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Abstract Background Recessive deleterious variants are known to segregate in livestock populations, as in humans, and some may be lethal in the homozygous state. Results We used phased 50 k single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes and pedigree data to scan the genome of 6845 Manech Tête Rousse dairy sheep to search for deficiency in homozygous haplotypes (DHH). Five Manech Tête Rousse deficient homozygous haplotypes (MTRDHH1 to 5) were identified, with a homozygous deficiency ranging from 84 to 100%. These haplotypes are located on Ovis aries chromosome (OAR)1 (MTRDHH2 and 3), OAR10 (MTRDHH4), OAR13 (MTRDHH5), and OAR20 (MTRDHH1), and have carrier frequencies ranging from 7.8 to 16.6%. When comparing at-risk matings between DHH carriers to safe matings between non-carriers, two DHH (MTRDHH1 and 2) were linked with decreased insemination success and/or increased stillbirth incidence. We investigated the MTRDHH1 haplotype, which substantially increased stillbirth rate, and identified a single nucleotide variant (SNV) inducing a premature stop codon (p.Gln409*) in the methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT) gene by using a whole-genome sequencing approach. We generated homozygous lambs for the MMUT mutation by at-risk mating between heterozygous carriers, and most of them died within the first 24 h after birth without any obvious clinical symptoms. Reverse transcriptase-qPCR and western blotting on post-mortem liver and kidney biological samples showed a decreased expression of MMUT mRNA in the liver and absence of a full-length MMUT protein in the mutant homozygous lambs. Conclusions We identified five homozygous deficient haplotypes that are likely to harbor five independent deleterious recessive variants in sheep. One of these was detected in the MMUT gene, which is associated with lamb lethality in the homozygous state. A specific management of these haplotypes/variants in the MTR dairy sheep selection program would help enhance the overall fertility and lamb survival.

Abstract Background Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of painful and life-threatening genetic disorders that are characterized by mechanically induced blistering of the skin and mucous membranes. Congenital skin fragility resembling EB was recently reported in three Charolais calves born in two distinct herds from unaffected parents. Phenotypic and genetic analyses were carried out to describe this condition and its molecular etiology. Results Genealogical, pathological and histological investigations confirmed the diagnosis of recessive EB. However, the affected calves showed milder clinical signs compared to another form of EB, which was previously reported in the same breed and is caused by a homozygous deletion of the ITGB4 gene. Homozygosity mapping followed by analysis of the whole-genome sequences of two cases and 5031 control individuals enabled us to prioritize a splice donor site of ITGA6 (c.2160 + 1G > T; Chr2 g.24112740C > A) as the most compelling candidate variant. This substitution showed a perfect genotype–phenotype correlation in the two affected pedigrees and was found to segregate only in Charolais, and at a very low frequency (f = 1.6 × 10−4) after genotyping 186,154 animals from 15 breeds. Finally, RT-PCR analyses revealed increased retention of introns 14 and 15 of the ITGA6 gene in a heterozygous mutant cow compared with a matched control. The mutant mRNA is predicted to cause a frameshift (ITGA6 p.I657Mfs1) that affects the assembly of the integrin α6β4 dimer and its correct anchoring to the cell membrane. This dimer is a key component of the hemidesmosome anchoring complex, which ensures the attachment of basal epithelial cells to the basal membrane. Based on these elements, we arrived at a diagnosis of junctional EB. Conclusions We report a rare example of partial phenocopies observed in the same breed and due to mutations that affect two members of the same protein dimer, and provide the first evidence of an ITGA6 mutation that causes EB in livestock species.

The detection and quantification of defects in pipes by non-destructive testing techniques plays a crucial role in several industries (petrochemical and nuclear in particular). Once a defect is detected, assessing its severity enables to schedule maintenance appropriately, hence reducing maintenance cost and rupture or leakage risks. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an approach that consists in instrumenting a structure with permanent sensors to monitor its health status throughout its life. Guided elastic waves are particularly suitable for SHM applications on thin structures (such as pipes) thanks to their ability to propagate over long distances and their high sensitivity. An SHM approach called "passive guided waves tomography" has emerged in recent years to detect and quantify corrosion in pipes (or plate-like structures). This technology is based on the combination of guided elastic wave tomography algorithms and a passive method such as the so-called ambient noise cross-correlation. It allows to obtain absolute and precise maps of the thickness of an area surrounded by a distribution of sensors without emitting waves, simply by analyzing the elastic noise that exists naturally in the pipe (due to vibrations, fluid-structure interactions with a moving fluid, etc.). In this paper passive guided waves tomography is tested in representative conditions thanks to an erosion loop that circulates air and sand. By impacting the tube wall, sand grains erode the structure, creating thickness losses that we monitor with passive tomography.

