention to technology transfer agreements and work to determine the objectives and necessary controls to ensure their full benefit from this type of international cooperation while preserving their economic and technological interests.

The worldwide surge in demand for higher education (HE) aligns with an increasing need for effective student funding systems, particularly in countries where poverty poses a significant barrier to accessing HE. An international perspective on governmental student funding systems allows us to examine how other governments have implemented these systems to benefit their citizens. The aim of this article is thus to provide a global view of the functioning and challenges pertaining to student funding systems and to shed light on the policies in place in the international landscape. The realist systematic literature review methodology was deemed the most suitable for this study as various scholars have previously studied different facets of the topic. This study aligns with the interpretive research paradigm and qualitative methods. The desired information therefore already exists within the body of knowledge, although it has not yet been analyzed through this particular method. It is evident that both developing and developed countries experience challenges regarding student funding, both in the purpose thereof as well as in the implementation. This is a universal issue, and an in-depth literature review confirmed this phenomenon.

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Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mobility of factors of production from the very beginnings of the theory of the optimal currency area (OCA) stands out as one of the primary mechanisms for achieving a balance of payments, i.e. sustainability of the monetary union (Mundell criterion). However, there is a significant qualitative difference between the monetary union of countries with similar income levels and the one with different development stages Namely, in the first case, labor mobility, as a rule, has short-term economic effects, while it has a longer-term (more negative) impact – especially on the long-run aggregate supply (LRAS). Many Eastern European countries, which expressed a desire to become part of European integration and the monetary union after the communist ruin, experienced this. In a previous paper, the authors set the thesis about “Impossible Trinity of Developing Countries”. In this paper, the aspiration is to confirm the validity of this theory by analyzing Greece within the period 1999-2020, specifically observing the impact of three variables (fiscal policy, social development level, and level of economic freedom) on the emigration of the population under conditions of monetary union and labor force mobility. The results obtained in this research indicate that the fiscal policy in the observed period was the most significant factor in explaining migration trends. The implications for developing countries that are currently entering (such as Croatia) or intend to enter the monetary union with more developed countries in the future are particularly significant.

