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Experiments were performed at 500 MPa, 1080 °C and water activities (aH$_{2}$O) from 0.0 to 1.0, in fluid-present and fluid-absent conditions, with the aim of constraining the effect of volatiles on phase equilibrium assemblages of a shoshonite from Vulcanello (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Experiments were run both under reducing and oxidizing conditions and results show that proportions, shapes and size of crystals vary as a function of the volatile composition (XH$_{2}$O and XCO$_{2}$) and volatile content. Clinopyroxene (Cpx) is the main crystallising phase and is compositionally analogous to Cpx crystals found in the natural rock. Plagioclase (Pl) is stable only for water activity lower than 0.1, whereas Fe–Ti oxides are present in all experimental runs, except for those where log fO$_{2}$ was lower than ${-}$9, (${\Delta }$NNO ${-}$0.11) irrespective of the presence of CO$_{2}$. The addition of CO$_{2}$ (2.8 wt%) in nominally dry experimental charges substantially reduces the crystallinity by ca. 1/3 compared to volatile free experiments. This result has important consequences upon the physical properties of the magma because it influences its viscosity and, as a consequence, velocity during its travel to the Earth surface.Assuming that the widths of Vulcanello conduits vary from 0.5 to 1.5 m, estimates of the ascent velocity vary in the range 1.5 ${\times }$ 10$^{-4}$–3.5 ${\times }$ 10$^{-2}$ m${\cdot }$s$^{-1}$ for CO$_{2}$ free systems and from 5.7 ${\times }$ 10$^{-4}$–1.3 ${\times }$ 10$^{-1}$ m${\cdot }$s$^{-1}$ for CO$_{2}$ bearing systems.Since shoshonitic magmas are common not only in the Italian volcanic provinces (Aeolian Arc, Campi Flegrei, Ischia Island, Pontine Islands, Monti Cimini, Monte Amiata, Capraia Island, Radicofani, Roccamonfina) but also in different volcanoes worldwide (Yellowstone, Mariana Arc, Kurile Arc, Tonga Arc, Andean Arc, Kamchatka Arc), we suggest that the new data will be useful to better understand shoshonitic magma behaviour under relevant geological scenarios. As such, we also suggest that hazard evaluation should incorporate the probability of very rapid ascent of poorly-evolved melts from depth.

This review highlights the rheological and phase proportions variation induced by cooling events from superliquidus temperature (melt) to subliquidus temperatures. It provides a comprehensive view of the rheological response of magmatic systems undergoing dynamic cooling and shear deformation. The two main parameters which are of importance to model the rheological properties of such crystallizing systems and which are simultaneously poorly investigated so far are crystallization and strain rates. The response to relatively high deformation rates results in shear thinning behavior in partly crystallized systems under variable shear rate and it should be considered in magmatic processes. Due to the sluggish crystallization of SiO$_{2}$-rich melts, data are mainly available for mafic systems, which does not allow a general reappraisal. An attempt to model available literature data for less evolved systems in dynamic scenarios and a comparison with MELTS algorithm approach (thermodynamic equilibrium conditions) is provided. Since there are difficulties in comparing experimental data gained using different methodologies, we focus mainly on data obtained with the concentric cylinder technique. This highlights the fact that a general experimental protocol is needed in order to compare and model viscosity data to predict the dynamic rheological evolution for volcanic rocks.

Why did the latter part of the nineteenth century witness a sudden growth of white, middle class female shoplifters? Psychology tells us that shoplifting is a mental deficiency manifested in women as “kleptomania” (Abelson 4). Given the subsequent international growth of shoplifting, we argue instead that shoplifting is in many ways condoned in contemporary culture: used as a form of social and political control in a late capitalist society. This article first turns to female consumers as shoplifters in the late nineteenth century, alongside the growth of mass production, large-scale department stores, and visually spectacular forms of display. In line with feminist critiques of Marx’s Capital, we uphold the conditions prescribed to women under capitalism and extend this argument to newer forms of systemic racism in the consumer sphere, which ensure that women of colour and of lower economic standing face even greater obstacles to success. Using a broad historical view, we analyze the act of shoplifting in two forms of cultural media, both set in Paris. The first is Émile Zola’s novel The Ladies’ Paradise (1883), based on Paris’s first department store, Le Bon Marché. Due to Zola’s commitment to verisimilitude, we argue, his work offers the strongest corroboration of the ways in which new forms of visual display and a new class of psychologically-entitled females worked together to generate astounding accounts of theft. Our analysis then turns to a work of cinema produced nearly a century and a half later, Céline Sciamma’s 2014 Girlhood. Sciamma portrays a group of young French African girls who navigate their paths into adulthood from the vantage of Bagnolet, a lower income immigrant suburb over four kilometers from Paris’s city centre. The girls experience racial profiling and demonstrate varying forms of resistance, one of them shoplifting. While shoplifting then appears to be an enduring weapon of the weak and strategy of resistance by the dispossessed, leading to, not surprisingly, tacitly permissibility for white middle class women and harsher consequences for women of colour, we conclude that the activity is leveraged to perpetuate pre-existent forms of gendered social control and cultural stereotyping.