L’utilisation d’un état de référence, c’est-à-dire d’une baseline, pour l’analyse des données dans le cadre du contrôle santé des intégré (Structural Health Monitoring, SHM) par ondes guidées limite le champ d’application de ces approches. Cela a largement été démontré dans la littérature en présence de changement de température, mais c’est également vrai en présence de variations d’autres conditions environnementales et opérationnelles, ainsi que des effets du vieillissement. Cet article présente une nouvelle méthodologie auto-référencée, conçue pour être intrinsèquement robuste à l’influence des effets externes, y compris ceux qui n’ont pas été identifiés lors de la conception du système. La méthode repose sur le concept de baseline instantanée, c’est-à-dire la comparaison de plusieurs mesures acquises sur des mesures présentant un degré élevé de similitude du point de vue des ondes guidées. La subtilité de l'approche réside dans la détection de défauts ayant une faible influence sur les mesures en présence de variabilités extrinsèques et intrinsèques ayant une influence comparativement plus importante sur plusieurs échantillons similaires. La méthode comprend également une réduction de la dimension par l'extraction de quantités d'intérêt à partir des signaux acquis, permettant potentiellement l'analyse de plusieurs échantillons avec un volume de données limitées. La méthode proposée est validée avec succès sur 12 plaques d'aluminium, chacune présentant une fissure traversante de 1 à 30mm de longueur, dans un environnement de laboratoire avec des paramètres externes limités. Ensuite, l'approche est testée sur 2 échantillons composites tissés de forme complexe avec jusqu'à 7 trajectoires similaires du point de vue des ondes guidées. La détection d'une masse ajoutée est réussie sur toute la plage de températures considérée (-30◦C à 30◦C) pour toutes les fréquences d'interrogation étudiées (50, 100 et 150 kHz). La méthodologie proposée est nettement plus performante qu'un algorithme d'imagerie de l’état de l’art avec compensation de température appliqué aux mêmes données.

Optical fiber transducers such as Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) are promising solutions for guided waves Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) due to their low intrusivity and their ability to cope with harsh environments (extreme temperatures, radiations, explosive atmospheres…). We present here a solution enabling measurements under varying environmental and operational conditions, which is mandatory for many applications in SHM, the low complexity of the solution ensuring good integration capacities. The effect of the length of the FBG was also studied to enable the optimization of the system sensitivity.

Dans le cadre du développement des END automatisés et au travers un programme de recherche ANR, CMPhy en collaboration avec le laboratoire ImVia ont développé des équipements permettant la robotisation et la numérisation pour les contrôles par Magnétoscopie (MT) et le Ressuage (PT). Ces opérations se font tout au long du procédé de contrôle à savoir : • Une chambre automatique de magnétisation sans contact et de pulvérisation de liqueur magnétique fluorescente (MT), • Un système de prise de mesures auto régulé du niveau d’excitation magnétique (MT) et de l’intensité d’éclairage Ultraviolet (MT et PT), • Une tête de vision robotisée via un bras 6 axes motorisés intégrant un traitement automatique des clichés par apprentissage (DeepLearning) et dimensionnement automatique des défauts (MT et PT), Cette robotisation couplée à la numérisation des clichés et l’utilisation d’algorithmes d’analyse d’images (IA) permet de fiabiliser le contrôle, de mémoriser et de classer l’information. Elle permet également d’améliorer la probabilité de détection des défauts (moins de fatigue visuelle pour l’opérateur). Le système permet la détection et le dimensionnement des défauts, leur intégration à un PV de contrôle accompagné des paramètres de magnétisation et d’éclairage. Le PV est ensuite validé par un opérateur certifié COFREND puis stocké dans une base de données. Les différents clichés analysés correspondant à un large panel d’indications comprenant des défauts ou d’autres artefacts comme de la rétention de produits, des rayures, une poussière, sont numérisés et enregistrés. Ils permettent « d’alimenter » le logiciel de traitement d’images et ainsi d’améliorer sa capacité de détection des indications, leur classification et dimensionnement.

