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Copyright of Current Social & Economic Processes / Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok is the property of University of Szeged, Faculty of Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Survey techniques are usually considered as quantitative methods. Elastic survey technique provides a reform for the method on a qualitative basis by employing practices originating traditionally in cultural anthropology and communication theory. Based on Geertz, an advice can be articulated for the questioning to be adapted to the given field and respondent instead of conversely. The technique, reaching back to the social psychological discussions in the 80s, calls for a symmetry in communication during survey interaction. A goal is to reach a method with a higher level of sustainability and validity that on the other hand keeps the reliability of the survey technique. The adaptation of the method is illustrated by a pilot research conducted in a partnership between TÁRKI Research Institute and Corvinus University of Budapest. The article focuses on how various questions considering political issues were misinterpreted by respondents and how the employment of elastic survey technique improved the validity of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magyar Radiológia Online is the property of Society of Hungarian Radiologists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Innovation is a natural byproduct of of viable enterprises. The implementation of the innovation workflow is a fundamental necessity for today's enterprises. In this day and age, when on the one hand, international initiatives are pushing for a greater focus on innovative activities and on the other hand serious market pressure is pushing firms towards novel solutions, innovation professionals are facing a forest of question marks. The innovation related conceptual framework has not yet integrated fully into the economic lifecycle. Problems in connection with the measurement of innovation and the evaluation of innovative activities complicate the development of normative trends. We are introducing the primary observations of our research with regard to the fundamental definitional and terminological examination of Hungarian innovation-finance regulation. The primary focus of the research was on the collection and classification of the basic know-how of the subject matter; its objective is the presentation of an overview of innovation and its associated concepts from an application perspective. In the first section, we review the concepts of academic literature from the point of view of a company executive/manager. Subsequent sections deal with the clarification of terminology to be applied over the course of the drafting and implementation of specific innovative undertakings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the incidence and mortality of sepsis and to analyse the direct costs of severe sepsis treated in intensive care unit in Hungary., Method: National data on sepsis demography, incidence and mortality were collected using the database of Hungarian Health Fund, Year 2001. The cost of treating severe sepsis was calculated by retrospective data collection of resource use in 6 ICUs. Personnel costs were calculated from annual salary report and the indirect costs were estimated by the financial director of each participating hospital. To validate retrospective data, the ICUs organised a prospective cost-analysis during one month period., Results: There were 2659 patients reported with septic DRG code in Hungary. The mortality of sepsis is 42.7%, the average length of stay is 14.5 days (SD-17.4). Patients discharged from ICU after sepsis remained in hospital for further 18.1 days (SD-18). The mortality of severe sepsis in the pilot sample (n = 70) was found to be 64.2%, with average length of stay 15.5 (SD-10.2). The average daily ICU cost of severe sepsis is HUF 107 200 (429 Euro). Consumables account for 68% of total cost, the personnel 26.3% and clinical support 5.7%., Conclusion: The mortality of severe sepsis is high and the cost of treating severe sepsis is four times more then the average ICU daily cost. To take into account the much longer length of stay (15.5 vs. 5 day), annual cost of septic patients is HUF 4.4 billions (1 140000 Euro) in Hungary.

Aim: The aim of the study is to analyse the regional and time range characteristics of the breast cancer screening programme and the utilization of health services related to the programme., Methods: The data derive from the database of the National Health Insurance Fund Administration containing routinely collected financial data. The patients include all the women having mammography screening in the year of 2002 (N=314,395). In the time range analysis the starting point (T0) was the time of the mammography screening identified with the outpatient code "42400 mammography screening". We calculated the average delay between the time of mammography screening (time=T0), further diagnostic (time=T1) and therapeutic (time=T2) procedures. For the calculation of the average period spent from the time of mammography screening we used the median value instead of arithmetic mean., Results: According to our data 17,303 women had ultrasound examination in axilla (T1 median value: 20 days) and 23,249 women had ultrasound examination in breast (T1 median value: 26 days). Among the women having mammography examination in 2002, 906 had chemotherapy (T2 median value: 83 days), while 1364 patients had radiotherapy (T2 median value: 136 days). The T2 median value of subtotal and total mastectomy was 43-47 days and 50-53 days respectively, while the T2 median value of breast operations because of non-malignant causes was 57 days after mammography screening. The total annual cost of organised breast cancer screening programme, including the cost of mammography examination, the cost of further diagnostic examination and surgical, radio- and chemotherapy treatment of recalled women, was 2,242 billion Hungarian forints (8,968 million euros) in 2002., Conclusion: We observed significant regional differences, which result in large discrepancies in the equity. We can assume that these differences can be reduced by better organisation and the more consistent application of professional guidelines.

