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During the university period, individuals join a social environment in which they learn to establish new relationships. The emergence of these new experiences can bring about interpersonal conflicts and the process of forgiveness. Disturbances in the individual's interactions with oneself and others during this process may have negative effects on forgiveness. Some theories and models mention the important roles of self-reflection and insight into the forgiveness process. However, the relationships between Gestalt contact disturbances, forgiveness, self-reflection, and insight were not examined sufficiently. The aim of the current study is to examine the mediating roles of self-reflection and insight in the relationship between Gestalt contact disturbances (contact, full contact, dependent contact, post-contact) and forgiveness (self forgiveness and forgiveness of others) in a sample of university students. The participants were a total of 377 university students, 246 (65.3%) women and 131 (34.7%) men, who were reached by convenient and snowball sampling methods. The current study included university students aged 18-30, with an average participant age of 23.93. In the data collection process Gestalt Contact Disturbances Scale, Self-Reflection and Insight Scale and Forgiveness Scale were applied. Descriptive statistics, correlation and mediation analyses were conducted using SPSS 23.0 and PROCESS Macro 4.2 (Model-4). The findings indicated that insight had a mediating role in the relationship between contact and full contact with self-forgiveness. Self-reflection had a mediating role in the relationship between dependent contact and post-contact with self-forgiveness, while insight had a mediating role in the relationship between contact and forgiveness of others.

In the few academic works on the subject, the video game press is often seen as a space dedicated to the construction of a shared videogame culture, or a “gamer’s habitus”. It is thus recognized as an intermediary that inscribes a series of referents over time; a role of catalyst that, through a battery of specific notation criteria, describes video games, both good ones and bad ones. So much so that, by dint of working with the industry, many academic actors perceive the video game press as deprived of any critical spirit. This paper seeks to deconstruct the devaluations arguing that the video game press would be a mere buying guide. Some active journalists, tired of pegging their content to the news, are developing a series of tactics to enrich the treatment of their videogame raw material. By analyzing a series of examples, we seek to demonstrate how these original insights contribute to enriching the language of discourses about video game.

Objectives: To demonstrate the effects of a metacognitive reflection and insight therapy (MERIT) in people suffering from psychiatric disorders., Method: A systematic review was carried out on PubMed, PsychInfo, Psycharticles and Psychological and Behavioral Science Collection from 1980 to 2024., Results: The review included five randomized controlled studies, four observational group studies and 22 case studies with quantitative measures. Analyses indicated that MERIT significantly increases metacognitive abilities to reflect on oneself and others, as well as mastery of one's strategies. In addition, some studies found an improvement in insight and symptomatology. Most studies included participants with psychotic disorders., Conclusion: MERIT is an effective therapy for promoting subjective recovery by improving metacognitive abilities in people with psychotic disorders. However, further studies are needed to generalize this result to other psychiatric disorders., (Copyright © 2024 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Drawing on Lewin’s topological psychology as well as on Köhler’s insight learning theory the article deals with "Monkey Island". The short poetic prose presents a study on conflicting group dynamics in a small artificial island in Villa Borghese, inhabited by monkeys and apes. The article analyses inter-, intragroup behaviour and compares it with Bion’s basic assumptions as a result of including a protomental system besides Lewin’s organisational development. Along with the experimental setting "Monkey Island" also represents individuality as conflicting with group functioning so that the persecutor’s isolation is investigated as expression of individual creativity. His gaze sweeping over Rome after killing one of the helpless simians of the ditch can be connected with Musil’s experiences as a child, whose family idyll was interrupted by the presence of a stranger disputing his mother’s affection. Alongside the holistic perspective of Gestalt Musil's family experience gave him insight into the extent to which mind is inter-mind, self is inter-self. The translation of evidence-based theories into practice, now included in current research in embodied cognition, provided greatest opportunities for Musil becoming a writer. His literature is anthropogenetic inasmuch as it allows the reader to gain insight into human nature. The uniqueness of his oeuvre results in a persistent intertwining of ethics and aesthetics representing interaction between the individual and the environment in constant pursuit of coexistence.

Resumo O presente estudo objetivou investigar os processos de insight em sujeitos com Transtorno de Asperger (TA). Entende-se por insight o conhecimento do próprio diagnóstico e os sentidos construídos a partir deste. O desenvolvimento doinsight é aqui compreendido não como função restrita à vida mental pessoal, mas como fenômeno intersubjetivo, forjado nas relações sociais. O arcabouço teórico que subsidia a presente pesquisa é a perspectiva genética de desenvolvimento avançada pela psicologia histórico-cultural. Para tanto, foram propostas a três díades de pais e adolescentes diagnosticados com TA duas tarefas de produção narrativa que investigaram aspectos relacionados às experiências Asperger. Os resultados sugerem que a característica central dos processos de insight no TA pode ser descrita como disrupção na transição do modo monológico para o modo dialógico de pensamento. Acredita-se que os resultados aqui encontrados contribuem para a compreensão da singularidade e eventicidade da existência e da experiência subjetiva.

In this article I analyze the Peirce’s concepts of abduction, insight, logica utens and logica docens in order to propose, finally, a vision in which “genuine” abductions are generated only after an exercise in logica docens. These “genuine” abductions are characterized in contrast to those generated by means of logica utens.

En el presente trabajo se analiza la importancia del insight en el sector publicitario. Esto implica conocer su origen, así como su importancia en el proceso estratégico y creativo de las campañas publicitarias. Metodología. Se utiliza una metodología cualitativa mediante el método Delphi. Las entrevistas a expertos de la planificación estratégica muestran la utilización del insight en las agencias de publicidad a la hora de desarrollar campañas publicitarias eficaces. Resultados. Un buen insight contribuye a conectar la marca con el consumidor y ayuda a los anunciantes a cumplir los objetivos de sus campañas. Resultados. Para conseguir una publicidad eficaz el insight tiene que conectar con las personas, crear valor, identificación…, y aun así no se garantiza dicha efectividad. Conclusiones. No se puede atribuir la eficacia de las campañas publicitarias única y exclusivamente a un buen insight, también son importantes elementos como la creatividad o la estrategia, entre otros.