Dans le cadre du projet RAPID CMICA financé par l’Agence Innovation Défense, un consortium de trois entités regroupant les sociétés CMPHY et SERPROTRONICS, ainsi que le laboratoire commun LGEF-ELyTMaX de l’INSA de Lyon et Tohoku University (Japon), ont développés une technologie de micro-capteurs Courants de Foucault imprimés directement sur pièces ou substrat à coller pour le monitoring de structure et en particulier le suivi de la corrosion de structure aciers Fe-C et inoxydables, structure Aluminium et composite carbone avec des applications visées dans les domaines de l’énergie, la pétrochimie, l’aéronautique et le spatial. Ces capteurs fabriqués par méthodes d’impression jet d’encre disposent de caractéristiques uniques à savoir une très faible épaisseur : < 500 μm et une tenue élevée à la température : -40°C à +200°C. Ils permettent à un instant donné d’obtenir une signature électromagnétique d’un acier (grandeurs magnétiques et électriques) et d’en suivre son évolution dans le temps : suivi de corrosion, changement aux niveaux de la microstructure. Cette technologie de capteur par impression donne la possibilité de s’adapter à un large panel de pièces avec des géométries allant de structures planes à des formes incurvées (tubes, cuves). Il en effet possible d’épouser la forme de la pièce afin d’obtenir une très forte adhésion entre le capteur imprimé et la structure à monitorer. Un maillage de capteurs peut être facilement réalisé sur la pièce afin d’obtenir des cartographies et un suivi précis de son évolution. Ces micro capteurs peuvent être reliés à une console d’acquisition permettant de stocker et de transmettre les données sans fil vers l’extérieur pour traitement et analyse des composants monitorés.

The use of guided waves enables to monitor wide areas of structures with a limited number of sensors and/or a limited acquisition time. In particular, guided wave tomography algorithms give a quantitative image of the residual thickness of the monitored structured, for example a corroded pipe. The idea is to use the dispersion curves to link a change in phase or group velocity to a change in thickness. The method developed at CEA-List includes an auto-calibration phase, eliminating the need of a baseline to work, therefore enabling its use in presence of varying environmental and operational conditions. One drawback of tomography techniques is that they need many sensors compared to more conventional algorithms such as RAPID or Delay and Sum. We propose here a passive version of tomography to limit its intrusiveness by using data obtained by post-processing the ambient elastic noise in the structure. This enables the use of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG) on optical fibers as ultrasonic sensors. The use of FBGs drastically reduces the burden of the system, as several gratings can be multiplexed on a single optical fiber. Furthermore, these sensors are suited for many applications because of their resistance to harsh conditions (extreme temperatures, explosive atmosphere, radiations…).

Abstract Background Bovine paratuberculosis, or Johne’s disease (JD), is a contagious and incurable disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has adverse effects on animal welfare and is very difficult to control, leading to serious economic consequences. An important line of defense to this disease is host genetic resistance to MAP, which, when it will be more fully understood, could be improved through selective breeding. Using a large dataset of Holstein cows (161,253 animals including 56,766 cows with ELISA serological phenotypes and 12,431 animals with genotypes), we applied a single-step single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) best linear unbiased prediction approach to investigate the genetic determinism underlying resistance to this disease (heritability estimate and identification of relevant genomic regions) and estimated genetic trends, reliability, and relative risk factors associated with genomic predictions. Results Resistance to JD was moderately heritable (0.14) and 16 genomic regions were detected that accounted for at least 0.05% of the breeding values variance (GV) in resistance to JD, and were located on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, and 27, with the highest percentage of variance explained by regions on chromosomes 23 (0.36% GV), 5 (0.22% GV), 1 (0.14% GV), and 3 (0.13% GV). When estimated for the whole chromosomes, the autosomes with the largest overall contributions were chromosomes 3 (5.3% GV), 10 (4.8%), 23 (4.7%), 1 (3.6%), 7 (3.4%), 5 (2.9%), 12 (2.5%), 11 (2.2%), and 13 (2%). We estimated a slightly favorable genetic trend in resistance to JD over the last two decades, which can be explained by a low positive genetic correlation between resistance to JD and total merit index (+ 0.06). Finally, in a validation population of 907 cows, relatively reliable genomic predictions (reliability = 0.55) were obtained, which allowed the identification of cows at high risk of infection. Conclusions This study provides new insights into the genetic determinism of resistance to JD and shows that this trait can be predicted from SNP genotypes. It has led to the implementation of a single-step genomic evaluation that should rapidly become an effective tool for controlling paratuberculosis on French Holstein farms.

In the previous decade, the use of Yeast Derivatives (YD) was proposed as a new strategy to control wine oxidation (Comuzzo et al., 2015). These products are obtained from yeasts by autolytic or hydrolytic processes and then dried to obtain the commercial products. The aim of this work was to carry out a preliminary investigation of commercial YDs with different compositions in order to (i) compare their capacity to prevent white wine oxidation in comparison with conventional treatment using SO2, and (ii) evaluate their impact on wine quality.

This paper presents a study of guided wave tomography for corrosion monitoring under varying environmental conditions. Guided wave tomography can be computed in an ‘absolute’ mode thanks to an automatic calibration using solely the data of the current acquisition. This is interesting because no baseline is needed. In particular, this paper studies the capacity of absolute tomography algorithms to be robust to temperature fluctuations. Experimental validations of the method are presented and results on the method’s robustness to temperature variations are shown through acquisitions carried out in a climate chamber over a wide range of temperatures.

