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Erosion has been highlighted in scientific works due to growing concerns about the loss of arable land, soil degradation and silting up of river channels. The present work presents the Mapping of Susceptibility to gullies in the municipality of Capão do Cipó from multicriteria analysis with the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) technique and support of geotechnologies. Through the automated crossing of regulators (slope shapes, soils, lithology, land use and land cover), a cartographic product divided into five classes was developed: Very Low, Low, Medium, High and Very High. Validation was carried out through the identification of existing erosion processes through images and field work. The map resulting from the spatial information was satisfactory, as most of the identified gullies are located in areas with high susceptibility, consistent with the reality of the municipality. The methodology presented is satisfactory and can be replicated in other areas with similar characteristics. The resulting products can serve as a subsidy both for scientific purposes and for territorial management for the control and recovery of degraded areas or for monitoring the possible start of the gullying process.

Introduction: Several authors have suggested an association between the ABO system (ABOS) and the risk of SARS CoV-2 infection. The objective of the present study was to identify the susceptibility of ABOS blood groups to COVID-19 at the National Institute of Public Health (INSP) of Mali. Material and methods: This was an unpaired case-control study. The cases (402) were COVID-19 patients, and the controls (5438) were Muslim pilgrims, all of whom had undergone ABO blood grouping at the INSP. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection status using SPSS version25 software. Results: Blood types had the following frequencies: O(34%), B(30%), A(28%), AB(8%) for cases and O(42%), B(27%), A(25%), AB(6%) for controls. COVID-19 positive status was not significantly associated with blood groups A(OR=1.17; CI95%[0.93-1.47]), B(OR=1.11; CI95%[0.89-1.39]) and AB(OR=1.41; CI95%[0.97-2.06]). However, blood group O subjects were 28 times less likely to have COVID-19 than non-O(OR=0.72; CI95%[0.58-0.89). Conclusion: The results show that blood group O individuals were less likely to have SARS CoV-2 infection than non-O individuals. This should not affect the use of barrier measures in ABOS groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to isolate and identify the bacteria associated with burn wounds and investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern against a group of most commonly prescribed antibiotics. In total, 105 burn wound swabs were collected from burn patients admitted to the burn unit of Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital in Misan City, Iraq. The swabs had been cultured on different media; the colonies were diagnosed based on the phenotypic and culture characteristics. The bacteria were identified through cultural characters and Gram staining diagnosed by VITEK® 2 Compact Automated Systems. In total, there were nine distinct bacterial isolations, of which, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common pathogen [20%] followed by Staphylococcus aureus [17.14%], Enterobacter spp.[16.19%], Proteus vulgaris [13.33%], Proteus mirabilis [10.47%], Escherichia coli [7.6%], Klebsiella pneumoniae [6.6%], and at last, Staphylococcus lentus and Aeromonas sobria, which had the same percentage [4.7%].Most isolates showed high resistance to Tobramycin, Trimethoprim, Cephalothin, and Imipenem while isolates mostly had high susceptibility to Amikacin, Cefotaxime, and Ciprofloxacin. Wound burn infection still represents a serious problem for burn patients with many bacteria developing different degrees of resistance to most known antibiotics.

Introduction. The processing of most raw milk products can lead to contamination with unwanted microflora due to poor sanitation and hygienic conditions. The inadequate antibiotic use over the past decades has led to the emergence and wide spread of bacterial populations, particularly of Escherichia coli, which developed resistance to antibacterial drugs. Material and methods. Raw milk samples were obtained from clinically healthy cows on farms from Kiev and Poltava regions to identify E . coli, Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp. isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the EUCAST disk diffusion method and MU on “Determination of microbial susceptibility to antibacterial drugs”. Results. The examined milk samples revealed the presence of E . coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Enterococcus spp. isolates, which proves poor sanitary and hygienic conditions of milk production process. Escherichia coli isolates were found susceptible to Ampicillin/sulbactam, Cefoxitin (100%), Meropenem, Tobramycin (100%), Netilin, Tigecycline, Nitroxoline (100%), Gatifloxacin, and Nitrofurantoin (100%). The studied E. coli isolates were found resistant to Ampicillin (100%), Imipenem, Tetracycline, and Doxycycline (100%). 41.7% of isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus were found resistant to Oxacillin, of which 90% were resistant to Benzylpenicillin and 20% to Rifampicin. Conclusions. The circulation of antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains among farm animals is a major problem requiring a strategy development aimed to prevent the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance worldwide.