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Résumé L’insight, ou la conscience du trouble, contrairement à la schizophrénie, a été peu étudié dans les troubles bipolaires. Il semblerait que la présence des symptômes psychotiques et la polarité maniaque soient en lien avec une altération de l’insight clinique. Cependant, ces deux facteurs n’ont pas été retrouvés dans plusieurs études. Il n’y a qu’une seule étude sur l’insight cognitif avec des résultats préliminaires. Mais les données sur les variables neurocognitives et l’insight clinique sont hétérogènes et contradictoires. Selon nous, une approche conceptuelle permettrait de mieux comprendre les résultats contradictoires retrouvés dans les études au sujet de l’insight dans la bipolarité. Contrarily to schizophrenia, a few studies are published on insight in bipolar disorders. In literature, it appears that the presence of psychotic symptoms and manic polarity are related to an important alteration of clinical insight. However, these two factors have not been found in several studies. There is only one study on cognitive insight with preliminary data. However, data on neurocognitive variables and clinical insight are heterogeneous and contradictory. We think that a conceptual approach on insight could help to better understand those contradictory results about insight in bipolar disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectifs: Une proportion importante de patients présentant un premier épisode psychotique commettent des actes violents hétéro-agressifs. L’objectif de cette étude est d’explorer l’association entre insight et comportement violent (CV) et l’évolution de l’insight durant la période de suivi. Méthode: L’étude est conduite sur une cohorte prospective de 265 patients recrutés au sein du programme de traitement et d’intervention précoce dans les troubles psychotiques et suivis sur une période de 3 ans. L’évaluation de l’insight est basée sur une échelle d’insight en 3 points et l’item de l’insight à la Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Les CV ont été évalués par les case-managers, par les informations provenant des services forensiques et par l’intermédiaire d’un relevé des CV en cours d’hospitalisation. Des analyses de régression logistique uni-variées et multi-variées, des tests-t et des corrélations ont été réalisés. Résultats: L’effet significatif de l’insight comme facteur associé aux CV trouvé dans les analyses uni-variées disparaît après avoir contrôlé l’effet des symptômes positifs, du diagnostic de dépendance aux substances, de l’impulsivité et de l’adhésion au traitement. Conclusion: Si la prise de conscience des patients à l’égard de leur maladie évolue positivement au cours du traitement, nos résultats suggèrent que le risque de survenue de CV n’est pas influencé par le degré d’insight. Il est par contre significativement lié à l’abus de substances et à l’impulsivité, impliquant de cibler ces deux dimensions dans les stratégies préventives. L’impact de l’insight sur le CV doit être l’objet d’analyses prospectives plus précises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betwen 50 and 80% of psychotic patients suffer from a lack of insight about their illness. This deficit deserves a special attention from the clinician, mostly because it seems connected to different aspects of the prognosis of these patients. The cathegorical approach seems outdated as insight should probably be considered as a continuum of thougts and feelings that articulate. The case of a psychotic patient with a «partial» insight into illness is reported here, and introduces a review of the present knowledge around its construction and about the existing treatments of this deficit in the psychotic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the theme of blindness in Dickens’s American Notes (1842) and in The Cricket on the Hearth (1845): sight impairment is treated as a vehicle to carry the reader from landscape to inscape, staging at once truth and deception, blindness and insight. Such dramatic irony is also the leitmotif of Wilkie Collins’s Poor Miss Finch (1872) and is fully acknowledged in André Gide’s La Symphonie pastorale (1919). Finally the cinema, notably Charlie Chaplin with City Lights (1932), exploits the visual drama of the blind girl whose inner vision is manipulated from the outside, yet retains the means to undo the visible deception, and grasp the essence of truth. The paradox offered by protagonists who are at once entombed in blindness and yet open books for those who see them, is present in the authors, and made more poignant and effective.

Résumé Objectifs Ce travail consiste en une revue de la littérature mettant en évidence les différentes conceptions et les différentes modalités d’évaluation de l’insight des patients atteints de schizophrénie qui en découlent. Il s’agit en effet de montrer que l’insight désigne un phénomène possédant de multiples facettes et dimensions. Méthode Les différentes conceptions et méthodes d’évaluation de l’insight seront passées en revue afin de montrer la complexité du phénomène d’insight, la difficulté qu’il y a à évaluer de façon multidimensionnelle l’insight et à mettre en lien les dimensions spécifiques (clinique, cognitif, processuel) qui sont impliquées dans l’évolution (favorable, défavorable) du trouble schizophrénique et de sa prise en charge. Résultats Cette revue de la littérature met en évidence la complexité de la notion d’insight dans le cadre de la schizophrénie. L’absence de consensus dans la définition de l’insight amène à penser l’insight dans la schizophrénie comme un phénomène complexe. L’une des conséquences est alors la difficulté à l’évaluer de façon standardisée. Discussion Si la conscience de la maladie apparaît comme un enjeu dans la prise en charge des patients, aucun consensus ne se dégage dans les effets positifs ou délétères qu’un bon degré d’insight pourrait avoir sur le patient, son trouble et sa prise en charge. Conclusion Afin de mieux comprendre les effets de l’insight, dans un travail en cours, des patients atteints de schizophrénie à des degrés divers de rémission seront interrogés avec des outils multidimensionnels et un entretien standardisé. L’objectif sera de confronter non seulement les points de vue (experts/patients) sur ce qu’est l’insight mais aussi de déterminer de quelles façons les dimensions spécifiques de l’insight pourraient être importantes dans la prise en charge des patients atteints de schizophrénie. Aims This work consists in a literature review highlighting the different conceptions and the different modes of evaluation of insight among patients suffering from schizophrenia. The purpose was to show that insight is a phenomenon with numerous facets and dimensions. Methodology The different conceptions and evaluation methodologies will be studied individually so as to show how complex the insight phenomenon is and how difficult it is to evaluate it in a multidimensional manner, and to determine how this relates to the specific dimensions involved in the evolution and the care of schizophrenic disorder. Results This review of the literature highlights the complexity of insight in schizophrenia. The absence of consensus on the definition of insight suggests that, in schizophrenia, it is a complex phenomenon. One of the consequences is then the difficulty in assessing it in standardized manner. Discussion While awareness of the illness appears to be an important issue in patient care, no consensus exists on the possible positive or deleterious effects a good level of insight on the patient, his/her disorder and his/her care. Conclusion In order to understand the effects of insight on on-going work, in future research patients suffering from schizophrenia at different stages of remission could be submitted to