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Background Research theses can have a significant impact on the development of applied sciences, especially when their results are published. Objective This study aims to determine publication rate of papers extracted from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) during 2008-2018. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of GUMS from 2008 to 2018. Then, they were searched in international and national databases according to the title, keywords, and names of supervisors, advisors, and students. Results Of 774 theses, 449 (58 %) papers had been extracted and published in journals indexed by ISI/ PubMed (41.2%), Scopus (11.8%), BIOSIS, Chemical Abstract, and Embase (0.44%) and others (46.56%). Most of them (98.66%) were original research. Moreover, in 383(85.3%) of the theses, there was no statistician or data advisor. The median time from defending theses to the publication of a paper from them was two years. Conclusion The publication of papers extracted from the theses of GUMS has increased, and more than 50% of them have been published in journals indexed by ISI, PubMed, and Scopus. However, the factors associated with the publication of papers need to be surveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Paper recycling is currently considered as one of the most important solutions for environmentally friendly and sustainable paper production. This process not only reduces the consumption of resources like water, energy, and virgin fibers but also contributes leads to a decrease in pollution. As a result, the paper recycling rate is continuously increasing in various countries, further emphasizing its importance in achieving a greener and more sustainable paper industry. Recycled paper is predominantly utilized in the production of packaging paper and board. However, it is crucial for these paper products to possess not only dry strength but also the ability to maintain the necessary strength when exposed to wet conditions, especially for packaging goods that require cold or freezing storage. To achieve this, various techniques such as refining and additives consumptions can be employed. The objective of this study is to explore the individual impact of each factor, as well as their interaction effects, in order to enhance the properties of office deinked pulp (DIP) for the production of packaging paperboard in order to improve the overall characteristics and performance of the packaging paperboard. Materials and Methods: DIP, sourced from Latif Paper Company, was subjected to refining until it reached an SR value of 30. The additives including cationic corn starch (at four levels of 1%, 1.4%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), wet strength resin (at three levels of 1%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), and AKD (at three levels of 1%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), were individually incorporated into the pulp suspension. Handsheets were made with the basis weight of 120 g/m2 . To evaluate and compare the impact of the optimal additive treatment on the treated pulp, various tests were conducted on the handsheets. These tests included measuring water absorption, tensile strength, burst strength, tear strength, wet strength retention, and absolute wet strength retention. The relative retention strength was determined by assessing the independent effects of each treatment on the tensile strength, burst strength, and tear strength of handsheets under both wet and dry conditions. Results: The impact of refining on the strength of handsheets made from DIP was found to be statistically significant in dry conditions. The results demonstrated that incorporating 2wt% cationic corn starch into the refined pulp led to the improved performance, particularly in terms of tear strength, compared to the independent factor of refining alone. Additionally, the utilization of wet strength resin and AKD showed a remarkable increase in the strength of handsheets under wet conditions, as well as a significant reduction in water absorption when compared to the control sample. Furthermore, employing both refining and the optimal combination treatment of additives - including 2wt% cationic corn starch, 3wt% wet strength resin, and 1wt% AKD - simultaneously resulted in a significant enhancement in both the wet and dry strength of the handsheets, as well as a decrease in water absorption. This indicates that the combined treatment presented a positive effect on the overall performance of the handsheets. Conclusions: The application of the optimal combination treatment, which involved refining DIP and adding additives simultaneously, resulted in the improvement of all handsheet properties when compared to the control sample. This enhanced handsheet could be suitable for packaging products that require refrigeration or freezing conditions. In dry state, the strength of the handsheets exceeded the standard strength of bleached kraft paper as per Iran national standard no. 2875, with the exception of tear strength. The evaluation of absolute relative retention wet strength indicated that the performance of the combination treatment was highly favorable compared to previous research reports. The combination treatment remarkably reduced water absorption of the handsheet by 22 g/m², making it suitable for paper storage in freezing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, with the help of Heidegger and Foucault's conceptual tools, as well as the achievements of the cognitive science, we try to examine the transition from