The exceptional rains of October 2, 2020, which affected the mountains of the Alpes-Maritimes, in southeastern France, will remain marked in the annals of statistics, and particularly in the minds of the inhabitants of the high valleys of the Vésubie and Roya, especially by their catastrophic consequences. The risk is described here by the articulation of three components that are the hazard, susceptibility and vulnerability.The hazard, the initial component consisting of rainfall and the mechanisms that generated it, is remarkable. Indeed, several factors combined to produce very strong air ascents over this region: a particularly powerful cyclone for the season, affecting unstable air in low layers, air very rich in water vapor after its overflight of the Mediterranean still warm in this season, and the rare coincidence of a very strong pressure gradient and its isobars oriented south-north with a steep and high relief, for more than 24 hours. To the west of the Var River (Grasse Pre-Alps), the south to south-southwest flow collided perpendicularly with the first reliefs near the sea oriented west-east (1200-1800 m in altitude), resulting in heavy rainfall totals exceeding 200, even 300 mm in 24 hours at 20-25 km from the coast, due to the orographic barrier effect. To the east of the Var River, the topography, this time oriented south-north, parallel to the low-level flow, led the latter far inland, with stormy winds forcing it to rise gradually but powerfully to the Mercantour ridge line (3000 m altitude). Cumulative rainfall measured reached 513 mm in 24 hours at Saint Martin-Vésubie and 663 mm (including 336 mm in 6 hours) at the Mesches lake (Roya watershed) 40 km from the coast, due to the guidance effect.Another originality is that the areas concerned are very extensive: it is estimated that about 2000 km2 received more than 200 mm, causing water levels of 50 to nearly 100 million cubic meters depending on the catchment area. The return periods of such rainfall are out of the ordinary, especially for Saint-Martin-Vésubie where the 7300 years are exceeded according to an adjustment with a GUMBEL law, or 486 to 5276 years (depending on parameter k) with a distribution of Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) which proves to be better adapted. At Tende (town), the return period reaches 550 years according to GEV (800 years according to a GUMBEL law). The station of Breil-sur-Roya is less affected with a value less than 100 years, the most abundant rains having fallen upstream. Huge volumes of water were able to infiltrate and run off, in proportions and at very variable speeds depending on the behavior of the raindrops on the surface of the ground, which is determined by the second component of the risk: susceptibility, the potential for the production of floods and ground movements following heavy rainfall.This generated phenomena of varying magnitude depending on the watersheds, depending on several parameters that distinguish, as their extent, pedology, lithology, or topography and slopes without forgetting the rate of vegetation cover. It is the combination of these parameters that made the flood generated more or less important and fast. At high altitudes, the steep slopes and the rather impermeable and bare ground allowed for the generation of vigorous runoff leading to an innumerable number of landslides and gullies on the sides of the valleys. These have fed the rivers and streams in fury with solid materials of all sizes, creating muddy devastating flows. If the floods have sometimes undermined entire sections of the riverbanks, they have also contributed to locally filling in the riverbed by raising it by several meters in some places.The combination of hazard and susceptibility has caused a major risk in terms of the vulnerability of the valley bottoms. Indeed, the stakes are high because they concentrate communication routes and populations often residing along the rivers, even in their major beds in some places. The alluvial or fluvioglacial soils, without cohesion, have been cleared by these floods with the houses and infrastructures that were there. The human and socio-economic toll is very high: nearly 20 deaths, traumatized populations, numerous buildings and houses totally destroyed or rendered uninhabitable, devastated and metamorphosed landscapes, dozens of bridges and kilometers of roads wiped out. By proposing an interpretation grid, the presentation of the intra- and inter-component articulation explains that this damage far exceeded that linked to the usual Mediterranean autumn floods (I. BARRET et al., 1994), as well as what could be imagined in reference to a secular collective memory. In spite of the human lives lost and the considerable material damage, the disaster could have been worse, if on the one hand the means of fight and immediate prevention had not been so well expressed, and on the other hand if there had not been a culture of risk, the degree of which is secularly rather high among the populations of these mountain valleys, compared to the city dwellers of the Côte d'Azur coast.[traduction effectuée sur https://www.deepl.com/fr/translator]

Geophysical data inversion is a tool, which can be used to recover the subsurface distribution of physical properties from field data. Each type of geophysical data can be inverted using one or more inversion algorithms. In this paper, a set of geophysical magnetic and gravity data of the Hajjar area in Morocco, covering an extent of $3.2\times 1.6~\mathrm{km}^{2}$, were used to make a 3D model of an orebody and to estimate the mineral reserve by potential-field geophysical data inversion and excess mass estimation. We thus promote the development and application of potential-field geophysical data inversion using the softwares Geosoft Oasis Montaj and Voxi Earth Modelling™ and the evaluation of its power compared to the excess mass estimation method. The process of inversion begins with data processing, then moves to analysis and interpretation, and ends with unconstrained Cartesian cut cell inversion. The results show a variation of $-$0.22 mGal to 1.59 mGal for the gravity residual anomaly map, leading to have density variations from $2.45~\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cm}^{3}$ to $4.22~\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cm}^{3}$, and a variation of $-$232 nT to 1018 nT for the reduced magnetic anomaly map.Moreover, data inversion allowed us to create a 3D model of the orebody and of the adjacent geological formation, and to estimate the different parameters that characterize the orebody derived from the inversion results, which have been confirmed from survey data: (depth $\approx 160$ m; maximum density $\approx 4.22~\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cm}^{3}$; minimum density $\approx 3~\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cm}^{3}$; mean density $\approx 3.61~\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{cm}^{3}$; thickness of the overburden $\approx $120 m; dip $\approx 45^{\circ }$; morphology ${\approx }$ lens; volume $\approx 4.8 \times 10^{6}~\mathrm{m}^{3}$).It was therefore possible to evaluate the reserve, and to validate the reliability of the inversion by having a root mean square error between the exploited reserve and the calculated reserve of 13.5%, i.e. an insignificant difference between the real and calculated magnetic and gravity orebody responses, which support the validity of the results.

