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Obesity is a growing concern in the developing world. The aim of this review is to analyze the research that studied the prevalence of obesity in preschool children in the period from 2001 to 2022. We collected 46 surveys. There are three sets of growth references commonly used to assess a child's weight status and health risk: BMI limit values published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), and those published by the World Health Organization (WHO). Based on this, there are the following categories: malnutrition, normal nutrition, excessive nutrition and obesity. In accordance with the aim of this research, we collected data only on overnourished and obese children. The research has shown that the prevalence of overnourished and obese preschool children is high on all continents, regardless of which recommendations are used to define them. However, the most alarming data on obese preschool children are provided by studies that used the recommendations of the CDC (CDC - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The research shows that the highest prevalence of overnourished and obese preschool children is in North America. Such data are provided by research conducted by CDC, WHO and IOTF. The prevalence of overnourished and obese preschool children is not better in Europe either. Certain studies from Asia and Africa show us that their children have not yet caught up with their peers from North America and Europe in the prevalence of overnutrition and obesity. Research shows that there is a connection between overnutrition/obesity and socio-economic status of parents, daily routines, education of parents, duration of breastfeeding, degree of nutrition of parents, area where children live, the eating habits.

On 31 December 2019, WHO received information from National Health Commission concerning the outbreak of Covid-19 which was identified by the Chinese authorities. The WHO depends to a great extent on its announcements and instructions on Chinese authorities’ declaration. Consequently, positive and negative announcements and strategies are adopted in dealing with this pandemic. This causes a great extent of fear and confusion for people around the world despite all the efforts that WHO to pass this crucial period successfully and safely. The present study is one of the first studies that seeks to offer critical discourse analysis, description, interpretation, and explanation of ideological categories of institutional discourse, and more specifically of WHO on Covid-19 by using Van Dijk’s Three-Dimensional Model of Ideology (2004). It is found that WHO focuses on certain ideological categories such as repetition, actor description, authority, hyperbole, burden, evidentiality, and number game more than other categories. It is also found that these ideological categories should be based on scientific, psychological, cognitive, social, and cultural perspectives and not just numbers, authority, hyperbole, etc. because they are used to persuade different people around the world with different cultures and they may affect those people lives positively or negatively.

Every one has an opinion about their quality of life, but no one knows precisely what it means in general. John Stewart Mill noted that individual opinion about well-being was ‘the best means of knowledge immeasurably surpassing those that can be possessed by any one else’ (JS, 1885). Thus, quality of life is highly individualistic and might even be an ‘idiosyncratic mystery’ due to the high levels of variability between individuals, making it unsuitable for decision making. (Leplége, 1997 ).

This study aims to explore the relationship between human enteric viruses found in town-scale surface water sources and certain chemical contaminants present in the water. From October 2010 to April 2012, water samples were collected and analyzed using a combination of biophysical and molecular techniques to detect the presence of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and human enteroviruses (HEV) as well as chemical parameters as predictors for virus survival. The concentrations of 12 chemical contaminants were found to be within WHO-recommended limits. The study found positive and negative associations between viral genome detection and four out of the 12 metal and nonmetal analytes. Specifically, there was a correlation between Cd and HAdV genome detection (rho = 0.146, p = 0.032) and between Pb and Fe with HEV (rho = 0.156, p = 0.022) and (rho = 0.148, p = 0.029), respectively. For nonmetals, phosphates were slightly negatively correlated to HEV (rho = 0.174, p = 0.010). The results of the study did not provide support for the hypothesis of an association between the presence of human enteric viruses and the levels of twelve chemical contaminants.

Kofi Annan, UN Secretary General from 1997 to 2006, was the most famous and charismatic of all UN SGs. How did he become SG, from his childhood in Ghana to his election as SG ? What appraisal of his 10 years as UN SG ?