In France, the integration of climate and energy issues in the spatial planning tools of local authorities is compulsory for cities with more than 20000 inhabitants. Through the example of Toulouse Metropole, the interdisciplinary work here presented make use of the available geographic and climatic data to perform spatial microclimatic diagnostics and its translation into recommendations to address thermal summer comfort. Analysis maps and strategic maps for daytime and night time are presented for thermal and aeraulic analysis taking advantage of available numerical simulations at 250x250 m, one year of duration and local weather type classifications. A three years long collaboration with the local authority and the urban agency allowed the co-construction of the cartographic protocol and the publication of an Atlas as well as a set of guidelines. Collaboration with a network of French cartographers allowed original propositions on graphic semiology as visual organization, the choice of urban and geographical information to be combined with the climatic information or a proposition of a new UTCI colorimetric spectrum.

In the spring of 2020, a national lockdown was declared in France to control the Covid-19 epidemic – the longest and strictest to date. This led to spontaneous population movements, widely publicised in the media as the urban exodus of Parisians. But were departures from large cities to low-density areas the only types of mobility during this period? And what can we learn from housing changes during lockdown about the ordinary residential practices and dwelling conditions of households, as well as about the resources mobilised to cope with these exceptional situations? Based on the EpiCOV survey (Inserm-Drees), conducted in France among a sample of 135,000 people aged 15 and over at the end of the first lockdown, this article examines the different types of residential mobility that took place in the spring of 2020 on French territory. While this study does not predict whether or not these movements are to become permanent, or whether they would be repeated during further phases of lockdown, it highlights the heterogeneity of mobility practices, captured here in terms of distance travelled, changes within the urban gradient, types and conditions of housing, as well as the variety of resources mobilised according to sex, age and social position of individuals. While long-distance mobility more often concerns wealthy populations, local movements are almost as frequent and concern more heterogeneous fractions of the population.

La recherche-action-participative Capdroits vise à réduire les inégalités de pouvoir inhérentes aux injustices épistémiques en proposant des modalités de recherche symétrisant les savoirs des personnes concernées par des situations de handicap, de maladie ou de dépendances, des acteur·e·s de la relation d’aide et de soin (proches ou professionnel·le·s), et des professionnel·le·s de la recherche en sciences sociales et juridiques. Elle repose sur des principes de réciprocité, d’empowerment, et d’identification de gains. Nous nous centrons dans cet article sur l’une des étapes centrales des pratiques de recherche, à savoir celles de leurs publications et des enjeux d’auteurisation qui soulèvent des questions de reconnaissance scientifique et politique. Nos analyses reposent sur une forme d’auto-ethnographie collective.

Metabolomics is playing an increasingly prominent role in chemical ecology and in the discovery of bioactive natural products (NPs). The identification of metabolites is a common/central objective in both research fields. NPs have significant biological properties and play roles in multiple chemical-ecological interactions. Classically, in pharmacognosy, their chemical structure is determined after a complex process of isolating and interpreting spectroscopic data. With the advent of powerful analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) the annotation process of the specialised metabolome of plants and microorganisms has improved considerably. In this article, we summarise the possibilities opened by these advances and illustrate how we harnessed them in our own research to automate annotations of NPs and target the isolation of key compounds. In addition, we are also discussing the analytical and computational challenges associated with these emerging approaches and their perspective.

With the occurrence of frost, sensitive plants are susceptible to damage. One of the most counter-intuitive impacts of climate change is the increasing frequency of spring frost. Studies have warned of this problem (Inouye, 2008), describing an earlier budburst due to higher temperatures during winter and the last day of frost remaining around the same date. The risk of polar jet stream destabilisation by quick warming has also been mentioned (Molitor et al., 2014). Since 2016, Western European vineyards have suffered from frost damage almost every year (Rochard et al., 2019).