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem that the world is facing today. Material and methods. Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. were performed according to DSTU EN 12824: 2004; DSTU ISO 18593: 2006 standards; Nutrient media were manufactured in accordance with DSTU EN ISO 11133: 2014 standard. The antibiotic susceptibility of cultures was determined by the disk diffusion method. The research findings were both studied and interpreted in accordance with EUCAST recommendations. Results. Out of 10 samples (material was obtained from animals, humans and foods), 10 cultures of Salmonella spp. were isolated and analyzed. The cultures were mainly susceptible to semisynthetic and inhibitor-protected penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems and more often to tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides. Most Salmonella spp. strains were intermediate susceptibility to aminoglycosides, 30% of Salmonella spp. strains were susceptible to pefloxacin (II) and only 10% were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (II). Conclusions. The obtained data indicate the screening feasibility of antibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella spp. including a wide range of tested drugs, which may be important in determining antibiotic therapy.

Introduction. Representatives of the genus Staphylococcus spp. cause a significant proportion of diseases in animals and humans. Nowadays the problem of their acquired antibiotic resistance is an urgent concern. Material and methods. Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus spp. carried out in accordance with DSTU EN 6888:2003 standard. The susceptibility of the strains to antibiotics was determined by the disk diffusion method. Interpretation of the results was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the 8th version of EUCAST. Results. 77 strains of Staphylococcus spp. Collected from sows at farm No. 2, were isolated: hemolytic properties were detected in 90.6% (39 coagulases positive and 19 coagulase-negative); 22 (56.4%) strains of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp.; 13.6% of isolates had hemolytic properties. The results of antibiograms of crops from farm No.1: 51.8% of strains were susceptible to penicillin, 47.6% – resistant; 13.62 – susceptible to fluoroquinolones, 80.9% – resistant; 96.7% – susceptible to chloramphenicol, no resistant strains were detected. Conclusions. Acquired resistance of Staphylococcus spp. to certain groups of antibiotics isolated from pigs, indicated the irrational use of antimicrobial therapy. Differences were found in the susceptibility of coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. to all groups of antibiotics.

Root decay is a disease of the roots and basal part of the stems of wheat, caused by one species or a complex of species of semi-parasitic fungi. This article presents the results of a survey of wheat crops in the conditions of irrigated agriculture in the farms of the Tashkent region in Uzbekistan. It has been established that wheat root decay is ubiquitous and varies from 20.8-60.8%. This disease reaches its greatest development in the seedling phase. The intensiv? variety was the most affected by root decay. The harmfulness of root decay is manifested in the shortening of the length of the stem, a decrease in the number of grains per ear, and the deterioration of the sowing qualities of seeds. The manifestation of root decay is affected by temperature, humidity and wheat precursors. It has been established that infection of plants occurs at a moisture content of 40% of the total moisture capacity. The most favorable effect on limiting the disease is provided by such a precursor as alfalfa.

INTRODUCTION: Opportunistic fungal infections due to immunosuppression coupled with antifungal drug resistance are an emerging challenge globally. The present study examined the antifungal susceptibility of yeasts and molds from sputum of tuberculosis retreatment and relapse patients at selected reference facilities in Kenya. METHODS: a total of 340 sputa samples from patients who gave written informed consent were examined. Fungal culture was done on sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Molds were identified by macroscopic and microscopic features while yeasts were inoculated on CHROMTMagar Candida and confirmed using API 20C AUXTM. Itraconazole (ICZ), voriconazole (VCZ), fluconazole (FCZ) and amphotericin B (AMB) were tested using broth micro-dilution methods according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). RESULTS: out of the 340 samples, 14.4% (n=49) and 15.6% (n=53) were positive for yeasts and molds respectively. Candida albicans and C. krusei were the most predominant isolates constituting 49.0% (n=24) and 20.4% (n=10) of the total yeasts respectively. Aspergillus spp. were the most frequent (22.6%) molds and isolates with MICs 4μg/ml on the antifungal agents were noted. All the molds except two (n=2) isolates of Scedosporium aspiopermum exhibited MICs 4μg/ml for fluconazole. Overall, molds were more sensitive to AMB and VCZ.Candida albicans had MIC50 0.06μg/ml, and MIC 904μg/ml. There was a statistically significant difference (F=3.7, P=0.004=0.05) in the overall sensitivity pattern of molds for the four antifungal agents while there was no significant difference (F=1.7, P=0.154=0.05) in sensitivity exhibited by the yeasts. CONCLUSION: the study demonstrates the significance of fungal colonization in presumptive tuberculosis retreatment or relapse with evidence of triazole resistance. There is need to strengthen fungal diagnostic and clinical management capabilities in susceptible populations.