Objectives: After more than 20 years of work, the World Health Organization's efforts have culminated in the adoption of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). The process has been guided by the principles of global applicability, scientific validity, and clinical utility. The update of the chapter on mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders (MBND) within the ICD-11 has generated widespread interest worldwide. This has raised various questions about the status of mental disorder nosology, changes to diagnostic guidelines, and the potential implications for clinical practice., Methods: We conducted a narrative analysis of the literature in four different languages to track the various stages of the ICD-11 revision and to highlight the major changes. We searched databases such as PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar, and consulted the official websites of the WHO, APA, and UNICEF. A total of 79 articles from 40 different editorials and websites were analyzed and included in this study., Results: The new chapters on mental disorders in the ICD-11 include 21 groups, as opposed to the 11 in the ICD-10. The changes aim to align the diagnoses with those of the DSM-5 and introduce a new chapter structure, new diagnostic categories, modifications to diagnostic criteria, and advancements in dimensionality. For the first time in the history of the ICD, sleep and wakefulness disorders, as well as disorders related to sexual health, have been addressed in separate chapters of the international classification. Four new diagnoses have been added: complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), gaming disorder, prolonged grief disorder, and compulsive sexual behavior which replaces "excessive sexual activity" in the ICD-10. Moreover, the ICD-11 revision has brought about a fundamental change in the clinical conceptualization of addictive behaviors, introducing a distinction between substance use disorders and addictive behaviors. The criteria for many existing conditions have been revised, particularly those related to bipolar disorders, eating disorders, and gender identity disorders., Conclusions: The revision process for mental, behavioral, and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11 has witnessed unprecedented participation in the history of mental disorder classification. These changes could have a significant impact on clinical practice in psychiatry. However, it is crucial to examine the advantages and limitations of this new classification compared to previous versions., (Copyright © 2023 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Résumé: Introduction.: Les méfaits du tabagisme sur la santé et l'environnement ne sont plus à démontrer. C'est pourquoi la lutte pour la réduction de ce fléau devient une priorité de santé publique et une exigence pour tous les États du monde. L'objectif de la présente étude était de faire l'état des lieux de la mise en œuvre, au Bénin, des articles 8, 12 et 13 de la Convention-cadre de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) pour la lutte antitabac. Méthode.: Cette étude a combiné deux enquêtes transversales : l'enquête STEPS 2015 et celle sur l'application de la loi antitabac dans les hôtels, bars, restaurants et boîtes de nuit, réalisée en 2018. Un sondage aléatoire à trois degrés a été réalisé pour la première enquête et un échantillonnage stratifié pour la seconde. Au total, 5 126 sujets et 120 établissements ont été inclus respectivement pour la première et la seconde enquête. Une analyse statistique descriptive des données a été faite à l'aide du logiciel STATA version 12, suivie d'une analyse des forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces de la mise en œuvre de la Convention-cadre. Résultats.: Aux termes de l'étude , 49,70 % des enquêtés étaient de sexe masculin et 50,30 % de sexe féminin. La moyenne d'âge était de 37,33 ans ± 12,80 ans. Considérant la période des 30 derniers jours avant l'enquête, 19 % des enquêtés avaient déclaré être exposés à la fumée du tabac à la maison et 5,87 % avoir la même exposition dans des zones fermées sur leur lieu de travail. Un total de 94,50 % ont déclaré n'avoir pas remarqué des informations sur les dangers du tabagisme ou le sevrage du tabac dans les journaux ou magazines, contre 83,90 % à la télévision et 67,40 % à la radio. Dans tous les établissements où la consommation de tabac a été rapportée, le tabac fumé était le plus consommé (50 %-81 %), alors que seulement 14,17 % des établissements enquêtés disposaient d'un « espace fumeur ». Conclusion.: Le tabagisme est un phénomène qui est à l'origine de nombreuses maladies non transmissibles. La ratification de la Convention-cadre de l'OMS par le Bénin et sa mise en œuvre devraient aider à une réduction de la prévalence de ce fléau. Il faut cependant noter qu'il reste des efforts à fournir pour relever certains défis d'ordre structurel à court et moyen termes. Introduction.: There is no longer any doubt about the harmful effects of smoking on health and the environment. Countries the world over are required to make non-smoking a public health priority. The aim of this study was to examine how Articles 8, 12, and 13 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control are implemented in Benin. Method.: Our study combined two cross-sectional surveys: the 2015 STEPS survey and the survey on the implementation of the anti-smoking law in hotels, bars/restaurants, and nightclubs conducted in 2018. The first survey used three-step random sampling and the second stratified random sampling. The first study included 5126 subjects and the second 120 establishments. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed with STATA 12 software, followed by a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis of the implementation of the Framework Convention. Results.: 49.7% of the respondents were male and 50.3% female. Their average age was 37.33 ± 12.80 years. Exposure to tobacco smoke during the 30 days before the survey at home by 19% of respondents and in closed areas of their workplace by 5.87%. Among those surveyed, 94.5% said they had not noticed any information about the dangers of smoking or recommendations to stop smoking in newspapers or magazines, 83.9% on television and 67.4% on radio. In all establishments where tobacco consumption was reported, smoking tobacco was the type used most often (50%-81%), while the existence of smoking spaces was observed in only 14.17% of the surveyed establishments. Conclusion.: Smoking is the cause of many noncommunicable diseases. Benin's ratification and implementation of the WHO Framework Convention should help to reduce its prevalence. It should be noted, however, that more needs to be done to address some of the structural challenges in the short and medium terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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INTRODUCTION: rubella cases are often under-reported, especially in many developing countries, owing to inadequate attention and weak funding of elimination strategies, despite being an epidemic-prone disease. Therefore, the paper seeks to bring attention of public health practitioners, researchers and policy makers to threats of rubella and recommended measure to mitigate these threats. METHODS: a retrospective cross-sectional study in which laboratory results of febrile-rash-illness cases in Kebbi State, Northwest Nigeria, from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015 captured through Integrated Disease Surveillance System and Response were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. RESULTS: a total of 413 febrile rash cases were reported and investigated in 2014-2015, 5 (3.5%) tested positive for rubella IgM in 2014 while 7 (2.6%) were positive in 2015 in Kebbi State. There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of rubella between 2014 and 2015 (p= 0.05). Rubella infection is mainly found in children less than 5 years of age with peak incidence period during the hot season (between February and April). There was no significant sex bias in this study. However, our practice experiences in this environment suggest a systematic under-reporting and under-diagnosis of febrile- rash-illnesses. CONCLUSION: there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of rubella in children in our setting for the 2-years studied. However, there is a potential of increase in the transmission of the disease due to non-availability of routine childhood vaccination against rubella and under-reporting of suspected cases. In order to better appreciate the burden of rubella infection, there may be a need to undertake a prevalence survey and simultaneously, strengthening case-based surveillance in Northern Nigeria. Further, WHO should support national government in accelerating the introduction of rubella-containing vaccine to stem the potential spread of this infectious disease.