Les tourbières des Vallées de la Brévine et des Ponts-de-Martel ont perdu plus de 90% de leur surface au 20e siècle suite à l'exploitation industrielle de la tourbe. Les travaux de revitalisation entrepris entre 1996 et 2018 ont permis d'y augmenter le nombre de plans d'eau de 240 à 341, leur surface passant de 1.3 à 10.1 hectares. Dès 2005, les odonates ont fait l'objet de suivis réguliers dans plusieurs marais. En 2017 et 2018, un suivi exhaustif a permis de recenser 38 espèces. L'ensemble des données récoltées entre 1938 et 2018 concerne ainsi 52 espèces, soit plus des 2/3 de la faune de Suisse. Parmi elles, neuf figurent sur la Liste Rouge nationale. Les espèces inféodées aux hauts-marais profitent des mesures de revitalisation et voient leur nombre augmenter depuis 2005. Leucorrhinia pectoralis s'est ainsi implantée de manière spectaculaire dans 12 hauts-marais sur 15, alors que L. albifrons, l'une des libellules les plus rares de Suisse, se reproduit dans une tourbière ayant fait l'objet d'importantes revitalisations. De même, les découvertes d'Aeshna subarctica et de Ceriagrion tenellum laissent présager leur implantation dans la région d'étude. Fort de ce bilan positif, le canton de Neuchâtel prévoit de poursuivre son programme de revitalisations au moins pour les cinq prochaines années. Parallèlement, seule une gestion coordonnée des différents marais visant à garantir une offre variée en habitats permettra le maintien des espèces les plus exigeantes.

Abstract Background Bovine paratuberculosis is a contagious disease, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), with adverse effects on animal welfare and serious economic consequences. Published results on host genetic resistance to MAP are inconsistent, mainly because of difficulties in characterizing the infection status of cows. The objectives of this study were to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to MAP in Holstein and Normande cows with an accurately defined status for MAP. Results From MAP-infected herds, cows without clinical signs of disease were subjected to at least four repeated serum ELISA and fecal PCR tests over time to determine both infected and non-infected statuses. Clinical cases were confirmed using PCR. Only cows that had concordant results for all tests were included in further analyses. Positive and control cows were matched within herd according to their birth date to ensure a same level of exposure to MAP. Cows with accurate phenotypes, i.e. unaffected (control) or affected (clinical or non-clinical cases), were genotyped with the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip. Genotypes were imputed to whole-genome sequences using the 1000 Bull Genomes reference population (run6). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of MAP status of 1644 Holstein and 649 Normande cows, using either two (controls versus cases) or three classes of phenotype (controls, non-clinical and clinical cases), revealed three regions, on Bos taurus (BTA) chromosomes 12, 13, and 23, presenting significant effects in Holstein cows, while only one of those was identified in Normande cows (BTA23). The most significant effect was found on BTA13, in a short 8.5-kb region. Conditional analyses revealed that only one causal variant may be responsible for the effects observed on each chromosome with the ABCC4 (BTA12), CBFA2T2 (BTA13), and IER3 (BTA23) genes as good functional candidates. Conclusions A sequence-based GWAS on cows for which resistance to MAP was accurately defined, was able to identify candidate variants located in genes that were functionally related to resistance to MAP; these explained up to 28% of the genetic variance of the trait. These results are very encouraging for efforts towards implementation of a breeding strategy aimed at improving resistance to paratuberculosis in Holstein cows.

Low sandy coasts are small and constrained spaces very sensitive to coastal hazards. The settlement of human activities next to the coastline sets up at-risk territories. The identification of territories exposed to coastal erosion is one of the objectives of the French national strategy for integrated coastal management initiated by the French Ministry of Ecology. This national strategy relies on the network of regional coastal observatories. This paper proposes a common geomatics approach of two of these regional observatories aimed at spatializing a new coastal erosion risk indicator. The partnership between the "Réseau d’observation du littoral de Normandie et des Hauts-de-France" and the "Observatoire régional des risques côtiers en Pays de la Loire", aims at applying this indicator along the sandy coasts of western Manche and northern Vendée, France. The indicator is composed of the combination of 3 variables into spatial units (“boxes”): (i) the historical shoreline change, (ii) the distance between the shoreline and the buildings, roads and campsites located in the 100-m coastal strip and (iii) the presence/absence of coastal protections. The computation of the indicator for each stake, at the scale of the territories, allows the ranking of the erosion risk territories

In the Principles of Nature and Grace (PNG) Leibniz asks two questions, “Why is there rather something than nothing?”, and why the things “must exist thus, and not otherwise”, as an immediate extension of the principle of reason. Differently from Heidegger’s, our hypothesis is that Leibniz thinks the principle of reason in a truly questioning way going deeper into the question why in a metaphysical sense. To verify this hypothesis, we will first study the genesis of the formulation of the principle of reason, starting from the “why” and, in particular, from the substativation of the interrogative adverb, Leibniz’s lexicon identifying in this case “the reason” with “the why”. Secondly, we will study the genesis of the “first question” of §7 of the PNG as far as it defines the primary questioning of metaphysics. Dans les Principes de la nature et de la grâce (PNG) Leibniz pose deux questions, “Pourquoy il y a plustôt quelque chose que rien ?”, et pourquoi les choses “doivent exister ainsi, et non autrement”, comme prolongement immédiat du principe de raison. Différemment de celle de Heidegger, notre hypothèse est que Leibniz pense le principe de raison de façon véritablement questionnante grâce à l’approfondissement de la question pourquoi dans un sens métaphysique. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous étudierons d’abord la genèse de la formulation du principe de raison à partir du “pourquoi”, et en particulier lorsque l’adverbe interrogatif est substantivé, le lexique leibnizien identifiant alors “la raison” avec “le pourquoi”. Dans un second temps, nous étudierons la genèse de la “première question” du §7 des PNG en tant qu’elle définit le questionnement premier de la métaphysique.