The city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, has a historical problem related to flood risk. To properly address this issue, there is a demand for methodological proposals that allow an integrative assessment of the different related variables. With the objective to jointly analyze physical and social aspects that define flood risk, a systematization method was developed to classify vulnerable sites according to methodologies of diverse and complementary nature. This systematization was based over adaptation and application of the Sao Paulo index of social vulnerability on one hand and, on the other hand, the use of retrospective cartography of fluvial plains original morphology. This study was addressed to the Aricanduva river basin, due to the fact that this area presents a historic of impacts on urban mobility and properties, related to its frequent floods, especially during the rainy season of 2009/2010. Firstly, the spatial susceptibility to flooding was mapped using incidence records and by interpreting the area’s original morphology. Using the scale of census sectors, the resident population’s social vulnerability and its location relative to the river plain compartments were correlated, obtaining a unified vulnerability index. As a result, priority locations for preventive actions, urban upgrading, and monitoring were identified, classified and mapped. It was also possible to verify a correlation between the areas classified with greater socio-spatial vulnerability and those with confirmed flood impacts in the reference period of this study. It is considered that such results imply intelligible information to decision makers, composed of data hitherto related in a theoretical and rarely cartographic way.

Parotid gland tumor is complex and poses diagnostic and therapeutic problems. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of extemporaneous examination in the management of patients with parotid gland tumors. We report a pro and retrospective analytical study of a series of cases of salivary gland tumors, whose data were collected in the ENT and in the department of cervical-facial Surgery at the University Hospital in Casablanca, between January 2012 and December 2015. Seventy two cases of parotid tumors were recorded. The sex-ratio (H/F) was 0.94, 0.76 for patients with benign tumors and 1.62 for patients with malignant tumors. The average age was 47 years (15- 75 years). The median of consultation time was 40 months. Clinical symptoms were dominated by parotid swelling (100%), pain in 25% of patients, facial palsy in 6%, and cervical adenopathies in 10%. Ultrasound was recommended in 80% of patients. MRI was performed in 26% of cases. All patients underwent surgery, 76% of patients underwent exofacial parotidectomies and 24% total conservative parotidectomies. This treatment was associated with ganglion resection in 24% of cases and radiotherapy in 24% of cases. Extemporaneous examination was performed in 71% of patients, its susceptibility was 89% and its specificity 88%. Definitive histological diagnosis was confirmed by anatomopathological examination in all cases. We confirmed benign and malignant tumors in 71% and 29% of cases respectively. Benign tumors were dominated by pleomorphic adenoma (59%), while malignant lesions were dominated by mucoepidermoid carcinoma (38%). The postoperative course was marked by: discrete haematoma in 4% of cases, transient facial palsy in 15%, superinfection of the wound in 3% and post- parotidectomy Frey's syndrome in 3% of patients. One patient had labial recurrence of acinar cell carcinoma. No cases of death were noted. Parotid gland tumors are characterized by a great histological variability. Differentiation between malignant tumor and benign tumor is often difficult. Currently, MRI is the imaging test of choice. Extemporaneous examinationis is very useful intraoperatively when it is necessary to communicate with the pathologist. Multidisciplinary approach is adopted including ENT, oncological, radiotherapeutic, pathological and radiological approaches. Prognosis depends on the histological type, the stage of progression and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flash floods are a type of natural disaster that poses a major threat to the population, urban constructions and road infrastructure and the environment. In Tunisia, this phenomenon is known since the sixties and has continued until today. The most important ones were recorded during the rainy years of 1969, 1983, 2003 and 2012. In order to identify areas at risk of flooding and reduce the vulnerability of the stakes, a Flash Flood Risk Mapping (FFRM) approach has been adopted for the development of a flood risk prevention plan (PPRI) in northeastern Tunisia. This method consists in: 1) integrating into a geographic information system (GIS) the relevant factors and the components of the hazard and vulnerability of the stakes related to floods, 2) extracting the interactions between the determining parameters of the spatio-temporal evolution of the phenomenon and 3) estimate its socio-economic impacts on North-East Tunisia. The dialectical relations between the flooded areas and their predisposing factors and the development of flood sensitivity maps were developed by applying two models: the frequency ratio (FR) and the statistical index (SI). The weighting of the different conditioning parameters and their combination according to these two models helps us to define an index FR and another SI that make it possible to map the susceptibility to floods (Flash Flood Hazard Susceptibility Mapping, FFHSM). The evaluation of the reliability of these two models by the application of the area under curve (AUC) method shows that the approach of the frequency FR with a precision rate of 79% seems the most accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Acute diarrheal diseases are the leading cause of preventable death, especially among children under-five in developing countries. Worldwide and nationwide diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in under-five year children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess perception of lactating mothers' toward diarrheal disease in Mizan-Aman District, South-West Ethiopia. METHODS: community based cross-sectional quantitative study supplemented by qualitative study. A total of 383 selected households with the lactating mothers were involved in the study. Data was collected through face-to-face interview technique by trained data collectors. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Multiple logistic regressions analysis was used to identify the independent predictors. Odds ratio, with 95% confidence level and P = 0.05 were used to determine statistically significant association. RESULTS: the majority of the respondents had primary education (44.4%) and from rural area (52.2%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that past experience of diarrheal disease at household had association with residence AOR = 4.79(1.33,7.78), educational status AOR = 0.72(0.55,1.29, Wealth index AOR = 8.9(0.99,17.45), knowledge AOR = 2.34(1.2-4.3). Perceived susceptibility AOR = 0.44 (0.33,11.33) and perceived severity of their child to diarrheal disease AOR 0.24CI (1.23,7.99). CONCLUSION: lactating mothers' perceptions toward their child probability of getting diarrheal disease and danger of the disease with primary education and above protected their children against diarrhea better than mothers with no education. Thus, implementing effective educational programs that emphasize on the benefit of complying with nationally recommended practice to prevent diarrheal disease is important to reduce the risk.