Copyright of Revue Internationale du Travail is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Simone de Beauvoir Studies is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In any society, change and political renewal are more than necessary for a good and healthy governance. However, political alternation remains rare in Africa, particularly in French-speaking countries, fact that turned this region, at the beginning of the 2000s, into one of old, authoritarian or semidemocratic regimes not willing to give up the power. This article will focus on the types of actions (coups, revolutions, riots) that have challenged these regimes since the independence of the countries until now. We will analyze the context in which these actions emerged and the way in which they are more or less skillfully managed by the regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: mental disorders are a very common health condition and a major public health issue. The purpose of this study was to examine the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients coming for consultation to the psychiatric department of the Regional Hospital of Gabes, and to identify risk factors for the main mental disorders. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study, including all patients consulting the psychiatry department of Gabes for the first time between 01/01/2010 and 31/12/2013. Diagnoses were classified according to the 10th reversion of the WHO International Classification of Diseases (ICD10). Results: one thousand one hundred and one consultation cases were included in this study. The sex ratio (M/F) was 0.96. The average age of patients was 34 years (IQR=24-47.5 years), the median time between symptom onset and consultation to the psychiatric department was 1 year (IQR=3months-2 years). The three most common diagnosed were depressive disorders (21%), followed by schizophrenia (10.6%) and mental retardation (9.7%). Depressive disorders were significantly more common among female patients (p<0.001), married patients (p<0.001) and middle-aged adults (40-65 years) (p<0.001). The prevalence of these disorders was not significantly associated with either educational level, professional activity or socio-economic level. Conclusion: the knowledge of the sociodemographic and clinical profile of the most frequent mental disorders and factors associated with them would make it possible to better adapt the supply of care to the demand and to identify the needs in terms of mental health training in South-East Tunisia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current context of questioning the epistemic dominations of the Global North, it is necessary to examine the situation of French discourse analysis, given its hegemonic situation in many countries of the Global South. The aim of this article is to show that French discourse analysis suffers from defects and blind spots due to its own hegemony, epistemic domination being built on the duly organized non-existence of other knowledge. After a presentation of the frameworks of reflection proposed by gender, postcolonial and decolonial studies, the article proposes to adopt an Afrocentric Western perspective to carry out a critical rereading of the notion of subject through the works of several contemporary French-speaking African philosophers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (haplo-HCT) has been routinely used worldwide. However, this procedure is still rarely proposed in low- or middle-income countries. During the 13th annual harmonization workshops of the Francophone Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (SFGM-TC), a designated working group has proposed recommendations on how to set up such a transplantation in these countries. This was based on a review of the literature and expert-opinion as well as the previously published workshop on haplo-HCT of SFGM-TC (2016). Haploidentical donors appear to be a first alternative to HLA-matched siblings since the access to unrelated donor international registries are limited for several countries. While the procedure has the advantage of immediate access to several potential donors and of low cost, Haplo-HCT should be performed only in centers with a good experience of HLA-matched related transplantation (>10/year). In the absence of an HLA-matched related donor, haplo-HCT should be offered to all patients who are candidate for allo-HCT. Transplantation modalities should follow the conventional procedures with post-transplant cyclophosphamide as GVHD prophylaxis. Conditioning can be myeloablative or not according to each case. Our recommendations are intended to be general in scope and applicable to the majority of allo-HCT centers in these countries. An evaluation at regular basis is needed to assess the feasibility and to improve results., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Management of acquired aplastic anemia (AA) in emerging countries depends on the means of prognostic stratification, treatment and logistics available. During the 13th annual harmonization workshop of the francophone Society of bone marrow transplantation and cellular therapy (SFGM-TC), a designated working group reviewed the literature in order to elaborate unified guidelines for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (Allo-HCT) in this disease. In terms of practice, the conclusions are as follows; The use of anti-tymocyte globuline (ATG) is mainly from rabbit and very little from horse. Access to bone marrow graft, total body irradiation, and the international unrelated donor registries is limited, which justifies the use of peripheral blood stem cells, chemotherapy-based conditioning, and related alternative donor. The workshop recommends matched sibling allo-HCT in all patients aged less than 40 years with acquired severe or very severe AA. For patients aged over than 40 years, or who lack an HLA-identical donor, treatment with the combination of cyclosporin, horse ATG, eltrombopag or cyclosporine, eltrombopag is recommended. If horse ATG and eltrombopag are not available, matched sibling allo-HCT may be indicated as first-line therapy in patients aged between 40-60 years, and good performance status. Although, in patients who have failed immunosuppressive treatments and thrombopoietin agonists, and in the absence of HLA-matched donor, a haplo-identical allo-HCT with modified Baltimore conditioning is recommended., (Copyright © 2024 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Human resource management practices (HRMPs) are organisational practices used to recruit, retain, and secure the most capable and valuable asset-people for the smooth running of operations. Different studies have separately identified HRMPs as an improvement to the effectiveness of the construction industry in both developed and developing countries. However, there is a dearth of studies that compare the attributes of HRMPs in both countries. Thus, this study investigated the different HRMPs in the construction industry of both the developed and developing countries by reviewing extant literature on HRMPs that influences HR in the construction industry. The aim was achieved by carrying out a systematic review of the perception of HRMPs studies and sourced from Web of Science and Scopus databases. The review indicated that the attributes of HRMPs in the construction industry of developed countries differ from one industry to another but could enrich the understanding of attributes that would determine HRMPs in the construction industry of developing countries. Based on this, the study recommended among others that HRMPs of developing countries should be guided by the HRMPs attributes of the developed countries.

Climatic and anthropogenic changes cause the deprivation of distinct ecosystems in Costa Rica, transforming climatic, ecological, and geomorphic conditions. The high tropical biodiversity of Costa Rica and the tropics is suitable to improve the understanding of hydrogeomorphic process dynamics and to produce baseline data on past disasters in scarce-data regions. The principal motivation to connect natural hazards and dendrochronology on tropics is the desire to create methods that can reduce its exposure and vulnerability. The principal research aim of this study is to give reference data that can improve the understanding of hydrogeomorphic processes and to explore the potential of tropical trees in dendrochronological applications. This paper combines remote sensing, meteorological assessments, and dendrochronology analyses, hydraulic modelling, and risk assessments. This innovative research describes the reduced understanding in tree-ring analysis in Costa Rica related with past disasters and their linkage to climate. This study will likely contribute to the implementation of new methodologies in disaster risk research, and it will promote future adaptation strategies in the most biodiverse region of the world.