This article aims to study the epistemological stakes which, during the Renaissance, built upon the fragmented and worldwide representations of syphilis and its various remedies. Confronting Spanish historiographer Oviedo and Portuguese physician Orta, who both took an interest in local syphilis treatments, may help to identify the operating modes underlying the legitimation of indigenous forms of knowledge. From guaiac wood described by Oviedo at Hispaniola to Chinese plants roots praised by Orta at Goa, new remedies were introduced to treat an epidemic described as being both of foreign origin and universal impact. What literary techniques, what scientific fantasies, what legitimation strategies could allow to assert the power of such indigenous forms of knowledge?

Friedrich Wilhelm III., seit 1797 König von Preußen, garantierte am 19. November 1805 dem 36-jährigen Humboldt eine Pension von jährlich 2.500 Talern. Nur wenige Tage danach ernannte er ihn zu seinem Kammerherrn. Was Humboldt nicht ahnen konnte war, dass dieser Dienst 54 Jahre währen sollte. Bärbel Holtz beschreibt die bisher wenig untersuchte Beziehung des Monarchen zum Forschungsreisenden.

Um dos conceitos chave para compreender a modernidade é o conceito de secularizaçào. Este conceito tem alimentado, nos últimos séculos, inúmeros debates acerca de sua definição e aplicação, balar em secularizaçào significa falar em modernidade, pois ela é um produto da modernidade e ao mesmo tempo uma de suas características mais evidentes. O conceito secularização tem diversas definições, mas praticamente todas remetem a esta definição: a deslegitimaçào do poder da esfera eclesiástica — defensora e reprodutora dos valores do sagrado — para a legitimação do poder da esfera civil e laica, que possui como orientação valores não-sagrados, portanto, profanos aos olhos do religioso. Essa deslegitimação do poder da esfera eclesiástica fez-se presente em todo o continente europeu após o século XVII e, logo depois, no mundo ocidental. O processo de secularização, ao invés de promover a derrocada da religião na Ura moderna, revitalizou-a através da perda da plausibilidade das religiões tradicionais e pela liberdade religiosa que ela promoveu. Nos séculos XIX e XX a religião sofreu influências das ideologias modernas e adaptou-se. O pluralismo e os novos movimentos religiosos são frutos do processo de secularização na modernidade, denotando as modificações ocorridas no campo religioso ocidental.

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An obituary for former professor at the Ecole Nationale de Chartes, Colette Jeudy, is presented.

Analyser les libelles d’un recueil factice huguenot permet d’interroger les différentes modalités par lesquelles une mémoire confessionnelle se construit dans la proximité des troubles. Composé de pièces publiées juste avant ou pendant le passage de Lyon à la Réforme (avril 1562-juin 1563), ce recueil se présente comme un livre unique qui commente l’événement politico-religieux récent, qui agit aussi sur le présent des luttes, et qui enfin produit une mémoire militante pour les générations futures. Comment une spécificité lyonnaise s’affirme-t-elle à travers les choix éditoriaux des libraires réformés ? Comment une verve rabelaisienne, elle aussi typiquement lyonnaise, est-elle réinvestie dans la lutte antipapale ? Comment ces libelles virulents programment-ils des appropriations révélatrices des enjeux religieux, sociaux et éditoriaux de la première guerre de religion ?

This article shows how the notion of “participant observation”, theorized in the twentieth century, has its roots in Renaissance travel stories, where immersion into foreign societies is experimented. While the legitimacy of these testimonies is inherited from the judicial paradigm, legal writings borrow many references to “pre-ethnographic” stories to justify their purposes. These early forms of “participant observation” are both legitimized and weakened by the experience of immersion, which sometimes approaches “ensauvagement”.