INTRODUCTION: Studies on urinary tract infections (UTIs) in West Africa from 1990 to 2012 have showed moderate to high antimicrobial resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Fluoroquinolones have been the main stay in the management of UTIs, but recent reports show emergence of resistance. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin still remain the commonest fluoroquinolones prescribed for UTIs in many settings. objective: this study sought to compare activity of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin against clinical isolates obtained from patients with suspected UTI at the Ghana Police Hospital.

Slope susceptibility to landslides in the Târnava Mare corridor, between Mediaş and Blaj. A number of qualitative and quantitative models and methods are available for computing landslide-hazard and susceptibility maps. Landslide susceptibility zoning involves a degree of interpretation. The landslide susceptibility assessment is necessary to prevent terrain degradation and the evaluation of landslide susceptibility requires understanding the factors that influence slope instability. Even though landslides are mainly associated with mountain areas, they can also develop at lower altitude areas, such is our case where they are caused by direct anthropogenic intervention (through slope excavation, deforestation, improvised roads, etc.). The susceptibility maps that resulted from this study express the terrain conditions and have practical use for identifying the landslide areas within the corridor. The spatial distribution and rating of the terrain units according to the propensity to produce landslides is dependent on the topography, geology, geotechnical properties, climate, vegetation and anthropic factors such as development and intensive deforestation.

Rainfall surplus and deficits, observed through the occurrence of severe storms and draughts, amplify the impact of poverty on the population of the Northeast Brazil, where the Rio Grande do Norte state is located. One of the consequences of these events is the potential adverse impact on public health, with the increased incidence of endemic diseases. The objective of this study is to identify areas that are most susceptible to climate-dependent diseases, considering homogeneous precipitation regions in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. Health data used in the study were obtained from the Ministry of Health, made available on the SUS Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS) website, of the DATASUS platform. Precipitation data were obtained by means of estimates processed by a MERGE method in the period of 2000 to 2016. Because of the high climate variability in Rio Grande do Norte, homogeneous precipitation regions were defined within the State. Cluster analysis was carried out for the determination of these regions, considering accumulated rainfall data in each municipality of the State, the Euclidean distance and Ward's method criterion. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also carried out in order to verify the influence of precipitation on the rates of hospitalization caused by climate-dependent diseases, according to the homogeneous precipitation regions. Four distinct clusters (region 1, region 2, region 3 and region 4) were identified. It was observed that the main causes of hospitalization are respiratory diseases followed by infectious and parasitic diseases. Considering the homogeneous regions, Regions 1 and 2 showed the highest hospitalization rates for infectious and parasitic diseases and respiratory diseases. However, Region 1 has low rainfall rates while Region 2 presents high precipitation volumes. Results also show the influence of climate in disease groups with relatable causes such as infectious and parasitic diseases, respiratory, circulatory system and digestive diseases.

