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Despite being easily operated and displaying reduced costs and short turnaround time, urine osmolality still remains rarely used in the majority of clinical laboratories. Nevertheless, urine osmolality may add significant information and value in specific clinical settings, including differential diagnosis of polyuria and hyponatremia and in the estimation of ammonium urine concentration by urine osmolal gap calculation. Clinical laboratories and clinicians must work closely together to identify and share specific diagnostic paths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "laboratory stewardship" refers to the proper ordering and evaluation of laboratory tests. The inappropriateness of the request is not only the overuse of laboratory tests, ordering low-value tests that have no impact on patient outcomes, but also the underuse of tests that would be necessary for the patient. In addition, the large number of tests offered by the laboratory, sometimes highly specialized, can cause difficult or incomplete interpretation of results. Accordingly, errors in requesting and interpreting results can lead from suboptimal patient management to very negative consequences for the patient. Communication and collaboration between clinicians and laboratory specialists can be an important tool in providing the right test, for the right patient, at the right time as well as the right interpretation and use. In this opinion paper, we propose a strategic plan aimed at strengthening the biunivocal clinical-laboratory interaction with the ultimate goal of improving the quality of patient care and reducing costs for both patients and the health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The report of the medical laboratory is the final result of the complex analytical activity that requires technology, automation, organization and competence. The content of the report has been defined since 2015, but the application of the legislative requirements is still incomplete. The need for interoperability of the medical laboratory reports in order to be easily accessible and understandable throughout Europe, increases the requirements for the development of standards for reporting of test names, units of measurement, qualitative expressions. The adoption of LOINC codes may improve interoperability, but the codes have to be used correctly and a stewardship from Scientific Societies is needed. The laboratory reports are moving from paper to electronic format, and this should help the readability and simplicity favoring the interpretation, but the increasing amount of data and information may make them more difficult to read. This aspect together with the rapid development of new analytical technologies increases the need for interpretative comments, that should be clear, avoid acronyms or excessive technical terms and tackle the real relevant aspects. Being the final product of our activity, the report deserves more attention from our profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathogenesis of urolithiasis is related to the presence of physico-chemical abnormalities in the urine environment. These anomalies can be highlighted and evaluated through specific biochemical investigations, often not included in the usual activities of a hospital laboratory. The laboratory activities include the adoption of the most appropriate procedures for the evaluation of urine saturation with respect to lithogenic salts (propensity to stone formation), the identification and analysis of precursors and inhibitors of crystallization, the biochemical investigation for the identification of pre-existing diseases, including the genetic ones, and the analysis of kidney stones. Over the years, in the medical approach to nephrolithiasis, the need for specialized analytical techniques has increasingly raised, requiring the use of versatile technology (HPLC, GC-LC/MS, FTIR), adaptable to the investigation of substances belonging to the most varied classes and present in different biological matrices. In this paper we describe the main analytical activities carried out by a specialized laboratory for the study of renal stone disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cystinuria is one of the unrecognized causes of nephrolithiasis. As other stones, cystine stones can present with flank pain, haematuria, dysuria, as well as systemic symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. This report describes the case of a 36-years-old pregnant woman, admitted at Emergency Department for severe vomiting and weight loss (6 kilograms in one month), soon after being treated for hyperemesis gravidarum. Failure of response to conventional management prompted further clinical and laboratory investigations. Urinary sediment analysis by automated analyser and intelligent verification rules, allowed to highlight cysteine casts, recognized by well trained staff. Cooperation between laboratory staff and clinicians allowed diagnosing cystinuria and starting therapy with vomiting remission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes the development of Living Hub: a laboratory for research, experimentation and training based on the Living Lab model, integrated with the use of the Simulation technique, to optimise the study of the interaction between people, environments, and technology. The lab aims to support the design of capacitating technologies and responsive environments that can adapt to the needs of their users, with reference to the home context. Located in Liguria, a region with the highest rate of ageing in the world, Living Hub focuses experimentation on innovative models for the care of the frail through different levels of scalar/modular integration of enabling technologies in the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamical actions to which the catenary dropper is subjected during the pantograph passage can become very relevant for high speeds of railway vehicle. In some very rare and isolated cases, premature failure of the dropper positioned near the suspension and/or near the auto tensioning devices in catenaries for High Speed (HS) operation has been observed. In order to understand the phenomenon, an analysis developed in several activities was carried out, including numerical analyses and in line and in