multidimensional measures and standardized interviews. The aim would be not only to confront their points of view regarding what insight means to respondents (experts/patients) but also to determine how the specific dimensions of insight could be of use the care of schizophrenic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Objectifs Le but de ce texte est de montrer comment le psychodrame psychanalytique individuel offre les conditions possibles d’une élaboration de la violence et de la destructivité dans un contexte de schizophrénie, à travers la possibilité d’une relance des processus de symbolisation. Méthode La méthode du psychodrame psychanalytique individuel est explicitée ainsi que les enjeux d’une cure psychanalytique dans le cadre particulier des fonctionnements psychotiques. Ce travail analytique est complémentaire de façon essentielle d’un travail psychiatrique, qui par l’appoint médicamenteux et institutionnel rend possible l’approche psychanalytique de même que la levée progressive des défenses psychotiques, dans un travail analytique sur le fonctionnement mental, permet une évolution du patient dans son parcours psychiatrique. La cure d’un patient schizophrène est exposée en présentant un moment particulier, après quelques années de traitement. Résultats La survenue d’une crise psychotique relativement contrôlée témoigne d’un début dans le dépassement du déni et du clivage du moi. L’exemple de ce suivi permet donc de montrer les enjeux de la solution psychotique et son élaboration possible dans des processus de symbolisation, dont la capacité trouvée ou retrouvée à rêver est le témoin. Discussion La schizophrénie remet en cause les capacités d’un patient à symboliser. Le traitement psychanalytique mis en place dans un dispositif adapté, permettant de faire face aux angoisses suscitées par l’imaginaire et l’inconnu, en parallèle d’un suivi psychiatrique, semble permettre la levée du clivage du moi. L’envahissement du moi par des fantasmes d’anéantissement de soi ou d’autrui, qui sont ainsi réactivés, peuvent plonger le patient dans une rechute psychotique. Une certaine iatrogénie du traitement psychothérapique pourrait être invoquée, si l’issue de cette crise de faible intensité dans le cas d’Alexandre, n’avait pas au contraire amené une progression dans la cure et donc renforcé les thérapeutes dans leur conviction qu’ils empruntaient la bonne voie. Conclusion Le psychodrame psychanalytique individuel permet d’accompagner, de soulager et d’offrir des voies d’amélioration très notable, dans le fonctionnement des patients psychotiques. L’exercice aux côtés d’équipes psychiatriques permet aux processus de symbolisation de se poursuivre malgré les aléas de la pathologie. Objectives The present article explores the therapeutic possibilities for patients with schizophrenia in individual psychoanalytic psychodrama. Methods We might thus consider symbolization as true imaginative play, which promotes the capacity to fantasize and to dream as well as organizing psychic space, a condition for insight into oneself. We expose a clinical example of a schizophrenic patient undergoing an individual psychodrama. Some scenes are detailed to explain clearly the process of symbolization during the psychodrama. Results A relatively controlled psychotic crisis after a few years of treatment bears witness to a start in overcoming denial and splitting of the ego. The clinical example shows what is at stake in the psychotic solution and the possible conditions for the elaboration of violence and destructivity through processes of symbolisation, which the gained or regained capacity for dreaming bears witness. Discussion This analytical work is essentially complementary to the psychiatric work: medication and institutional work make the psychoanalytic approach possible, while the progressive removal of the psychotic defences in the analytical work on psychic functioning makes for the patient's evolution in his/her psychiatric route. Conclusions If schizophrenia challenges the patient's capacity to symbolize, individual psychoanalytic psychodrama offers a setting that helps him/her to face the anxieties created by what is imaginary and unknown and to revive the processes of symbolization. Individual psychoanalytical psychodrama is a therapeutic solution, which can really be used, in public psychiatry with psychotic patients. This therapeutic practice takes place with psychiatric staff on hand to help patients in some cases like Alexandre, where psychoanalytic treatment could, to start with, disturb clinical stability and create a weak intensity relapse, for after it can show some real overcoming and a real progress in patient insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Consensus (16803817) is the property of Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé Le concept d’ insight en psychiatrie a soulevé de nombreuses réticences et a fait l’objet d’approches diverses tant d’un point de vue conceptuel que méthodologique. De grands progrès ont été effectués suite à la mise au point d’échelles psychométriques spécifiques qui permettent une évaluation plus précise et quantifiée de la notion. Dans la schizophrénie, l’altération de l’ insight est considérée comme l’une des caractéristiques les plus fréquentes qui conditionne la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique du patient. Une meilleure compréhension de la neurobiologie du déficit d’ insight pourrait aider au développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ciblant l’ insight . Les progrès de la recherche en neuroscience sur les corrélats cérébraux de l’ insight sont avérés utiles pour sa compréhension. Dans cette perspective, la neuroanatomie de l’ insight dans la schizophrénie, les détails de la connectivité anatomique et fonctionnelle par rapport à différentes dimensions de l’ insight commencent à produire des résultats importants. Un regard exhaustif de la littérature de la neuroimagerie de l’ insight dans la schizophrénie est un but majeur de cette revue. Les recherches en imagerie structurelle ont permis dans un premier temps le repérage des anomalies macroscopiques en relation avec le déficit d’ insight dans différentes aires cérébrales, en particulier les aires frontales, temporales et pariétales, et on mit en évidence par la suite une asymétrie hémisphérique en relation avec le déficit d’ insight dans la schizophrénie (la plupart des anomalies cérébrales concernent la partie droite). D’autres études témoignent aussi de l’importance du cortex préfrontal surtout dorsolatéral, du cortex cingulaire, de l’insula, du précuneus et du cervelet dans l’accès à l’ insight chez les patients schizophrènes. Il faut cependant noter que la représentation cérébrale des différentes dimensions de l’ insight pourrait avoir un support commun mais aussi un support particulier, comme le suggèrent certains auteurs. Toutes ces données sont en faveur d’une étiologie neurologique de l’ insight dans la schizophrénie. Il est à signaler que le déficit d’ insight cognitif n’a bénéficié que de deux investigations en imagerie cérébrale et qui ont montré l’implication du cortex préfrontal dorsolatéral et de l’hippocampe. Par conséquent, il apparaît prématuré de proposer un modèle anatomique de l’ insight cognitif dans la schizophrénie. Des études supplémentaires demeurent nécessaires pour mieux comprendre les relations causales entre les anomalies cérébrales et la dégradation de l’ insight dans la schizophrénie. Objectives Insight in psychiatry has been defined and conceptualized in a number of ways but none of them was found to be self-explanatory. There has been an exponential rise in studies of insight, in part accelerated by the availability of several psychometric scales for measuring insight. Lack of insight has been associated in schizophrenia with