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twelve drainage basins in the northern Lisbon Metropolitan area (LMa) were analysed and compared because they are affected by floods that threaten life and livelihoods. the methodology was based on the calculation of quantitative indicators that reflect natural and human factors of floods (basin geometry, geological substrate, relief and drainage network in the 1st case; land use classes and land usage changes in the 2nd case). susceptibility indexes to flooding were developed based on these indicators, using Geographical information systems. the results of this study led to the identification of: (i) the basins with highest susceptibility to flooding; (ii) the conditioning factors that mostly contribute to the formation of floods in each basin;(iii) the impacts of changes in land use on the concentration times and peak discharges, which increase the flood hazard; (iv) the urban growth in the flood ‑prone zones, which in‑creases exposure and the flood risk in the LMa.

Hydrodynamic forces over the beach sediments are the main driving factors affecting the frequency and magnitude of morphological changes in beach systems. Most of the time, these driving factors act in a foreseeable way and do not represent any danger either to the coastal systems or to their population. However, hydrodynamic forces are also capable of inducing high morphodynamic behaviour on the beach profiles and very often in a short period of time; this endangers people and property and leads to system retreat. The most common consequences of the occurrence of this type of phenomena over the landforms are costal inundation and erosion. Still, many coastal systems, especially beach systems, have recovery mechanisms. Resilience levels have a very important role in the beach morphodynamic status and exposure to potential damaging event assessments. The Portuguese West coast has a high wave energetic environment during winter, where waves with 5 year recurrence period can reach 9.2m and storms are frequent. This research aims to access beach hazard and susceptibility to inundation and erosion. Three beach systems were selected and monitored applying sequential profiling methodology over a four year period (2004 -2007). Sta. Rita, Azul and Foz do Lizandro beaches are representative systems of the coastal stretch between Peniche and Cascais, which is a cliff dominated coast. Results from the monitoring campaigns are presented, including volume budgets, beach face slope changes, berm occurrence and heights and planimetric coastline dynamics. A hazard and susceptibility assessment diagram and zonation are proposed, including the parameterization of local flood (i.e. mean sea level, maximum spring tides, and surge and run -up levels) and erosion potentials (i.e. volume budget and beach planimetric dynamics).

This article describes a regional methodology of debris-flow susceptibility mapping. The implementation of this approach is based on statistical and GIS methods and makes it possible to identify catchments in the Southern French Alps, according to their morphometric (Melton index and local slope) and sediment supply conditions (active erosion zones in headwater catchments), that are prone to debris flows because of hydrometeorological forcing. This methodology has been validated on 50 sites with very high scores; the geomorphic response was correctly predicted for 80% of the sites. The map of susceptibility to the occurrence of debris flow has been integrated into the RhyTMME project’s Web platform. This platform also offers a visualisation of the rainfall’s spatial distribution (from meteorological radar data), enabling automatic real-time detection of the triggering of debris flow at the regional scale.

This article describes a regional methodology of debris-flow susceptibility mapping. The implementation of this approach is based on statistical and GIS methods and makes it possible to identify catchments in the Southern French Alps, according to their morphometric (Melton index and local slope) and sediment supply conditions (active erosion zones in headwater catchments), that are prone to debris flows because of hydrometeorological forcing. This methodology has been validated on 50 sites with very high scores; the geomorphic response was correctly predicted for 80% of the sites. The map of susceptibility to the occurrence of debris flow has been integrated into the RhyTMME project’s Web platform. This platform also offers a visualisation of the rainfall’s spatial distribution (from meteorological radar data), enabling automatic real-time detection of the triggering of debris flow at the regional scale.

INTRODUCTION: due to an upsurge in antibiotic-resistant infections and lack of therapeutic options, new approaches are needed for treatment. Honey may be one such potential therapeutic option. We investigated the susceptibility of hospital acquired pathogens to four honeys from Wisconsin, United States, and then determined if the antibacterial effect ofeach honey against these pathogensis primarily due to the high sugar content. METHODS: thirteen pathogens including: four Clostridium difficile, two Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, two Pseudomonas aeruginosa, one Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, twoVancomycin-resistance Enterococcus, one Enterococcusfaecalis and one Klebsiella pneumonia were exposed to 1-50% (w/v) four Wisconsin honeys and Artificial honey to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using the broth dilution method. RESULTS: buckwheathoney predominantly exhibited a bactericidal mode of action against the tested pathogens, and this varied with each pathogen. C. difficile isolates were more sensitive to the Wisconsin buckwheat honeyas compared to the other pathogens. Artificial honey at 50% (w/v) failed to kill any of the pathogens. The high sugar content of Wisconsin buckwheat honey is not the only factor responsible for its bactericidal activity. CONCLUSION: Wisconsin buckwheat honeyhas the potential to be an important addition to therapeutic armamentarium against resistant pathogens and should be investigated further.