This article proposes a research framework for analyzing the role of ideas and ethical norms in the construction of the spatiality of societies. After recalling the existence of three possible uses of the term ‘geoethics’ within the academic sphere (professional, prescriptive and analytical), a second part presents five possible epistemological approaches of geoethical analysis (the naturalistic, idealistic, rational choice, holistic and constructivist approaches). In doing so, the heuristic interest of a constructivist and multifactorial approach to geoethical norms in the regulation of the spatiality of societies will be underlined. In a last part, the conditions for the conceptual and methodological implementation of a constructivist analysis of geoethical norms, regimes and controversies are introduced. The article closes with the proposal of a classification aimed at highlighting the role of geoethical norms in the construction of some major currents of thought constitutive of political modernity.Keywords: constructivism, geoethics, norms, moral values, territorial governance

This article proposes a research framework for analyzing the role of ideas and ethical norms in the construction of the spatiality of societies. After recalling the existence of three possible uses of the term ‘geoethics’ within the academic sphere (professional, prescriptive and analytical), the paper presents five possible epistemological approaches of geoethical analysis (the naturalistic, idealistic, rational choice, holistic and constructivist approaches). In doing so, it highlights the heuristic value of a constructivist and multifactorial approach to geoethical norms in the regulation of the spatiality of societies. Consequently, the paper presents the conditions for the conceptual and methodological implementation of a constructivist analysis of geoethical norms, regimes and controversies. It concludes by suggesting a typology aimed at highlighting the role of geoethical norms in the construction of some major currents of thought constitutive of political modernity.

"The triple stimulation of geography (lakes and mountains), environmental problems and border influences could justify the claim of a regional architecture in the Northern Alps. Especially since the production is significant, driven by economic dynamics. But the question posed by critical regionalism is that of an architecture of resistance. There is no architecture in the Savoie countries that can be said to be regionalist according to this formulation opposing the local to the universal. And yet, there is a form of non-conceptualized resistance: because of the place, the climate, the architectural heritage, including the twentieth century. Indeed by its specific programs, the mountain has been a place for architectural and technical experiences. Today these buildings are markers of the territory fully participating in alpine identity. For the inhabitants, a particular cultural identity is built around the myth of mountain life updated. It is constituted around the outdoor, a high-tech industry, an international mobility (Geneva airport), an exceptional biodiversity… This idealization of the mountain has been in resistance to the dominant discourse carried by a declining company. Contemporary architectural production is claimed by the new populations as a way of living the mountain, connected to the world but differentiating them from the inhabitants of the “plain”. What has been implemented architecturally is very in tune with the current political discourse of “at the same time”: industry and nature, comfort and sobriety, technicality and tradition, universal and local. So even the modern break is being digested as an assumed alpine marker – at the same time –."

L’introduction de ce dossier retrace les principaux clivages, ambivalences et formes d’hybridations qui traversent et modèlent le champ pénal en Suisse et à l’échelle internationale. Le texte invite ainsi à interroger les rapports entre État pénal et État social, entre punition, réhabilitation et gestion des risques, ou encore entre prison et alternatives à l’incarcération : comment ces dimensions a priori distinctes se combinent-elles empiriquement, constituant de fait un « continuum sociopénal » ? La pertinence théorique du concept d’hybridation pour la compréhension du champ pénal, ainsi que les outils méthodologiques utiles à son exploration sont ensuite discutés. Enfin, sont détaillées trois formes d’hybridation, qui dialoguent avec les contributions composant ce dossier : la première forme se donne à voir lorsque deux institutions poursuivant des missions distinctes sont amenées à collaborer pour prendre en charge un même public ; la deuxième émerge lorsqu’au sein d’un même dispositif institutionnel deux paradigmes d’intervention se font concurrence et entremêlent leurs logiques d’action; la troisième forme d’hybridation peut s’observer lorsqu’on prend pour objet d’analyse les trajectoires des publics soumis au champ pénal, elles-mêmes marquées par la diversité des dispositifs de prise en charge (sociale, judiciaire ou encore thérapeutique).