INTRODUCTION: World Health Organization estimates that deaths resulting from diabetes will rise above 50% by the 2020; hence urgent action is needed to reverse the trend notably through nutrition and lifestyle intervention among populations at risks. Studies have established that nutritional environment of the mother affects neonate's health at infancy and later in life thus this study sought to investigate the risk factors for development of gestational diabetes focusing age, weight, family history and pre-existing medical condition which could be modified to improve population health. METHODS: a retrospective cohort study design was used. Subjects were sampled from selected maternity facilities in Nairobi and were subjected to oral glucose test to ascertain Gestational Diabetes mellitus (GDM) status. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 238 respondents. Quantitative data was then analyzed as descriptive statistic, univariate and multivariate regression. RESULTS: average age for mothers with GDM was high with a mean of 33.06 (95% C.I: 31.59-34.52) compared to a mean of 27.9 (95% C.I: 27.01-28.78) for non- GDM mothers. Weight before pregnancy was high with mean of 74.04 (95% C.I: 70.82-77.30) among mothers with GDM compared to mean of 60.27 (95% C.I:58.59-61.96) among non-GDM mothers. Mothers with diabetic history in the family had twice the risk of developing GDM (OR= 2.27; 95% C.I: 1.23-4.17) compared to those who did not observe diabetic history in the family. CONCLUSION: gestational diabetes cases are relatively high. Age advancement; high weight and diabetic history in family are determining factors for development of diabetes among pregnant women.

The Protocol on Water and Health to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes entered into force in August 2005. It is jointly serviced by the Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organisation and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. The main aim of the Protocol is to protect human health and well-being by better water management, including the protection of water ecosystems, and by preventing, controlling and reducing water-related diseases. The Protocol recognises that engaging in intersectoral partnerships and increased coordination greatly enhances sustainable development. It is closely linked to the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs), more particularly, the Protocol offers a platform to go beyond MDG target 10, since its final objective is to grant access to drinking water and sanitation to everybody. The Protocol takes into account differences in health, environmental and economic conditions in the region, and gives State Parties the freedom to establish their priorities tailored to their specific situations. Moreover the Protocol displays innovative features of modern environmental law: It provides for the establishment of a mechanism for review of compliance of a non-confrontational, non-judicial and consultative nature which will significantly increase its effectiveness; It includes provisions for international cooperation and international support for national action to support its implementation. This article reviews the decisions taken by the Protocol's Parties at their first meeting in January 2007 which set the future direction of work and establish the institutional architecture of the Protocol.