The majority of anti-HIV drug susceptibility tests have been performed on subtype B HIV-1 strains, since these are the most prevalent in countries designing, testing, and manufacturing the current anti-HIV agents. The increasing global spread of HIV subtype highlights the need to determine the activity of anti-HIV drugs against subtypes of HIV other than subtype B. Furthermore an increasing number of individuals infected with many of the non subtype B virus strains now receive antiretroviral therapy because of rollout programs in developing| countries as well as increasing migration to the developed world. The phenotypic susceptibility of two laboratory strains HIV-1JFRL and HIV-1IIIB (representing subtype B) and two clinical isolates HIV-104RTA and HIV-1025RTA (representing subtypes A and D respectively) was determined. The in vitro drug susceptibility testing of the isolates was carried out in C8166 cell line and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The study revealed that the drugs used in the Kenyan national ART program inhibited HIV-1 replication in-vitro as their inhibitory concentrations (IC50) compared well with the standard Inhibitory concentration values. The results also suggest a biochemical similarity of the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease enzymes from these subtypes despite the divergence at the genetic level. The findings suggest that similar clinical benefits of antiviral therapy obtain in persons infected with other subtypes of HIV-1other than subtype B and that the generic drugs used in the national ART program in Kenya are as efficacious as branded drugs in inhibiting HIV replication in vitro despite the limited number of the viruses studied.

SUSCEPTIBILITY MODELS FOR SHALLOW TRANSLATIONAL SLIDES. Evaluationand maping in the Region to the North of Lisbon. Over the last decade, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have enabled the creation and the rigorous crossing and computation of cartographic thematic layers. Thus, it has been possible to increase the number of variables within data‑driven landslide susceptibility models. In this context, sensitivity analysis is an analytical tool used to assess the relative importance of the landslide predisposing factors into a particular landslide susceptibility model. In this study, a sensitivity analysis of shallow translational slides susceptibility models is made for two test sites in the Region to the North of Lisbon, which have the same geologic and geomorphologic context: the Fanhões‑Trancão test site and the Lousa‑Loures test site. The resultsobtained allowed for the identification of 3 variables that have the highest spatial association with shallow translational slides in both test sites: slope angle, geomorphology and slope aspect. Furthermore, results prove the absence of a linear relationship between the number of variables within a landslide predictive model and the model prediction capacity. In addition to this, it is shown that reliable landside susceptibility maps can be produced based on a small group of variables that have a strong spatial relationship with slope movements.

Bayesian probability and logistic regression in the assessmentof the susceptibility to high magnitude wildfires: an application to Castelo Branco district. The aim of this paper is to apply a susceptibility model to high magnitude wildfires – with the latter defined as the small fraction of the total number of occurrences that causes most of the annual damage. This type of frequency/magnitude relation is characteristic of wildfire regimes in southern European countries. Drawing on the analysis of burnt-area maps for the period 1990-2007 in the Castelo Branco district, a wildfire classification method is put forth and a model is testedusing two alternative data integration techniques: one based on Logistic Regression, the other on Bayesian probability. The results indicate that the Bayesian technique has slightly greater predictive capability and confirm that the proposed model is adjusted to the behaviour of wildfires considered to be of high magnitude. Although the suggested model may usefully undergo future improvements in order to increase its predictive capability, it can already be used to complement other forms of susceptibility/hazard analysis, by highlighting the areas that are most likely to be affected by the most destructive wildfire events.

INTRODUCTION: reports of increasing resistance of uropathogens to antimicrobials is of global concern. Culture and drug susceptibility tests remain a vital guide to effective therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility pattern of isolated uropathogens to ciprofloxacin at the Ghana Police Hospital. METHODS: a total of 705 mid-stream urine samples were collected from patients suspected of having urinary tract infection, and who visited the Ghana Police Hospital's laboratory from December 2013 to March 2014. Samples were cultured and isolates identified by standard methods, after which isolates susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was determined. RESULTS: prevalence of urinary tract infection among patients' whose samples were analyzed was 15.9%. Predominant uropathogens isolated were E .coli (46.4%), Coliform (41.1%) and Coliform spp. with Candida (6.2%). Other isolates were Pseudomonas spp. (2.7%), Salmonella spp. (1.8%), Candida spp. (0.9%) and Klebsiella spp (0.9%). The overall resistance among the top three isolated uropathogens to ciprofloxacin was 35.9%. Resistance pattern demonstrated by respective isolates to ciprofloxacin were: E. coli (38.5%), Coliform (54.3%), and Coliform spp. with Candida (15%). The other isolates showed 100% sensitivity. CONCLUSION: this study revealed a relatively high ciprofloxacin resistance among isolated uropathogens, hence, the need for prudent prescribing and use of ciprofloxacin in urinary tract infection management.