"Regeneration, as it is usually presented, implies economic crisis. For Lucinges, a village located in France, but only some kilometers away from Geneva, things are different: its regeneration started from a substratum of a cultural crisis. Geneva concentrates all forms of urban culture and, as a result of its metropolitan dimension, sterilizes all cultural development in its outlying territories. Geneva’s functional approach crushes the original rural culture, engaging Lucinges in a process of trivialisation. Lucinges’ municipality decided to overturn this standardisation by creating a strong cultural venue which would bring inhabitants together and enforce the elected officials’ decisions. Michel Butor’s donation to the village has shaped its new cultural identity, bringing coherence to speeches and projects. The school, the library, the mansion, Butor house, will reshape the town center’s geography and history. These buildings participate in a strong symbolic representation of the territory, forming the “Butor Archipelago”. The desire to inscribe Lucinges in its modern time, without giving up the génie du lieu, allows the implementation of contemporary architecture as an expression of the local project. It is not a marketing process. These remarkable circumstances allow architects to work in the center of the village through successive projects. Incremental additions are an opportunity to materialize a thought: to make contemporary architecture a process of regeneration of identity. This concept is composed of gradually constituted logics connecting the projects to an unwritten rule. The criticism of previous achievements fuels the global thought for future projects. The emergence of those islands reveals the archipelago."

A la bibliothèque Wroblewski de l’académie des sciences de Lituanie sont conservées des lettres de la correspondance diplomatique du chevalier Charles Gravier de Vergennes, ambassadeur de France en Turquie de 1755 à 1769, avec le comte Jan Klemens Branicki, grand-hetman de Pologne, et les princes de Moldavie Scarlat Ghika, Jean-Théodore Callimachi et Grégoire Callimachi, pour les années s’étendant de 1757 à 1763. Ces lettres, inexploitées jusqu’à aujourd’hui, éclairent sous un jour nouveau les relations diplomatiques entre la Principauté de Moldavie (faisant alors partie de l’empire ottoman) et la République des Deux Nations (ou Pologne-Lituanie). Elles témoignent des différends qui pouvaient naître entre la Principauté et la République, de la façon dont les hospodars défendaient les intérêts de leurs ressortissants, ainsi que de l’assistance mutuelle que ces deux Etats pouvaient se prêter. La médiation du hospodar Grégoire Callimachi (assisté de son homme de confiance, monsieur de Mille), qui permit d’eviter une guerre entre Polonais et Tartares suite au litige survenu en 1761 entre le prince polonais Stanisław Lubomirski et le khan des Tartares Kırım Giray, en est un parfait exemple. L’article aborde ainsi les thèmes suivants : la collaboration transfrontalière entre la Principauté de Moldavie et la République des Deux Nations (I), les plaintes des marchands moldaves à l’encontre des autorités polonaises (II), la médiation de la Moldavie dans le litige opposant le prince polonais Stanisław Lubomirski au khan des Tartares Kırım Giray (1760-1763) (III). Nous espérons que cette étude apportera un regard nouveau sur la nature des relations entre la République des Deux Nations et la Principauté de Moldavie au XVIIIe siècle.

The objective of this article is to highlight the polychromy of medieval architecture in several aspects. It deals with the archaeological aspect: observation of the coatings. Aesthetic appearance: reception of light. And spiritual performance of interior and exterior colors.

Viollet-le-Duc has always been attentive to the polychromy of the medieval churches. This article proposes to dwell on the technique developed by the architect, with P. Mérimée and J.-B. Lassus, for the preservation and restoration of polychromy. In a second stage, this study focuses on the creation, by the same Viollet-le-Duc, of a new polychromy of architecture, in Pierrefonds in particular, and on the technical reflection that accompanies it.

The rise of information technology offers new possibilities in terms of observation, interaction and analysis of spatial data. Using public spatial data on the Grand Lyon metropolitan area, we have developed a new service based on the web site webarmature.fr. This platform makes it possible to visualize, compare and quantify landcover dynamics in the Grand Lyon territory. All the data presented on the site are public or have been generated by the ARMATURE research project (LabEx Intelligences des Mondes Urbains (IMU), Université de Lyon (UDL)). This platform was designed to be reproduced or adapted for other French territories.

About Nietzsche’s Lectures On the Future of Our Educational Institutions The text focuses on reflecting on the role of modern university in a man intellectual development, starting from Nietzsche’s ideas. By drawing up some of the main methodological and philosophical concepts of the German philosopher, the text highlights a series of aspects on the (still) Humboldian nature of current universities – a state of tension under the political, economic and social factors. Thus, the classic concepts of Bildung and Kultur specific to the XIX-century University are analyzed in relation with the crisis that marked the Prussian state of Bismarck period. Higher education being available to the masses is a current problem Nietzsche didn’t avoid to call „savageness” and „decline” of the higher educational system. The purpose of the text is to point out if Nietzsche’s ideas can be still applied nowadays.

