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The article analyzes one of the “parafolklore” texts published by Ivan Petrovich Sakharov (1807–1863) in his edition “Tales of the Russian people about the family life of their ancestors.” It is about a song which is interpolated into the description of the ritual “opahivanie,” designed to protect the village from the epizootic and expel the “Cow Death” from it. It has been established that the description of the rite of “ploughing” itself was created by I.P. Sakharov based on the description of this rite published twice by V.B. Bronevsky in 1827 and 1828, and I.P. Sakharov stylistically “decorated” and expanded the text of his predecessor. The song, absent in Bronevsky’s composition, is compiled by Sakharov himself, we believe, on the basis of some real “opahivaniye” songs with addition of some motives, borrowed from authentic works of Russian folklore and from “parafolklore” works of Sakharov himself. In the case of such works we are dealing with a special kind of literary stylization, involving the reworking of authentic folklore texts or composing original works on a folklore basis. At the same time, the composer pays attention not only to the form and content of his texts, but also to special techniques of misleading the reader about their origin (in this case, the “parafolklore” text is interpolated into a description of a real rite).

Among the publications prepared by Ivan Petrovich Sakharov (1807–1863), there are a number of texts that represent literary stylizations and hoaxes based on folklore. The article deals with one of these pseudo-folklore texts — a Christmas carol (kolyadka) that describes goat sacrifice. This carol was first published by I.P. Sakharov in 1837, reprinted by I.M. Snegirev in 1838, and then reproduced by many researchers of Slavic mythology. This paper argues that this carol is a combination of two texts: the first of them is the carol first published in 1817 by I.E. Sreznevsky in Ukrainsky Vestnik; the second one is the song being part of the fairy tale about brother Ivanushka and sister Alyonushka (SUS 450). This contamination is unique and occurs only in one text, albeit many times reprinted later. The article argues that this carol may belong to the pen of two anonymous folklore carriers, I.E. Sreznevsky and I.P. Sakharov. Sakharov’s stylization technique is characterized by the contamination of works belonging to various folklore genres. As a result, we encounter texts that are obscure within authentic tradition. Despite the fact that the Sakharov carol is an authored work, generations of historians and mythologists read it as a description of the ritual that was performed in ancient times by pagan Slavs.

Chemical journals are serious things. However, occasionally the humour of chemistry breaks through and hoax or spoof articles are published. This article looks at some notable examples of this human side of our science.

In 1858, G. W. M. Reynolds’s (1814–79) popular penny periodical Reynolds’s Miscellany introduced a new ‘authoress’, Lady Clara Cavendish. Reynolds bragged that Cavendish’s novels would reveal Hanoverian court corruption—for a great price, which he happily paid. However, as some Victorian critics speculated, Cavendish was herself a fiction. She and her novels are in fact the inventions of Reynolds and his regular employee James Malcolm Rymer (1814–84), who in the 1840s created ‘Sweeney Todd’ and ‘Varney, the Vampire’ for the penny blood publisher Edward Lloyd. This essay contends that Reynolds and Rymer’s Cavendish is not a random collection of pieces united merely by a byline. Instead, Cavendish’s supposed productions combine with paratextual material such as Reynolds’s advertising to articulate a consistent personality. Reading the Cavendish phenomenon as a holistic literary corpus reveals that in creating it, Reynolds and Rymer advance a didactic and political mission. In keeping with their involvement in Chartism, the Cavendish hoax enlists the rhetoric of ‘Old Corruption’ to support Chartist ideals, especially the political awakening of the ‘industrious millions’. By presenting Cavendish as an aristocrat and court insider, Reynolds and Rymer invest their political critique with authority they could not otherwise have achieved. For Reynolds and Rymer, therefore, the hoax did not constitute a departure or escapist fantasy, but a potentially more persuasive affirmation of the ideological commitments that they shared. Reading it today throws into bold relief those shared perspectives, which critics are only beginning to recover and re-appraise.