low treatment adherence, a high number of relapses, increased number of hospital admissions, and subsequently poorer psychological and cognitive functioning. For this reason, there is considerable interest in understanding the underlying neural mechanisms of insight, which may have important implications for the development of future insight-oriented neuro-psychiatric treatment. Neuroimaging may be considered an important technique to help understand the anatomical, functional and metabolic neurocircuitry underlying poor insight in schizophrenia. Growing neuroimaging research provides evidence for underlying brain impairment in insight deficits in schizophrenia. In order to expose a panoramic view to the readers, this article reviews the neuroimaging studies conducted to date, which have investigated the neural bases of insight in schizophrenia. Methods Electronic searches were performed in PubMed, PsycINFO, Sciencedirect and Web of Science databases, using the following keywords: Imaging; neuroimaging; Positron Emission Tomography (PET); spectroscopy; functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI); structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI); Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT); Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM); Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI); Computed Tomography (CT); Insight; schizophrenia; awareness of illness. Searches were also performed from the references of the systematic review articles on neurobiological correlates of insight in schizophrenia. Animal studies and single case reports were excluded. Twenty-five articles were selected for the present review. From these; 12 used structural MRI; 6 used VBM; 3 used fMRI; 2 used CT; 1 used DTI and 1 used VBM combined to DTI. Results The search showed that studies in this area were published recently and that the neuroanatomic substrate of insight in schizophrenia has not yet been consolidated. This inconsistency could arise from the complex nature of insight and the use of a variety of insight assessments. Most of the studies analyzed in this review used structural neuroimaging techniques to assess brain abnormalities associated with poor insight. The functional neuroanatomy of insight has only recently been investigated and to our knowledge, there are only 3 studies that have examined brain activity with fMRI in relation to insight in schizophrenia. Conclusion This review investigated the neural deficiencies underlying poor insight in schizophrenic patients. In spite of methodological differences among studies, results provide evidence of structural and functional brain abnormalities in frontal, parietal and temporal region related to insight deficits. Some studies have found a hemispheric asymmetry in relationship to poor in insight (the majority of brain abnormalities concern the right hemisphere). In addition, growing research indicated that the prefrontal cortex, particularly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulated cortex, the insula, the precuneus and the cerebellum can also underlying insight in schizophrenia. It is interesting to mention that some authors have suggested that each dimension of insight can be specifically linked to certain brain structures. Taking together, data on the neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates of clinical insight suggested that lack of insight in schizophrenia could be conceived as a neurocognitive deficit, analogously to anosognosia in brain injury and dementia. On the contrary, to date, the neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive insight have been scarcely studied. Only two studies reported that Self-reflectiveness was positively related to gray matter [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Résumé: Le déni est un mot qui comporte plusieurs sens ; en psychopathologie, il puise ses sources dans la psychanalyse, il signifie un refus de reconnaître ce que les sens montrent, et porte une fonction défensive. Le déni fait disparaître de la vie mentale, y compris inconsciente, la perception de certaines réalités, alors que le refoulement effectue un travail similaire, mais en intégrant la réalité non tolérée à l’inconscient. Le terme de dénégation désigne la négation d’une réalité psychique, il s’agit d’un refus de reconnaître comme sien une pensée, un désir ou un sentiment qui sont source de conflits intrapsychiques. Le déni psychotique est multifactoriel, il concerne l’existence de troubles psychiques, mais aussi des comportements médicaux légaux qui en découlent. Le déni névrotique est partiel, il joue le rôle de mécanismes de défense dans la mesure où il refuse la réalité d’une perception perçue comme dangereuse ou douloureuse pour le moi. Le déni pervers est caractérisé par la coexistence au sein d’une même personnalité de deux jugements contradictoires, sans relation avec la réalité extérieure. La banalisation et la minimisation ont pour fonction de maintenir la stabilité émotive face à des menaces et des angoisses liées à l’intégrité physique ou psychologique. Ils ne relèvent pas uniquement de mécanismes inconscients. Le déni de l’acte et/ou de ses conséquences caractérise le déni du sujet psychopathe, il concerne aussi la loi et l’autorité. L’anosognosie n’est pas un mécanisme de défense, mais le symptôme inhérent d’une pathologie, elle témoigne d’un déficit neuropsychologique ou d’un dysfonctionnement cérébral. L’insight est un terme anglo-saxon, il est apparenté au déni, à l’anosognosie, à l’introspection en fonction du contexte. Deux cas cliniques illustrent différentes sortes de déni dans les pathologies psychiatriques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Studies about schizophrenic somatic health are numerous and tend to demonstrate that it is a current issue at stake in current public health. Unlike common population, various comorbidity and excess death rate characterized schizophrenic patients. Moreover, their somatic care seems not concerned by health system. We wonder if this problem of somatic health of schizophrenic patients is due to their psychiatric condition or the care system that seems divided between support for somatic and psychiatric. The aim of our work is the study of psychic mechanisms and psychopathological factors underlying the difficulties of management of somatic comorbidity in schizophrenia patients. In order to study the care of schizophrenic patients, we conducted ten semi-directive interviews with volunteer schizophrenic in-patients. Based on preliminary discussions, we realized that according to the clinical form of schizophrenia, positive or negative, the concept of physical illness and his conscience seemed different. So we decided to divide the patients in two groups. The first group includes the patients with positive symptomatology such as non-systematized delirious ideas and unmotivated laughter. The second group includes patients with negative symptomatology such as autism and emotional disorders. We focused on insight or the consciousness of somatic disease and its care by the health system. Regarding positive symptomatology patients, we noted the assignment of a cause outside their physical illness and an altered consciousness of the somatic disease. This alteration of insight is the result of some features of schizophrenia, particularly dissociation and its effects on thoughts and emotions as well as paranoid delusions and its impact on the perception of reality. In addition, physical illness can be integrated into delirium by interpretative mechanisms or coenesthetic hallucinatory mechanisms. This results in a delusional interpretation of somatic symptoms, a perception of coenesthetic hallucinations as somatic symptoms and a denial of physical illness. Therefore, these patients adopt a passive behaviour