The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the general population has been poorly studied in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in a population group in Senegal (the imams). We conducted a cross-sectional and descriptive observational study from April 18th to May 2nd, 2015. Any subject acting as an imam, member of the association of imams and ulamas of Dakar, was included. The study population was quite old, with a mean age of 67.05 ± 12.35 years. The socio-economic level was quite low in the overall population. The prevalence of risk factors was much higher among unpaid imams. The survey revealed a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, with dyslipidemias as a major contributing risk factor observed in 80% of cases. The prevalence of other risk factors was: sedentary lifestyle (74.6%), hypertension (56.7%), diabetes (17%), obesity (10.4%) and metabolic syndrome (19.4%). Risk factor combinations were common and 74.6% of the imams surveyed had at least three cardiovascular risk factors. Global cardiovascular risk was low to moderate in 76.66% of cases, high and very high in 23.33% of cases. This survey showed, on the one hand, a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in imams and, on the other hand, that these risk factors are not often known to subjects. It is imperative to promote studies for the prevention of cardiovascular risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Economique is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue du Financier is the property of Societe Cybel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Population & Sociétés is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cet article contient certains points liés aux problèmes de développement social dans les pays en développement, avec une stratégie de développement social pertinente pour les pays en développement, sans politiques sociales, ce document illustre comment les problèmes sociaux ont été délibérément abordés dans le cadre des stratégies nationales de développement dans cette région, et éclairer cette question importante en rassemblant les connaissances scientifiques sur ce cas, le document contient sur certaines parties des concepts de développement social, les pays en développement, en plus, en essayant de répondre à la question de savoir quels sont les problèmes de la développement social dans ces pays ?, pour passer en revue à la fois les étapes et la stratégie du développement social, cet article vise à découvrir les problèmes de développement social dans les pays en développement. Abstract This paper contains on some points related to the problems of social development in developing countries ,with a view strategy of social development relevant to developing countries , without social policies, this paper illustrates how social problems have been purposively addressed as part of national development strategies in this region, and throw light on this important issue by collect the scientific knowledge about this case, the paper contain on some parts begin from the concepts of social development, developing countries, in addition, trying to answer the question of what the problems of the social development in these countries ?, to review both steps and strategy of social development, this paper aims to discover the problems of social development in developing countries.

After 20 years of hard work, family medicine (FM) is flourishing in Mozambique, but the challenges are immense in a context of multiple health needs. This study aimed to describe strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats of the current scenario that can influence the development of FM and primary health care (PHC) in Mozambique. Case study of a series of virtual world-café meetings using the World Health Organization’s Operational Framework for primary health care as a theoretical model. There is a young generation of Family Physicians (FPs) eager to improve PHC in Mozambique – a result of the reactivation of the Maputo Residency Programme and the creation of the Mozambican College of FP in 2010. The current Ministry of Health has taken this agenda forward, inviting medical societies (including FM) to jointly design plans to expand training of human resources for healthcare. This plan aims to create new training sites in five different provinces hoping that it will increase the number of FP in remote areas, fixing the unequal distribution of specialists in the country. The small number of FP practicing today and the limited financial resources of the National Government are important threats to this plan. We have many strengths already conquered and the current situation opens an opportunity for the expansion of FM in Mozambique. Hopefully, it will help PHC in our country move from verticalised and selective health programmes towards a more comprehensive, efficient and person-centred care.