The authors were invited to present in a session titled ''The role of FELTPs in laboratory-based surveillance'' at the African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM) biennial conference in December 2014 in Cape Town, South Africa. This session focused on five questions: a) What is FELTP? b) What is the state of public health laboratory-based surveillance in Africa? c) Are FELTPs contributing to public health surveillance and response in Africa? d) What challenges are FELTPs facing in implementation? The following is a summary of the presentations and discussions.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: primary brain tumours are uncommon with an annual incidence of 5-10/100000. This study has attempted to analyse the histological pattern of intracranial tumours seen in our centre.Methods: a retrospective study of cases of intracranial tumours seen was conducted over a period of 5 years ie from January 2008 to December 2012. All the slides were reviewed. The age, sex, diagnosis using the WHO grading and the histological subtypes were recorded. Data were analysed using the (SPSS) Software version 17.Results: altogether, 56 cases of intracranial tumours were seen out of a total of 12,610biopsies representing 0.004% .The male to female ratio (M: F) was approximately 1:1.1The mean age of the patients was 36 , 20.35 (range, 2 to 85). Astrocytomas accounted for 30% (17)while 29% (16) had Meningioma.Medulloblastoma accounted for 18%.(10).Of the cases of Gliomas, majority(52%) fell under WHO grade II. (38%)of the Meningioma were of the mixed type while 25% had transitional type.Conclusion: astrocytomas was the commonest brain tumour.These patterns corroboratedmost studies that have been done.Metastasis to the brain was however, not seen in this study.

Vaccination against malaria is an old dream that reemerged in 2015 with the European Medicines Agency's favourable opinion on a first antimalarial vaccine, RTS,S/ AS01. Six years later, the World Health Organization (WHO) is advising a wide deployment of this vaccine in sub-Saharan Africa and in regions with high and moderate transmission where Plasmodium falciparum circulates. This follows favourable results from the pilot programme in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi involving over 800,000 children since 2019. This article addresses the objectives and main vaccine candidates targeting the different stages of parasite development, highlighting the progress and limitations of these different approaches. The RTS,S saga has been a milestone in vaccine development, with a first-generation vaccine recommended by the WHO for use in children over 5 months of age in sub-Saharan Africa and other areas of moderate to high transmission of P. falciparum malaria, in combination with other prevention measures. Research efforts continue to better understand the correlates of protection. With advances in vaccine platforms, new multi-antigen, multi-stage, and even multi-species approaches might emerge and brighten the horizon for malaria control., (Copyright © 2023 SFMTSI.)

Résumé En 2014, deux classifications des troubles mentaux sont connues et utilisées sur le plan international : le Manuel Diagnostique et Statistique des Troubles Mentaux ou DSM, développé par l’Association Américaine de Psychiatrie, et le Chapitre F consacré aux Troubles Mentaux et aux Troubles Comportementaux de la Classification Internationale des Maladies ou CIM, développée par l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. Alors que la 5 e édition du DSM a été approuvée par l’APA et publiée en 2013, sous l’appellation DSM-5, la 11 e révision de la CIM ou CIM-11 ne sera achevée qu’en 2015 et les données connues à ce jour ne sont pas définitives. Le travail présenté rappelle les principaux points communs et des divergences essentielles entre DSM-IV et CIM-10 et fait le point sur les données qui paraissent d’ores et déjà acquises sur les points communs et les divergences entre DSM-5 et CIM-11. In 2014, two classifications of mental disorders are known and used on an international level: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM, developed by the American Psychiatric Association and Chapter F, for Mental and Behavioural Disorders, of the International Classification of Diseases, developed by the World Health Organization. Whereas the 5 th edition of the DSM has been approved by the APA and published in 2013, under the name DSM-5, the 11th revision of the ICD or ICD-11 is still a work in progress and all available information has still to be considered provisisonal at this time. The text presented here highlights the main commonalities and divergencies DSM-IV and ICD-10 and reports on those communalities and divergencies between DSM-5 and ICD-11 that seem to be final at this point in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract: Chapter X of the expertise of the INSERM of 2005 concerning the “behavioral disorders” of children and teenagers raises a great number of methodological criticisms and also many protests owing to the fact that more than one century of works of the French School of Psychiatry was overlooked there, to the almost exclusive profit of North-American works. The biased standpoint of the ICD-10 and of the DSM-IV to ignore any psychopathology, under the odd pretext that the experts of the whole world would not agree on this subject (as if they would in the other disciplines!) shows to what extent the classification of the mental diseases of WHO suffers from serious shortcomings, which lead to a destructive disappearance of the clinical method, and a serious ignorance of the nature and the aetiology of the mental diseases. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The author examines the idea of a handicap and how this was described by two World Health Organization (WHO) reports, including "International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps: A manual of classification relating to the consequences of disease," published in 1980, and "International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health," published in 2001. The author believes that the titles of the reports indicate a shift away from seeing handicaps as sickness and impairment and towards a focus on health and functioning with these conditions. The author ties the term handicap to the rise of the welfare state and reactions by society and governments to injuries sustained in factories during the late Industrial Revolution and in the course of battle during World War One.