Chimerism is an exceptional immunogenetic state, characterized by the survival and collaboration of cell populations originated from two different individuals. The prerequisites to induce chimerism are immunosuppression, myeloablation or severe immunodeficiency of the recipients on one side and donor originated immuno-hematopoietic cells in the graft on the other. Special immunogenetic conditions to establish chimerism are combined with bone marrow transplantation, transfusion and various kinds of solid organ grafting. There are various methods to detect the type of chimera state depending on the immunogenetic differences between the donor and recipient. The chimera state seems to be one of the leading factors to influence the course of the post-transplant period, the frequency and severity of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and the rate of relapse. However, the most important contribution of the chimeric state is the development of graft versus leukemia (GVL) effect. A new conditioning protocol (DBM/Ara-C/Cy) for allogeneic BMT in CML patients and its consequence on chimera state and GVL effect is demonstrated.

A new, radiation-free, conditioning protocol, containing the original Hungarian mitobronitol (DBM) (DBM/ cytosine arabinoside/cyclosphosphamide) has been applied to 36 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients followed by bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from HLA identical sibling donors between 1990-1997. In spite of some prognostically disadvantageous factors (half of them were above 40 years, 10 out of 36 patients were in accelerated phase, the disease history was longer than 2 years in average) the overall survival (30/36) and the leukemia free survival rate (26/36) were in accordance with the best international results. Transplantation-related toxicity was remarkably reduced in comparison to bone marrow transplantation performed by total body irradiation/cyclophosphamide (TBI/Cy) or busulphan/cyclophosphamide (Bu/Cy) conditioning protocols. Acute graft versus host disease was present in lower percentage (9/36) and the number of serious cases was only 2/36. Chronic GVH disease, generally known to be associated with antileukemic effect (GVL), occurred in 25 of cases. Early haematological relapse among the 34 patients with functioning graft occurred in 6 patients which rate is slightly higher than reported after TBI/Cy or Bu/Cy conditioning treatment. There was no relapse among patients transplanted within one year post-diagnosis and patients having CML with accelerated phase. The leukemia free post-transplant period was in association with the chronic GVH disease and full chimeric state.

Requirement of blood supplementation is especially high in liver transplantation. Authors demonstrate the quantity and quality of blood and blood preparates used in the Transplantation and Surgical Department in Budapest during liver transplantation. Praxis of transfusion and the mode in the sustain of coagulation are shown. Dates in Hungary are compared to those in abroad. They conclude that these dates are comparable to each others.

The authors describe the metastasis in gallbladder of the malignant melanoma removed from dorsal skin. Due to the increasing incidence of dermal melanomas, they emphasize the occurrence of unexpected and unpredictable metastases and the need for a close, life-long follow-up of patients. The prognosis of visceral metastases is affected to a great extent by their early detection.

The authors report the strategy of invasive management of Rh alloimmunisation in pregnancy. From the 34 pregnancies 6 were monitored by amniocenteses, 11 by fetal blood sampling, and 4 with combination of the two above mentioned diagnostic procedures. In 13 cases the fetuses were treated with intrauterine intravascular blood transfusions. All the procedures were ultrasound guided. The fetal blood sampling and the transfusions were carried out by puncturing the umbilical vein or artery. For transfusions, maternal blood was used in case of identical blood type, otherwise adult Rh negative, filtered, washed, irradiated blood was transfused. They report the complications as well, giving the cause of their fetal losses in details. There were no maternal complications observed. Out of the 34 pregnant women 25 had healthy newborns, which number is acceptable in this disease with a very high mortality rate. The authors underline that the technique of fetal blood sampling and intrauterine transfusion if needed is necessary in the management of Rh alloimmunised pregnancies.