Pour les théoriciens du « Développement Politique », la multiplication des coups d’État militaires dans les pays du tiersmonde en général et en Afrique en particulier s’explique essentiellement par l’insertion de ces pays dans un processus de modernisation et de développement politique, économique et social. L’échec de ces politiques amènerait l’armée à intervenir sur la scène politique parce que c’est l’institution la plus organisée, la plus rationalisée et donc la mieux outillée pour promouvoir le développement et la modernisation des pays encore voués au sousdéveloppement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary research on technology and innovation management has gauged blockchain as a catalyst for the electronic-information era. As developing countries around the globe are facing challenges to adopt and implement blockchain, this evidence-based systematic review aims to identify the implementation challenges of blockchain technology for developing countries. A total of 1,298 published documents during the period 2016-2021 from the Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect databases were explored to recognize 19 appropriate publications for research analysis using a PRISMA flow diagram. Based on the identified challenges from the thorough reviews of these 19 publications, using the association technique, the authors developed four comprehensive themes as broad challenges: technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge. Later, they performed bibliometric analyses using VOSviewer 1.6.17, and based on the bibliometric evidence constructed term co-occurrence network plots. The results show that developing countries face challenges vis-à-vis technological, governance, organizational and environmental, and knowledge issues when implementing blockchain technology. Hence, to make blockchain adoption and implementation processes successful in developing countries, these broad categories of challenges must be properly addressed. In addition, practitioners of disruptive technology, policymakers, consultants, IT experts, business people, top company managers, and above all, respective governments need to pay attention to these challenges for accelerating the blockchain adoption and implementation process in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Études Caribéennes is the property of Etudes Caribeennes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a result of the inability of developing countries to cover the expenses of investment projects on their lands, these countries, including Algeria, have tried to attract national and foreign investors who wish to invest their money outside their countries of origin As these investors usually resort to emigration from their countries and prefer these developing countries to set up their projects in order to avoid the high rise of taxes resulting from the exploitation of the environment and evasion of the strict procedures applied in the field of environmental protection. Algeria, as a developing country that weakens or lacks conservation considerations, remains a country where investors whose projects lead to the emission of substances that cause pollution to the environment and which are not allowed in developed countries are frustrated. In order to deal with harmful and polluting environmental activities, the Algerian State is trying to impose rules of civil liability on these investors to avoid natural disasters and to impose rules to protect the natural environment from pollution that could be inflicted on the Algerian state as a result of the activities and activities of investors harmful to the environment This goal. In this paper, we seek to analyze Law 03-10 on the protection of the environment in the framework of sustainable development in Algeria to highlight the impact of the role of the judge in determining the civil liability of investors with the possibility of prosecuting them to pay appropriate compensation for their actions.

The purpose of this study is to develop policy recommendations for indebted developing countries which have big balance of payment deficits due to high energy costs. For this reasons, the study initialy explores developed countries’ nuclear energy policies and hence, to guide developing countries (especially for Turkey and similar countries) who can adopt alternative energy resources to reach a sustainable and higher GDP per capita and to protect themselves against energy price volatilities. Therefore, in available theoretical studies, developing countries, also named as middle income countires whose GDP per capita is lower than developed countries, have been searching for different strategies to catch up the wealth level of developed countires from the aspect of catch-up effect in the Growth Theory. In the context of cross sectional and time series data, the paper anlaysis all available retroperspective panel data method which uses time interval between 1977-2014 for 14 developed and developing countires. The study employs Panel ARDL approach to serve the aim of the study. According to the emprical results, as expected, vector error correction coefficient was founded negaitvely and accepted numerical interval. Therefore, test results indicate that there has been significant and positive relationship between the increment of nuclear share in electricity production and GDP per capita. Countries, especially dependent on raw materials, can reduce reliance on energy import with nuclear energy sources, then they will have a stabilizer for a reasonable level of current deficits which may be necessary for economic growth. In conclusion, the results also indicates that nucluear energy production in developing countries can stimulate economic growth by lowering energy import related production costs in favor of country-wide producers.