Copyright of Revue Francaise des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While the concept of "Global Health" has existed since the late 1990s, it is now part of the everyday language of international public health experts, but how can this approach be characterized? Because they transcend borders, because they call for collective and coordinated actions at the global level, and because they require a tripartite approach (multidisciplinary, multi-actor and multisectoral), the AIDS and Covid-19 epidemics illustrate perfectly, each in its own way, this new approach. The fight against AIDS can be considered, in a way, as a laboratory for global health. By provoking, along with others, the reorganization of the international health aid architecture, by stimulating the emergence of new actors on the international scene, and by contributing to the breakdown of borders and disciplines, AIDS has certainly accelerated this new way of thinking about health issues. The Covid-19 crisis is converting the try and forcing the international community to become aware of this new imperative: we have no other choice than global health, cooperation and solidarity on a global scale., Competing Interests: L'auteur ne déclare aucun conflit d'intérêt., (Copyright © 2021 SFMTSI.)

The publication of the new WHO classification of head and neck tumours in 2017 brought major modifications. Especially, a new chapter is dedicated to the oropharynx, focusing on the description of squamous cell carcinoma induced by the virus Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), and new entities of tumors are described in nasal cavities and sinuses. In this article are presented the novelties and main changes of this new classification, as well as the updates of the diagnostic methods (immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics or molecular biology)., (Copyright © 2018 Société Française du Cancer. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, cancers, and diabetes mellitus, are responsible for most deaths worldwide. In view of the rising prevalence and the long-term consequences of NCDs, their prevention is a public health priority. Dentistry plays an important role in this endeavor. Since oral and general diseases share common risk factors (e.g., poor oral hygiene, unhealthy diet, alcohol abuse, tobacco consumption, distress), preventive measures may target both oral diseases (e.g., dental caries, periodontal diseases, oral tumors) and medical NCDs. Consequently, dental medicine assumes an important medical and social role, which has been recognized by the World Health Organization and the General Assembly of the United Nations. To fulfill its mission successfully, consideration of the principles of evidence-based dentistry is a prerequisite. At the same time, the new development provides dentistry with the opportunity to critically reflect on its current and future orientation.

The "Age-friendly cities" program has been developing in France since 2010. So far the existing protocols had not allowed cities to assess actions taken in favor of elderly people comprehensively. The work done with the Francophone network of age-friendly cities (RFVAA) has led to the definition of an indicator consisting of 12 points; the relative importance of each target was weighted using a decision-making tool. This work has demonstrated the major role of governance in the implementation of cross-cutting policies for the benefit of older people.

In May 1955 the Eighth World Health Assembly adopted a Global Malaria Eradication Campaign based on the widespread use of DDT against mosquitos and of antimalarial drugs to treat malaria and to eliminate the parasite in humans. As a result of the Campaign, malaria was eradicated by 1967 from all developed countries where the disease was endemic and large areas of tropical Asia and Latin America were freed from the risk of infection. The Malaria Eradication Campaign was only launched in three countries of tropical Africa since it was not considered feasible in the others. Despite these achievements, improvements in the malaria situation could not be maintained indefinitely by time-limited, highly prescriptive and centralized programmes. Also, vector resistance to DDT and of malaria parasites to chloroquine, a safe and affordable drug, began to affect programme activities. A global Malaria Control Strategy was endorsed by a Ministerial Conference on Malaria Control in 1992 and confirmed by the World Health Assembly in 1993. This strategy differs considerably from the approach used in the eradication era. It is rooted in the primary health care approach and calls for flexible, decentralized programmes, based on disease rather than parasite control, using the rational and selective use of tools to combat malaria. The implementation of the Global Strategy is beginning to have an impact in several countries, such as Brazil, China, Solomon Islands, Philippines, Vanuatu, Viet Nam and Thailand. The lesson from these areas is clear: malaria is being controlled using the tools that are currently available. The challenge is now to apply these tools among vulnerable individuals and groups experiencing high levels of morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, for which long-term investments are required.