The engagement between young generation and social media in Indonesia is crystal clear. On the one hand, politicians are aware that social media is an efficient and effective medium for interacting with society. It can be seen that, there’s open chance for politician to embrace social media as their medium to interact with “youthizen” (youth netizen). This research aimed to describe the role of social media in building the political consciousness of the young generation. By using mixed methods (survey for quantitave method and depth interview for qualitative method) to high school students and those who influence their social media habit. The result showed that youthizen have strong engagement with social media but low political awareness. They’re even disaggree to the usage of social media for their own political personal opinion. It also showed that they’re vulnerable in facing social media hoax. Those situations might put them as targets by dirty political intension.

This article explains the ways in which a digital media literacy campaign was conducted to help groups of adolescent to identify fake news or hoax and to prevent the further dissemination of fake news. A number of research have shown that young generation, or popularly known as millennials, is the age group of media users that has the highest tendency to read and to spread hoax or fake news. This is also tied to the fact that millennial spend more time on the Internet, and therefore have higher exposure to many various types information, including fake news. Based on the digital media campaign programs that was conducted in several public and private high schools in Semarang, Indonesia, this article will explicate the initial condition regarding the ability of high-school students in recognizing and identifying fake news before the digital media literacy campaign, and then explain how the campaign helping students to improve the ability to do so. This article will further describe the challenges faced in the typical media literacy campaign and several suggestions to overcome those challenges in future digital media literacy programs.

In the internet era, a hoax is a real threat for democracy, as it spreads misleading and fake information that creats uncertain political communication. During the 2014 Indonesian presidential election, a hoax was rapidly spreading thorough social media. Morover, in Indonesian political context, a hoax construct strategically by using primordialism issue. This study uses critical discourse analysis to identify a pattern of hoax during the 2014 Indonesian presidential election, particularly to show how primordialism constructs an unequel society. The data was taken from political discussion among 8 influential Twitter accounts, two months before the election. The study found that 1) A hoax was produced by using many techniques; 2) Mainstream ‘online media’ involved in the production of the hoax, particularly by constructing sensational headline. Meanwhile, fake news commonly produced and distributed by pseudonym Twitter accounts; 3) Both hoax and fake news generally run under a mechanism of primordialism issue.

The article explores the political views of author Nathaniel Hawthorne and the role of political themes in his literature. The author suggests that Hawthorne's treatment of politics emphasizes the ambiguous nature of political causes in articles such as "Chiefly about War Matters, by a Peacable Man." The article discusses Hawthorne's opinions on secession, abolition, and the U.S. Civil War. Other topics include the sovereignty of the Union, speaking for others, representation in literature, and aesthetic aspects of politics.

Forgeries and use of forgery. Gould’s observations on the falsified fossils of Morocco are completed by Cambrian and Mesozoic examples. The methods of falsification are briefly described. Gould has compared this mystification to the Beringer “Lügensteine” of the XVIIIth century. Was the Piltdown Man half human and half-ape? Was Teilhard de Chardin an accomplice in this hoax? European Paleozoic fossils were said to have been fraudulently introduced in Deprat's field localities. Accused and later rehabilitated, the question of the real origin of the fossils is still open: who is guilty? Gupta has conceived an improbable Himalayan geology, with fossils of other countries, determined with confidence by specialists. Frontals, wearing spiral horns of an unknown bovid, Pseudonovibos, were in fact falsified horns of ordinary domestic bos (Indochina). The mediatic series about Archaeoraptor, the first flying dinosaur, ended when it was recognised that the specimen is a composite, a chimera between a carnivorous dinosaur and Cretaceous bird. To cite this article: F. Debrenne, C. R. Palevol 2 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Exit Through the Gift Shop: A Banksy Film (2010) appears like a documentary on the history of street art. It was made by the world-famous, though mysterious, street artist Banksy and, as its title indicates, it is characterized by a reflection on the transformation of street art, an illegal, nocturnal art form that made its way into museums and the private collections of Hollywood stars in the late 2000s. This «mockumentary», as some journalists call it, plays with blurring the limits between truth and lies, uses mise en abyme effects and reversals, and stages the shifting of power that has occurred around street art.