Résumé: Le virus de l'hépatite E (VHE) est la principale cause d'hépatite aiguë dans le monde. De nouvelles données ont étoffé les connaissances concernant la physiopathologie et l'écologie de ce virus. Aujourd'hui, la dichotomie entre la transmission hydrique des génotypes 1 et 2 strictement humains dans les pays en voie de développement et celle des génotypes 3 et 4 zoonotiques par la voie alimentaire dans les pays industrialisés est remise en question par la détection du virus dans les environnements hydriques des pays industrialisés. Des formes chroniques sont décrites chez l'immunodéprimé, ainsi que des atteintes extra-hépatiques. Les données in vitro et in vivo suggèrent que la variabilité génétique du VHE conditionne le retentissement clinico-biologique de la pathologie avec la mise en évidence de mutations associées à la sévérité de l'infection. Cette variabilité est également impliquée dans les modes de transmission, avec la description de nouveaux réservoirs animaux et de nouvelles souches virales pouvant infecter l'Homme (e.g. VHE-C circulant chez le rat et le renard). Cette variabilité doit être prise en compte afin de mieux maîtriser les modes de transmission, mais également d'adapter les techniques et les stratégies diagnostiques pour assurer la protection des populations vulnérables. Hepatitis E virus is the main cause of acute hepatitis worldwide. The dichotomy between waterborne human-restricted genotypes 1 and 2 circulating in developing countries and zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 infecting human through consumption of contaminated meat in industrialized countries is currently discussed, with the detection of HEV in waters of industrialized nations. Chronic infections are described in immunocomprommised patients, as well as extra hepatic syndromes. In vivo and in vitro data have shown that HEV genetic variability can impact the bioclinical relevance of the infection, by highlighting mutations associated with severity. Genetic variability has also to be considered when exploring transmission ways, with the description of new animal reservoirs and new strains able to infect humans. HEV genetic variability is one of the keys to better control its transmission and to adapt diagnostic tools and strategies, with the aim to protect vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Due to the rapid and unrestrained growth of urbanization worldwide since the second half of the twentieth century, the global community is confronted with a broad spectrum of challenges. In response, the request for more sustainable cities developed in recent decades. Urban agenda setting, like the foundation of the UN-Habitat, emerged subsequently in the public policy process to countervail the negative impacts of the progress, especially in developing countries. The article wants to provide the reader with a brief introduction to global urban agendas in general and the New Urban Agenda (NUA) in specific, especially how they approach urban challenges. The analysis offers an overview of the context of the implementation of urban agendas and definitions of sustainability in its setting. Furthermore, it is examined, how non-binding doctrinaire documents like the NUA should be implemented on the regional and national levels. The challenges in implementing these urban agendas, the definition of sustainable urban agendas, and common international challenges are deconstructed and compared with the guiding principles of the NUA. The research question highlights potential approaches, how to improve the implementation of these agendas, and contributes to reducing the research gap of the global south in this regard. Therefore, as a case study, a closer look at the exemplary situation of the developing country Brazil, the local urban evolution, planning policies, and the local challenges are undertaken. To conclude, the challenges of the new urban era identified will be briefly reflected and possible pathways through alternative mechanisms, recommended by the NUA and other international guidelines, pointed out to foster implementation to the detriment of traditional local hard policy mechanisms.

We conducted a study of five patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) in the department of antenatal diagnosis over a period of two years. Our study highlights the overall benchmarks for this disease and its management as well as the news on prenatal assessment of neonatal prognosis using Lung Over Head Ratio (LHR): ultrasound versus magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the third world. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prognosis of these new-born babies and support parents of a fetus with diaphragmatic hernia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The late uptake of technology in education in developing countries has necessitated this study through an evaluation on how Performance Expectancy (PE) and Facilitating Conditions (FC) influence teachers’ behaviour on acceptance and usage of an e-learning platform called Ruzivo. Objective: To investigate teachers’ perceptions on the influence of their acceptance and use of the Ruzivo E-Learning Platform (RELP) through addressing the following key research questions: To what extent do teachers’ perceptions of the use of the RELP enhance learning outcomes? What FC support teachers’ use of the Platform? Method: Based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT) model and its variants, a multiple-embedded case study based on both quantitative and qualitative research approaches was designed. Three primary schools participated in a questionnaire survey which captured the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of teachers on PE and FC. Data on teachers experience with PE and FC was sought from a total of 18 teachers, (11 female and 7 male). Results: The use of RELP has resulted in enhanced student learning outcomes and in the building of constructivist learning environments. Facilitating conditions such as the lack of adequate internet facilities, training and computer resources limit usage. Conclusion: The content of Ruzivo should be revised to align with the demands of the updated curriculum, teachers need additional training on computer, and the project needs to be scaled up to realise the ‘access to education’ goal. Further, an accelerated adoption of e-learning platforms in institutions of learning is warranted.