Avec le développement des Hautes écoles spécialisées (HES) en Suisse romande, les «écoles sociales» ont été érigées au sta-tut de «haute» école de travail social (HETS) en 2002, c’est-à-dire des établissements de niveau tertiaire universitaire délivrant des Bachelors contribuant à élargir l’offre de formation académique. Le recrutement des candidats à l’entrée en formation professionnelle a connu une série de transformations depuis ces quinze dernières années qui tend à une rationalisation du processus de sélection. Cette transformation des procédures et des critères d’admission relève d’une dynamique que l’on retrouve dans d’autres univers sociaux (Marchal et al. 2010), y compris au sein de ceux marqués par certains référentiels vocationnels (Sorignet 2010). Basé sur une enquête portant sur les trajectoires d’orientation des candidats à l’en-trée en HETS, ce texte a pour objet d’éclairer les mutations de leur «droit d’entrée » (Mauger 2007).

Le droit romain est souvent considéré comme une matrice intellectuelle, linguistique et conceptuelle des droits européens contemporains et en particulier du droit civil français. Toutefois, si le vocabulaire a persisté dans une certaine mesure, des notions juridiques fondamentales ont subi de profondes transformations au cours de l’histoire à mesure que le droit s’assimilait progressivement à un pouvoir. Il en est ainsi du concept de chose qui désignait à l’origine le procès ou la situation litigieuse mise en forme par la procédure juridique en droit romain. Dans le système contemporain, la chose signifie d’ordinaire un bien matériel indépendant du sujet dans la droite application de la théorisation moderne du droit subjectif. Cette conception est le fruit d’une opposition nette entre le sujet et l’objet, laquelle a promu une catégorisation étanche des personnes et des choses inconnue du droit romain.

The manipulation of the electronic properties of solids by light is an exciting goal, which requires knowledge of the electronic structure with energy, momentum and temporal resolution. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (tr-ARPES) is the most direct probe of the effects of an optical excitation on the band structure of a material. In particular, tr-ARPES in the extreme ultraviolet (VUV) range gives access to the ultrafast dynamics over the entire Brillouin zone. VUV tr-ARPES experiments can now be performed at the ASTRA (ARPES Spectrometer for Time-Resolved Applications) end station of Harmonium, at LACUS. Its capabilities are illustrated by measurements of the ultrafast electronic response of ZrSiTe, a novel topological semimetal characterized by linearly dispersing states located at the Brillouin zone boundary.

This paper questions the temporality of health: it endeavours to demonstrate that health and disease phenomena can be said to be not accidentally, but essentially temporal. It uncovers four temporal features of health: its span of duration, its relationship with the future, the partially retrospective nature of the judgements that relate to it, and its irreversibility.

Chemical transformations that can be performed selectively under physiological conditions are highly desirable tools to track biomolecules and manipulate complex biological processes. Here, we report a new nanocatalyst consisting of small palladium nanoparticles stabilized on the surface of PLGA-PEG nanoparticles that show excellent catalytic activity for the modification of biological building blocks through Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions in water. Brominated or iodinated amino acids were coupled with aryl boronic acids in phosphate buffer in good yields. Interestingly, up to 98% conversion into the coupled amino acid could be achieved in 2 h at 37 °C using the stable, water-soluble cyclic triolborate as organometallic partner in the presence of only 1 mol% of palladium. These results pave the way for the modification of biomolecules in complex biological systems such as the intracellular space.

According to this paper, the Nietzschean notion of force actually consists of a number of paradoxes, which I seek to formulate through the philosophical problems they pose. These paradoxes revolve around this fundamental paradox: on the one hand, force is able to rise and fall, but precisely how could such an increase and such a decrease be designed, as far as only what is given once for all can accept quantitative determinations? I come to draw two methods to answer this question (contrariety between two positive forces, reactivity of one force against the other), which suggest two ways of posing the biological and medical problems today, related to the notions of health and disease, in the scope of which Nietzsche has encountered it.

There are two types of justice in Nietzsche: a moral justice that he criticizes and an extra-moral one which corresponds to a « a great justice » that he sustains. However, in the passage from the former to the latter concept, it can be clearly seen what Nietzsche calls a « shift in values », that is not a simple inversion between the top and the bottom, but a substitution from a gradual, hierarchical conception of values to a binary or dualist one. Thus, a third Nietzschean concept of justice can be identified; this is the most original and important of all and refers to this hierarchy and its acknowledgement.