that prevents them from an adapted care, active attitudes not adapted to the disease and eventually; they are poorly attended concerning somatologic aspect. They are often afraid to confront the disease and have a negative representation, sometimes delirious, of medical care. Naturally, they have difficulty accepting to receive such medical care, even when they are needed. Very few have a regular medical follow-up. On the other hand, negative symptomatology patients have predominantly a preserved insight and easily cared for somatic disease. The preservation of this ability allows some insight into the cause of the patients of their disease. However, some show a lived without affect of physical illness that can be understood in the context of an emotional detachment as a result of dissociation. The preservation of insight also facilitates the administration of medical care and accepts medical follow more easily. Our study intends to demonstrate the various perceptions of somatic diseases according to the symptomatology of patient. This study leads us to the idea that the link between psyche and soma has repercussions on the representation and the perception of the somatic disease for schizophrenic patient. In practical, the importance of the link between body and psychism asks the question of the way of taking care of patient at all levels including the somatic one. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In psychiatric field, rehabilitation aims at assisting patients suffering from chronic disorders towards a social insertion or employment. It takes into account their desires, subjective factors, environmental factors, cognitive deficits and their preserved abilities, within the framework of the construction of a relevant project. Comprehensive assessment and specific therapeutic tools have been developed. They are proposed according to each patient''s specificities. Rehabilitation leads to the development of social skills, improvement of cognitive functioning, better knowledge about troubles and their treatment, and amelioration of social and professional activities. The frame given by this care leads to a psychic reorganization and permits the construction of a relevant life project. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Adherence is the subject of numerous studies and publications in medical and paramedical literature, especially for psychotic patients. This article investigates the reasons of such an interest and establishes the necessity to consider patient''s point of view on his treatment. Adherence is a more effective tool for dialogue and cohesion of patient care than for unilateral evaluation of patient behaviour. With the growing role of therapeutic education and psychosocial care of psychiatric patients, this methodology tends to be increasingly used despite a tense sociopolitical context. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Unawareness of disease is a particularly common symptom in psychiatry. Patients for whom this lack of insight is most marked are the schizophrenics. Many authors have shown that lack of insight had pernicious consequences on the disease evolution due to a poor adherence, an increased risk of relapse and a diminution of the life quality. In view of this, significant work has been done over the past twenty years; first on pathophysiological theories that can account for multiple dimensions of insight but also on the development of specific scales in schizophrenia and the development of therapies to improve insight (cognitive remediation, cognitive and behavioral therapies, psycho-educational programs). Based on the recent data described below, it seems to be fundamental to include in the schizophrenia treatment an assessment of the insight degree in order to use dedicated strategies to improve it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the current context of the new French bill on the rights and protection of persons under psychiatric care, clinical practice in the emergency setting requires that mental healthcare professionals better clarify the criteria they use for the decision of involuntary hospitalization. After defining the concept of consent for treatment and a brief literature review, this study examined the impact of clinical and contextual characteristics on the decision to admit patients whether involuntarily or voluntarily to inpatient psychiatric units. Data was collected from 442 successive patients admitted in hospital for care from five psychiatric emergency facilities in Paris and covered sociodemographic information, previous hospitalizations, recent treatment, clinical diagnosis, Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) and insight measured by the Q8 Bourgeois questionnaire. Patients were also assessed based on criteria established by the French healthcare agency (HAS) for the severity of mental disorders and the necessity of emergency care. Using multivariable logistic regression, diagnosis does not affect the decision of hospitalization. Agitation, aggressiveness toward others, being under the influence of drugs or alcohol, being married or divorced as well as being referred by a doctor are all factors that increase the risk of involuntary hospitalization. Last, low Q8 and GAF scores are strong predictors for involuntary admission. This supports using insight and GAF evaluation in clinical practice for clarifying assessment and decision-making in emergency setting about involuntary hospitalization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The current psychopathological models of obsessive/compulsive disorders (OCD) rely on a series of events whereby compulsions are expressed to self-medicate high anxiety levels generated by obsessions. These models do not take into account the implication of insight deficit in the development and expression of OCD. Although there is increasing interest in the role of insight deficits in obsessive/compulsive disorders, this interest has remained focused on the phenomenology of these disorders. If in apparent agreement with the clinical observation that OCD patients are overall well aware of their symptoms, such consideration of insights deficits restricted only to the phenomenology of obsessive disorders seems at odds both with other clinical dimensions than symptom awareness and psychometric measures. Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that some OCD patients do suffer from marked insight deficits. Therefore it seems necessary to reinvestigate the theoretical framework whereby insight may contribute to the psychopathology of obsessive disorders, obviously including OCD, but also drug addiction for instance. We therefore developed a model whereby insight deficits may not only contribute to the psychopathology of these disorders but also be involved in their aetiology. This model relies on a new theoretical framework that defines insight as a general psychological process integrating two sub-processes, namely psychic insight and somatosensory insight, feeding into each other. This model, providing the basis for a new insight scale, has heuristic and predictive values with regards to new alternative etiological and phenomenological models of OCD and drug addiction. This novel theoretical framework may prove a valuable tool to better understand the psychopathology of, and develop new therapeutical strategies for, obsessive disorders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: The role of insight in the symptomatic expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) remains controversial. We sought to better investigate this issue and assessed potential relationships between the level of insight and some cognitive determinants of OCD symptoms. For this purpose, we used a behavioral task (the checking behavioral task) that allowed the expression of repetitive checking behaviors in OCD patients. Methods: The level of insight was assessed in 20 checking OCD patients with the Brown Assessment of Beliefs Scale (BABS). Patients were subjected to the checking behavioral task during which we assessed the “uncertainty cost” at the time of decision-making that lead to checking behavior. Results: We found a positive correlation between the level of insight and the uncertainty cost during decision-making leading to the performance of checking behaviors. Conclusion: These first experimental findings suggest the existence of a relationship between insight and cognitive determinants underlying OCD symptoms. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Insight, in the field of psychiatry, can be seen as a complex phenomenon involving the ability to recognize one''s own mental illness and the need for a treatment, but also to attribute a cause to various symptoms and life events. Patients with schizophrenia appear to have a lack of insight, leading to a poor outcome. Several theoretical models postulate a link between insight on the one hand, and cognitive (executive and autobiographical) dysfunctions on the other hand. In the past decade, large amounts of work have been dedicated to a particular network: the Default-Mode Network. This network seems to support the spontaneous mental activity of a subject at rest. In particular, its activation seems to be elicited by thoughts dealing with self-awareness. In a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study, we highlighted several network alterations in patients with schizophrenia, and one of these seems to have a relationship with insight. In the light of these results and the existing literature, we propose a conceptual framework of lack insight in schizophrenia with implications for future research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Insight is a polysemic word coming from the English language. It has been used for a long time by psychoanalysts and from now on in clinical psychiatry. The insight rating scales explore diverse aspects of the awareness of having a mental disorder and the need to be treated. For many decades, meetings and publications on this topic can be found in the Annales Médico-Psychologiques (cf. the meeting of March 2002). The new trends try to fragment and quantify the diverse dimensions of consciousness, awareness and insight. To be rigorous insight should be defined by the items, the score, and types of such or such rating scale. French psychiatric experts are required by legal regulations to assess the “discernement” of indicted persons (offence and crime) (article 122-1 of Code penal). Otherwise insight rating scales are useful for diagnosis, follow up, and to improve therapeutic alliance and compliance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It was in France (particularly in the Société Médico-Psychologique 1869 to 1870) that the concept of insight into mental disorder began to appear around the middle of the 19th century. Amongst other things, changing views concerning the nature of insanity, particularly the emergence of the notion of partial insanity, led to debates about the question of insight in patients with mental illness. Following a resurgence of interest in insight in psychiatry numerous empirical studies have sought to explore the relationship between patients’ insight and clinical variables. Results however have been variable and contradictory. Explanations for this can be found in the complexities inherent to the concept of insight. In order to tease these out, it is essential to distinguish between the concept and the phenomenon of insight and to view insight as a relational concept. Clarifying these issues around insight helps to define the ways and limits in which it is possible to capture insight empirically. In addition, it facilitates an understanding of insight as a mental state whose fluctuations are dependent on an interplay of psychological, pathological and wider sociocultural factors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent studies on insight in schizophrenia, mainly english-speaking, have shown that denial of mental disorder (lack of insight) is connected with a less good compliancy with treatment. Consequently, therapies, which increase insight, develop currently (psychoeducation and information of patients, for instance). Nonetheless, certain studies concluded that awareness of mental disorder has a negative effect on psychological dimensions like humor, self-esteem and quality of life. So we realize a pilot-study on 20 schizophrenic subjects (DSM-IV) (15 men and five women including 13 full-time inpatients and 7 days in-patients) from 22 to 61 years (m = 41.75; σ =11.94). The aim of the study was to measure insight (IS and Q8), depressive experience (SCL90-R and CDSS), self-esteem (SEI) and satisfaction with life (SWLS), then to calculate correlation between insight and the three other dimensions. Data analysis confirmed a strong link between insight and deterioration of self-esteem (r = −0.6922; p =0.001) and with an increase of depressive experience (r = 0.8134; p =0.000 with SCL90-R and r = 0.6041; p =0.006 with CDSS). Satisfaction with life is not significantly correlated with insight (r = −0.2047; p =0.401). Those results show that clinicians must take into account the depressive effect of therapeutic strategies aiming at an increase in insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Donation of the Art or the Condition of Describing Phenomenality in J. -L. Marion. The possibility to describe feelings of consciousness is determined, in E. Husserl, by certain fundamental features of consciousness: intentionality, synthesis, horizon or the fact of being constituent. By favouring donation to intentionality, J. -L. Marion opens the limits of phenomenality towards a phenomenon which donates itself by excess of intuition, the saturated phenomenon. The conditions necessary for describing a phenomenon are not denied by J. -L. Marion. Their meaning is, however, changed. The saturated phenomenon, whose example can be seen in the work of art, donates itself through an instant summary, due to superabundant insights, within several horizons, and without being able to be made up by a founder ego. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Critical analysis of the psychiatric reports of psychotic criminals attached by order to hospitals demonstrates the partial responsibility of these patients (second paragraph of Article 122-1 of the French Penal Code), whereas there is a direct ascertained relation between their mental disorders and their homicidal acts. The current tendency to sentence psychotic patients has led to their increasing numbers in prisons, where they pose serious problems of management and discipline. The author recalls that « madness » can be « lucid », that psychotic individuals do not lose all contact with reality, that they are capable of dissimulating their disorders and that they can sometimes premeditate their criminal acts. Even so, they are not really conscious of the pathological nature of their behavior. Furthermore, their responsibility is legally not involved since there is no moral element to their criminal acts. Psychiatrists and psychologists should change their archaic practices and use the modern actuarial methods of diagnostic and prognostic assessment. Delinquent individuals suffering from severe mental disorders should not be sentenced and imprisoned. Rather, they should receive medical treatment and be under conditions and supervision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Poor insight is consistently present in schizophrenia and is among the most discriminating symptoms for differentiating schizophrenia from other mental