Introduction: the neonatal period is the most vulnerable time for a child´s survival. It is well established that high-quality medical records are needed for the provision of high-quality care and that neonatal medicine is well suited to a standardised approach to care. The objective of this study was to describe the implementation of a Neonatal Admission Record (NAR) and to retrospectively compare discharge outcomes (length of hospital stay, mortality and weight gain) for neonates born before and after implementation.Methods: a retrospective observational study was undertaken. A NAR was implemented, in combination with an education package, in an urban, tertiary neonatal unit in Kigali, Rwanda. Length of stay, mortality and weight gain were compared before and after the implementation of the NAR.Results: five hundred and fifteen pre-NAR and 863 post-NAR cases were included. There was a small, non-significant, increase in the mean LoS from 13.7 to 14.2 days. All-cause mortality decreased from 22% to 18% after the implementation of the NAR (OR=0.76, p=0.049). Surviving neonates gained 4.1 and 6.1g/kg/day before and after the implementation of the NAR (p=0.031). Conclusion: the use of a standardised Neonatal Admission Record, in combination with an educational package, can improve care. A NAR provides a structured approach to managing infants on a neonatal unit in the resource-limited setting.

The early successful experiences of the East Asian NICs confirmed the role of exports as an engine of growth. Surprisingly, most of the earlier studies omit one important empirical fact, namely that the feminization of work contributed significantly to their rapid industrialization. Feminist trade theories argue that export-oriented development strategies have so far been exploitative of cheap female labour in the South. As globalization gathers pace, an increasing number of women in Developing Countries (DCs) have been absorbed into labour-intensive, export-oriented manufacturing sectors. However, the structural changes that go hand in hand with export promotion, as well as the international environment the South faces today, have dramatically modified the inner drives behind the phenomenon. This paper reviews the salient mechanisms at work through a structuralist approach of gender. By examining women’s labour force participation rate in Viet Nam, we show how patterns of gender relations stemming from structural characteristics, as well as social and institutional practices, is related to export-oriented industrialization.

Dünya Ticaret Örgütü tarafından temsil edilen uluslararası serbest ticaret düzen, 19. Asır iktisatçısı David Ricardo’nun mukayeseli üstünlük kuramı üzerine inşa edilmiş olup, bahsi geçen düzenin günümüz ticari münasebetlere ve devletlerin küresel mali konumuna uygunluğu akademik camia tarafından tartışma konusu haline gelmiştir. Mukayeseli üstünlük kuramı geçerliğini kusursuz marketler modelleri üzerinden iddia etmekteyken, söz konusu modellerin mevcut ticari düzlemde karşılıklarının olmaması, bu kuram üzerine kurulan mevcut serbest ticaret sisteminin de etkinliği ve geçerliliği konusunda şüphe uyandırmaktadır. İş bu çalışma, mevcut serbest ticaret düzeninde mukayeseli üstünlük kuramının konumunu, kuramın bizzat kendisine yöneltilen eleştiriler ile birlikte sunmakta, ve merbut işlevsizliklere ve sorunlara yönelik olarak öneri ve beklentileri ortaya koymaktadır.

Introduction: patellar instability is a rare multifactorial condition whose treatment is complex. The purpose of this study was to describe cases of patellar instabilities and then to assess treatment outcomes in low-income countries. Methods: the study was conducted from March 2013 to February 2018. Eight patients aged >15 years and who had undergone surgery for objective patellar instability were enrolled. Before and after surgery knee function was assessed using IKDC score. Results: the average age at surgery was 28.5 years and female sex was predominant (6 cases). Trochlear dysplasia was the main etiological factor (7 patients). In four cases dysplasia was related to patellar height (mean Caton index: 1.4). In five cases, section of lateral patellar retinaculum associated with TTA transposition and Insall’s plasty was performed. Functional outcome was satisfactory, with a mean IKDC score of 91.3%. Conclusion: patellar instabilities are rare. Management is delayed in our developing countries, but outcomes are good when protocols are adapted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huge ovarian tumor is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, in particular in developing countries. It can cause surgical complications. Anatomopathological examination is essential to establish the diagnosis. The role of tumor marker CA125 in a perimenopausal woman with pelvic mass has been widely debated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]