The present study is consecrated to the probabilistic mapping of the landslide risk at the local scale of an area that belongs to Al Hoceima city in the western Rif of Morocco. The study focuses mainly on the spatial analysis of multi sources data by using an environment GIS (Geographic Information Systems), and the application of the bivariate probabilistic model to qualify the risk susceptibility. The employed methodology is based on three stages. First, the evaluation of landslide susceptibility (S) by the analysis model cited before. Second, the identification and the estimation of the potential consequences (C) for the existing issues. Finally, the landslide risk (R) is evaluated by combining the susceptibility and the potential consequences map. This study requires the use of spatial analysis techniques. It also refers to the risk maps scale, generally reduced and being inappropriate at the urban project area. The obtained risk map defines four risk intensities with a spatial resolution of two meters.

INTRODUCTION: antimicrobial resistance is neglected in developing countries; associated with limited surveillance and unregulated use of antimicrobials. Consequently, delayed patient recoveries, deaths and further antimicrobial resistance occur. Recent gastroenteritis outbreak at a children's home associated with multidrug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella spp, raised concerns about the magnitude of the problem in Kenya, prompting antimicrobial resistance assessment preceding surveillance system establishment. METHODS: eight public medical laboratories were conveniently selected. Questionnaires were administered to key informants to evaluate capacity, practice and utilization of antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Retrospective review of laboratory records determined antimicrobial resistance to isolates. Antimicrobial resistance was defined as resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial agent to which it was previously sensitive and multidrug resistance as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. RESULTS: the laboratories comprised; 2(25%) national, 4(50%) sub-national and 2(25%) district. Overall, antimicrobial susceptibility testing capacity was inadequate in all. Seven (88%) had basic capacity for stool cultures, 3(38%) had capacity for blood culture. Resistance to enteric organisms was observed with the following and other commonly prescribed antimicrobials, ampicillin: 40(91%) Salmonella spp isolates; Tetracycline: 16(84%) Shigella flexineri isolates; cotrimoxazole: 20(100%) Shigella spp isolates, 24(91%) Salmonella spp isolates. Comparable patterns of multidrug resistance were evident with Shigella flexineri and Salmonella typhimurium. Ten (100%) clinicians reported not using laboratory results for patient management, for various reasons. CONCLUSION: antimicrobial susceptibility testing capacity was inadequate and the available approved guidelines for this in Kenya were adhered to by one laboratory. The resistance patterns indicated potential resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobials.

Introduction: Several authors have suggested an association between the ABO system (ABOS) and the risk of SARS CoV-2 infection. The objective of the present study was to identify the susceptibility of ABOS blood groups to COVID-19 at the National Institute of Public Health (INSP) of Mali., Material and Methods: This was an unpaired case-control study. The cases (402) were COVID-19 patients, and the controls (5438) were Muslim pilgrims, all of whom had undergone ABO blood grouping at the INSP. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection status using SPSS version25 software., Results: Blood types had the following frequencies: O(34%), B(30%), A(28%), AB(8%) for cases and O(42%), B(27%), A(25%), AB(6%) for controls. COVID-19 positive status was not significantly associated with blood groups A(oR=1.17; CI95%[0.93-1.47]), B(OR=1.11; CI95%[0.89-1.39]) and AB(OR=1.41; CI95%[0.97-2.06]). However, blood group O subjects were 28 times less likely to have COVID-19 than non-O(OR=0.72; CI95%[0.58-0.89)., Conclusion: The results show that blood group O individuals were less likely to have SARS CoV-2 infection than non-O individuals. This should not affect the use of barrier measures in ABOS groups., (Le comité de rédaction se réserve le droit de renvoyer aux auteurs avant toute soumission à l'avis des lecteurs les manuscrits qui ne seraient pas conformes à ces modalités de présentation. En outre il leur conseille de conserver un exemplaire du manuscrit, des figures et des tableaux.)

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Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibilities of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates obtained from symptomatic patients suffering from diarrhoea. Methods: In vitro activities of 22 antimicrobial agents were evaluated against 401 clinical isolates of C. difficile collected from patients hospitalized in a French university hospital (Henri Mondor hospital) between 2001 and 2007. The in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method according to recommendations of the antibiogram committee of the French society for microbiology. Results: All strains were found to be susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin but resistant to clindamycin, gentamicin, and colistin. Most of them were susceptible to pristinamycin (97.8%), rifampin (94.8%), and chloramphenicol (97.3%), and variable degrees of resistance were found for erythromycin and spiramycin (72.8%), as well as for tetracycline (85.6%). Note that none of the strain was susceptible to ofloxacin, and that 80.5% of them showed a high-level resistance. For β-lactams, all strains were resistant to tested cephalosporins, and nine isolates (2.2%) were also resistant to penicillins combined or not to a β-lactamase inhibitor. Finally, 28 (7%) and 38 (9.5%) of tested strains were categorized intermediate and resistant to imipenem (with a heterogeneous aspect), respectively. Conclusion: All tested strains were found to be susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin which remain antimicrobial agents for the treatment of infections caused by C. difficile. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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