disorders. Patients are unable to see the most obvious symptoms of their illness, despite the fact that their family members can recognize thought disorder, mania or hallucinations. Results suggest that lack of insight is a part of the disorder itself, rather than an adaptive strategy. Poor insight in schizophrenia has been described as a lack of awareness of suffering from an illness, of the symptoms of the illness, of the consequences of the disorder, and of the need for treatment. Similarly to some negative symptoms lack of insight predisposes to an increased number of relapses and hospitalizations, to deteriorating social skills and quality of social relationships, and to a worsening course of illness. Unawareness is among the best predictions of non-adherence to treatment. Patients do not want to take medicine for an illness they do not think they have. The ways in which patients think about their illness experiences have been associated with a variety of behaviours and emotional responses. In schizophrenia, the study of beliefs about mental illness has generally been centered on people''s interpretations of experiences and how these interpretations contribute to the development and maintenance of symptoms. There are less studies of other beliefs such as the causes of the experience, beliefs about treatment, consequences, and how long the illness is likely to last. The need to understand the way in which a patient appraises his/her own experiences has been recognized. People who integrated their experiences more fully, accepting that they had experienced a psychotic episode, actually showed higher levels of depression. This may reflect the demoralization and stigma that patients associate with mental illness. Many clinicians believe that lack of insight is very often a consequence of denial, a defensive mechanism. Terms such as defensive denial, and lack of insight often reflect underlying conceptual differences. Psychoeducational interventions were developed to increase patients’ knowledge of, and awareness about their illness, there is a focus on knowledge. Education is a process by which a patient gains understanding through learning. Patients have a right to an accurate and complete knowledge regarding their illness and treatment. The assumption is that this increased knowledge and insight will enable patients to cope in a more effective way. Learning implies changes in behaviour, skill or attitude. There is some suggestion that psychoeducation may improve compliance with medication and have a positive effect on a patients’ quality of life. Psychoeducational approaches involve interaction between the caregiver and the mentally ill person. Patient education can take a variety of forms and objectives. It may take place in groups or on a one-to-one basis and it may involve the use of videotapes, self-help or other media. The goal may be to better manage the patient''s treatment, illness or condition to help him/her attain an improved level of health. Psychoeducational interventions address the illness from a multidimensional viewpoint, including familial, social and pharmacological information. Patients are provided with support, information and management strategies. Interventions may include elements of behavioural training, social and life skills training, or education performed by professional caregivers. This review studies the links between insight and various psychoeducational interventions: health and treatment education, psychosocial skills training, familial intervention, and intervention focused on subjective illness experience. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In Bergson's work, intuition and sympathy are not synonymous terms. Each of them are two different aspects of his method. Intuition means the intimate relation of the spirit with itself as a pure form of interiority, the spiritual field considered as duration. But, this means that the spirit can't reach a reality out of itself. Here intervenes sympathy. It reaches the material in matter, the vital in living forms, the social in societies, the personal in individual existences. Phenomena are perceived according to their inner sense, in duration as they are reflected in our spirit. This is the double relation we try to describe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We were interested in awareness of illness in bipolar subjects during the inter-critical period. The study included 60 euthymic bipolar subjects of which 30 patients stabilized for several months and 30 seen at the end of a hospitalization period. We used the MDIS (Mood Disorder Insight Scale) to evaluate their insight; our patients were clinically euthymic, as checked by the Hamilton depression scale and the Young mania scale. Our results showed that bipolar patients stabilized for several months had a better insight score than patients in recent remission, most of the weakening of the insight score of the latter was due to a causal attribution of illness. Among those which had just relapsed, subjects who had recovered from a manic episode had the worse awareness. The probable persistence of infraclinical symptoms could explain the very close involvement and the deterioration of the insight scores. Finally, among factors studied only that of taking part in an association of patients showed a significant relation with a good insight score. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The concept of schema used in cognitive psychotherapy is an heuristic tool that has more a metacognitive value than a psychological value: it doesn''t involve directly the cognitive processes and the representations in memory. Therefore, the understanding of the therapeutic action is limited and insufficient for a satisfying account of the complex clinical data observed during the course of treatment of resistant depression. To overcome this problem, we propose a conceptual framework that describes a subjective universe as a representational space that is displayed from memory. From this point of view, depression is equivalent to a retraction of the subjective space. This retraction is primed by the reactivation of some past traumatic events. We show the influence of early painful situations on the Home Image, which is an essential area for the unification of the representational space. This conceptual framework allows us to define the representational structures underlying the cognitive model of learned helplesness of Abramson et al. [1]. Two levels of schemas are specified: (1) the symbolic structures that constitute the “web” of the subjective space and correspond to the schemas of the cognitive psychology; (2) the metaschemas that are the constructs of the therapist. The formation of the depressogenic schemas during the personal story is linked to the development of metaschemas of vulnerability, gratitude, and control. A therapeutic block is defined as a closing of the therapeutic space - that is, the intersubjective world constructed between the patient and the therapist. Such a block indicates the necessity of a global restructuration to release the memory from a depressogenic metaschema. In this case, the therapeutic strategy requires a technical adaptation to mobilize the mass of the subjective space. The therapeutic medium needs to resonate with the core of the depressogenic metaschema that is deeply buried in memory. The patient should also actively grasp the processes of the symbolic structuration of his/her subjective space. This conceptual framework allows us to account of the concept of insight as a spatial feeling of unification and widening that is associated to a restructuration. Thus, a cognitive therapy can be analyzed as a succession of phases that mirrors in reverse order the development of the depressogenic metaschemas. A case study confirms the relevance