laboratory experimental activities. A final phase of the investigation was dedicated to the development of a prototype of a dropper specifically designed on the basis of the results obtained from this study with the aim of improving the dropper fatigue behaviour. The new dropper could be used in critical points of the overhead line, such as near the suspension and/or near the auto tensioning devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Exit, voice, and loyalty": an agent-based simulation on Hirschman's framework In recent years, agent-based modelling (ABM) has gradually been spreading in social sciences, as a tool capable to test hypotheses, improve sociological theories, and anchor macro analyses onto empirical data, consequently reinforcing the micro-macro links. This article illustrates a computational-interactive model based on Hirschman's framework, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. The triad has been reinterpreted in the light of the social actor theory of Luciano Gallino. In the model, built in NetLogo, social actors symbolically move through social systems. As in a "virtual laboratory" - by varying simple considered parameters - the simulation results show the potential of the method to enlighten some logics and dynamics connected to the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How should doctors be in the near future?The history of man and that of medicine are a compendium that links the past to the present with one main difference: the past has been characterized by a slow progression of the medical sciences that has necessarily taken long time to establish a solid foundation for our knowledge; instead, the present is characterized by a fast-paced progress of knowledge that uses innovative tools and methods. In the past, progress and knowledge have been linked to revolutionary scientists who, alone, anticipated and imagined the future. In the present, knowledge and progress are the result of large organizations, Universities, biotechnology laboratories, and the ability to study big data. But at the basis of medical training remain logical knowledge, probabilistic reasoning, in-depth study of the functioning of the human body and its alterations. Both past and present must always coexist in a doctor's culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides information on the start and rapid development of training, research and laboratory activities of IIS and IIS Progress in Italy and abroad. In particular, two successive periods are considered separately for the first and the remaining tasks, the first one of affirmation and development of training and research activities and of start and growth of the Laboratory, the second one, characterized by the availability of the new modern IIS headquarters, of vigorous growth, also due to the reorganization of the corporate structure and to the preparation of the partition that led to the birth of the IIS Group. The latter includes, as it is now well known, along with IIS ente morale (Non-proflt Organization), IIS Cert srl (Ltd.), IIS Service srl (Ltd.), both created in early 2011, and IIS Progress srl (Ltd.) which was created in early 2013. At the same time the most important events are remembered related to the acquisition in 1988 of the new and well-equipped IIS headquarters in Genoa and, in the following years, of a number of offices in other Italian locations. IIS Group had in force at the end of 2013 approximately 225 employees (including about sixty graduates engineers and a hundred technical graduates), of which almost a quarter are employees and managers of IIS Progress. Appears as well as in over sixty years of activity before IIS and afler the IIS Group have been won a reputation for professionalism, reliability and expertise that have made it one of the most comprehensive European benchmarks in the field of joining and related and connected techniques, appreciated everywhere it has acted, in Italy, in Europe and in other continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study related to the evaluation of airborne levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metallic elements associated to dusts conducted in Italy. The study mentions the problem associated with the environmental monitoring of VOCs in analytical chemistry laboratories. As per the study, the determination of VOCs is difficult due to presence of toxic compound. The study further concluded that toxic compounds are presents in VOCs.

During past years, the combination of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), also known as HPLCMS/MS, matured to reliable analytical instrumentation. Its application in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) has been shown to be superior to normally applied immunoassays. Especially in the context of immunosuppressant medication level surveillance, this technique has become an indispensable tool in many clinical laboratories and is considered the gold standard. However, setting up a HPLC-MS/MS platform is demanding in terms of assay validation and the robustness of testing. This review is to provide a rough guideline aiding the implementation process of such a platform in to a routine clinical environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroenzymes are complexes consisting of normal enzymes or isoenzymes generated by their polymerization, mostly by their linking to immunoglobulins, some lipoproteins, proteins, or cell membrane fragments. Generally, macroenzymes are characterized by a greater molecular mass and longer half-life in systemic circulation. The occurrence of macroenzymes in serum may influence analytical measurement of anenzyme activity or may cause erroneous interpretation of elevated enzyme activity due to inadequate understanding of the clinical relevance of the presence of macroenzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the reduction of clinical laboratory errors in developed countries. He asserts that evidences have indicated that most of the errors fall to the pre and post analytical process are more vulnerable to these occurrences. He infers that it should prompt laboratories to focus their attention on the process in order to improve patient safety. He implies that the process seem to present potential quality improvement once reliable strategies have been identified and applied.