paper reading to digital reading. This discussion can be a preparation for a philosophical understanding of the digital age. We show that Heidegger's analysis of the ready-to-hand beings and technology can help to understand the reading behaviors of paper and digital readers. We have also use Heidegger's analytical framework for text ontology. On the other hand, Foucault's reflections on the embodied technologies can explain the power-knowledge relationships that is constructed around the reader. In addition, the cognitive science has provided detailed empirical findings on the effects of reading behaviors on the human cognitive biases and skills by examining the various modes of reading. Embodied and skillful cognitive science, by going beyond the computational understanding of human beings, has noticed the various behaviors and states of the body in reading processes and highlighted their effects. To integrate these areas of research, we try to place the findings of the cognitive science within the framework of Heidegger and Foucault's technological understanding of the modern power-knowledge relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Change in the food consumption’s pattern and the widespread use of the fast foods, as well as, the globalization of the food trade and the transportation of food over the long distances have brought great challenges to the safety and quality of the foods. One of the most important uses of the papers is the food packaging industry to keep the health and quality of the packaged materials from the production step to the customer. The extract of medicinal plants has the ability to create antibacterial properties. In this research, rosemary extract was used to produce the antibacterial papers. Extraction of plant was done by using soxhlet extractor and ultrasonic. In the soxhlet method, the dry powder was extracted at 4 and 6 hours and in the ultrasonic method, 40 and 60 powers were used for extraction. Then the papers were treated with plant extract prepared in two amounts of 15 and 20% based on the dry weight of the paper. The antibacterial properties of the papers were investigated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. All the papers treated with rosemary extracted by soxhlet method showed antibacterial property. Inhibition zone of bacteria was formed for both of them. The maximum diameter of the Inhibition zone for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with 6 hours’ extraction and the consumption amount of 20% was 22 and 20 mm. In the treated paper with rosemary extracted by ultrasonic method, the maximum diameter of the Inhibition zone for Escherichia coli bacteria was 20 mm in 40A and 9 min. Also, the highest diameter of the Inhibition zone for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 20 mm in 40A and 9 min. Gas chromatography confirmed the presence of antibacterial substances including, Borneol, Camphor, and Bornyl acetate in rosemary extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most preventable causes of mental retardation throughout the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of filter paper in screening for congenital hypothyroidism and to determine an appropriate cut-off point for filter TSH for recalling screened neonates. Methods: In this cross-sectional study (descriptive analytic), the records of 2739 neonates who had been recalled during the CH screening program in the east of Tehran, Iran (health care centers of the Iran University of Medical Sciences), from March 2011 to March 2015, were studied. According to the CH screening program in Iran, the TSH on filter paper>5 is the current cut-off point for recalling the neonates. The data was analyzed with SPSS software, version 21. The ROC curve was used to determine the TSH cut-off point and the sensitivity and specificity of the filter test. The relationship between the filter and serum TSH was also determined. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Results: The recall rate was 5.4%. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 3/1000 neonates (164). The prevalence in males and females was 51.1% and 48.9%, respectively, with no significant difference. The number of recalled neonates diagnosed as patients with congenital hypothyroidism based on the filter TSH level was 5

Background and Objectives: Wastewater treatment of paper recycling and cardboard industries with the aim of water recycling and reducing environmental impact is one of the daily needs of industries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to optimize the conditions of coagulation and flocculation process in wastewater treatment of paper recycling industries using the response surface method. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, response surface method and central composite design were used to design the experiments and to determine the effects of the studied variables (pH, concentrations of alum, Poly aluminum chloride (PAC), and cationic polymer) on the total suspended solid (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. Data analysis was done using ANOVA statistical test with a significant level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that in the combination of PAC with cationic polymer (optimal conditions; pH=7.5, PAC concentration=450 mg/L, cationic polymer concentration=1.5 mg/L), the TSS and COD removal efficiency were 97.34% and 75.76%, respectively. In combination of alum with cationic polymer (optimal conditions; pH=8.5, alum concentration=550 mg/L, cationic polymer concentration=2 mg/L), removal efficiencies were 98.96% and 