of this approach and we underline the crucial function of the therapist''s creativity to overcome the therapeutic blocks. We insist also on the carefulness that is necessary to approach the early painful situations deeply buried in memory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of PSN is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author attempts to clarify the role of psychological factors involved in chronic low back pain. He introduces a so-called « insight concept » as an integral part of the syndrome. The results of a recent study on the subject have brought credit to this theoretical and clinical approach. Twenty-seven patients suffering from chronic low back pain were enrolled in a clinical study which took place in an institution specialized in treatment of such pain syndrome. The principal objective of the study was focused on the predictive consistency of several variables ranging from the personality traits of the patients to the personal and subjective experience of their symptoms. To serve this objective, different assessment criteria were used: NEO PI-R, semi-directive interviews and subjective pain rating scales. (the Dallas Pain Questionnaire, the West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory and the Quebec Back Pain Disability). Furthermore, patients were questioned one year after their treatment in order to estimate the back school’s benefit and impact on their health improvement. This clinical research was done by using the method of the single system design. In a first phase of the results analysis, most of the assumptions involving certain possible psychological factors proved to be groundless in view of the patient’s answers. In a second phase, however, some results presented in this article seem to lead to an alternative conclusion. Not only does insight seem to have played a role as a significant bias in the results, but it may also have modified their progress. Main results stress the divergence of opinions between patients and two other independent evaluators (a doctor and a physical therapist) concerning the improvement of low back pain consecutively to treatment in the back school. Other results show that causal attribution done by patients in regard to their back pain is likely to determine both health improvement and satisfaction with treatment. Finally, according to the results obtained in the NEO PI-R, it seems that the more patients are conscious about their adaptation difficulties and their impulsiveness, the more the back school’s program appears to be beneficial, providing better pain tolerance. As a conclusion, the author poses the question about further investigation of the insight capacities of low-back-pain patients, the way they understand their health problem and their adhesion to the therapy model proposed, in view of optimizing patient’s evaluation and treatment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The awareness of illness in schizophrenia has a new lease of interest, in particular with the techniques of « insight therapy », striving to increase the level of patient’s insight. However, little is known about links between this level of insight and its impact on the quality of life. In this work, we investigated, in 21 schizophrenic patients, the influence of insight on quality of life, taking into account confounding socio-demographic and clinical factors. The level of insight is appreciated using the Markova` and Berrios Insight Scale and the G12 item of the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS). The patient’s subjective quality of life is evaluated by the self-reported questionnaire S–QoL. No correlation was found between level of insight and socio-demographic and clinical factors. By contrast, a significant negative correlation between subjective evaluation of quality of life and level of insight is found. All S–QoL domains were concerned, in particular the « self-esteem » one. These results must be discussed in relation to psycho-educational treatment needs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Insight and awareness of illness (which are now considered as synonymous) are assessed by several models of rating scales. Insight is a multidimensional construct. It has different meanings in Gestalt, animal or cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis and clinical research. It is a cognitive phenomenon with emotional and metapsychological components (for example in cognitive or pychodynamic therapy). Psychology of creativity gives examples of the apparent suddenness of this psychological shortcut. In recent empirical studies, there is a strong correlation between insight and therapeutic alliance, treatment compliance, course and prognosis of the disease. It is an autonomous dimension. Unawareness of disorder is often typical (if not always specific) of a psychotic state. Presentation of personal empirical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elevated rates of suicide in schizophrenia lead us to think that a lot of patients can’t cope with such a frightening, disorganizing or apragmatic experience. In contrast, we insist about the frequency of unawareness of illness as a characteristic of the schizophrenic patient, with paradoxically litlle or no effect on suicidal behaviour. Our study tended to precise the links between awareness of illness, anxiety and depression. We also rated self-consciousness, to see if this tendency could be correlated with other variables, and confirm if possible the hypothesis that awareness of illness relies on a broader tendency for self consciousness.In our population of 46 schizophrenic or schizoaffective inpatients, we failed to show any correlation between awareness of illness, anxiety or depression. Moreover, awareness of illness is not correlated with self-consciousness. On the other hand, anxiety and depression are correlated with self-consciousness. A tendency for high self reflection is frequently observed in autistic attitudes but also when the patient is in relation with others. Some patients sometimes feels like if a an “active” and a “reflexive” self were simultaneously present when they speak to others or even when they are doing daily life activities. The consequences are a loss of spontaneity, apragmatism, anxiety and depression. Those data are discussed in regard to phenomenological studies of Bin Kimura and to mescaline experiences described by the writer H. Michaux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charles Blondel has developed his own concept of self awareness in his thesis of 1914, « La conscience de soi ». In this work he introduces the notion of a split between normal consciousness and pathological consciousness. He contradicts Ribot’s approach in as much as, contrary to the concept of a continuity from normality to pathology, he states that psychopathological phenomena cannot be described from a purely psychological approach.He relates the concept of “morbid consciousness” to the notio of cenesthesia, conceived as a global affective state close to our present concept of mood. For him the state of consciousness is deeply affected by its rooting in affective disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meaning of the word “insight” has shifted with the importation in French of an English word coming from the German “Einsicht”. This word which means perception, intuition, has been used in German and English psychiatric traditions. Freud himself used the word in this meaning, so it is by a wrong interpretation that the French tradition used the word as expressing the sense of an inner perception, a view turned toward psychic experience. From this wrong interpretation is issued a rich clinical approach which is shortly presented in this contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]