77.83%, respectively. The simultaneous effects of two independent variables, pH and concentration, had a significant effect (p<0.05) in removing TSS and COD variables. Conclusion: The results showed that the combination of PAC with cationic polymer had a better efficiency. Also, the COD and TSS in the final effluent were higher and lower than the standard values, respectively. Therefore, chemical coagulation process is proposed as pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Co-authorship increases the possibility of visibility of articles and reflection of their findings in the research of others. The aim of the present study was to determine the number of authors and the number of citations of hot papers in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) in the Web of Science (WOS). Materials and methods: This quantitative study was conducted using the scientometric approach. The research community consisted of 3,475 hot papers in the field of science in WOS from 2020 to 2021. The Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to examine the relationship between the citations of the articles and the number of authors. Data were collected and analyzed using BibExcel, Excel, and SPSS. Findings: The hot papers showed a wide range, from one to 2718 authors. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the number of authors and the number of citations of hot papers in the field of science (p= 0.000, n= 3475, r= 0.161). Therefore, statistically, there was a positive correlation between the two variables. Conclusion: Higher scientific collaboration in hot articles increases the number of citations and ultimately increases the visibility of these articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Paper recycling saves energy, and it is an example of resistance economy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of Sari Training Hospital personnel on paper recycling and resistance economy. Materials and Methods: In the present descriptive study, conducted in 2017, 151 staff of Sari Training Hospital were selected in census method and their views regarding paper recycling and resistance economy were investigated through a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Results: 113 people (74.8%) considered recycling as an example of resistance economy. There was also a significant relationship between doing recycling at work and familiarity with the concept of resistance economy (p=0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that more than 70% of people have adequate knowledge and attitude about paper recycling, but they need training in terms of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: It is necessary to study the emerging trends and areas of knowledge and to predict the direction of future research on the concept of health literacy in order to promote community health. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of mapping research knowledge in the field of health literacy and showing the structure of knowledge and their evolution over time. Materials and Methods: This scientometrics research was conducted using Co-word analysis technique includes the steps include: Data retrieval, Data analysis and Mapping and Visualization Papers from the MEDLINE database during (1970-2018) retrieved and analyzed. The bibliographic data analyzed using the visualization of similarities technique by text-mining and visualization techniques of VOS viewer. Results: A total of 7,429 documents, growth of scientific publications related to the field of health literacy has been increased rapidly over the past 10 years and continues to grow in recent years. The stronger studies were mainly conducted at research institutions of higher education in the Canada and United States. Four Core authors groups with a higher influence were identified. The keyword of “communication”, “depression”, “health education”, and “internet” had respectively the highest frequency. The results of cluster analysis identified and categorized them into three major clusters. Health literacy field had a close relationship with the lifestyle dimensions, health information technology, mental health literacy and chronic diseases. Conclusions: Given the interdisciplinary nature of health literacy the areas of education, health, Information Communication Technology (ICT) science, and mental health will help the cooperation of experts in these areas to enrich scientific research and make them more applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing for a child's theater represents one of the most complex types of literary writing, as the discourse directed to the child requires several requirements, perhaps the most prominent of which is a real awareness of the child's psychology, especially in the early stages of his life, and perhaps one of the most important forms of child theater interaction is puppet theater, hence the title of this research entitled (The role of puppet theater texts in developing the linguistic dictionary for children: Faris the feisty and wondrous paper as a model). The researcher built the hypothesis of his research with the following question: Do theater texts contribute Dolls in the development of the linguistic dictionary for children? In the theoretical topic, our research dealt with two topics, the first of which was entitled the concept of puppet theater and its implications for the educational culture of the child, and the second was the linguistic development of children through puppet theater. As for the procedural chapter, it was devoted to analyzing a theatrical sample (Faris the feisty and wondrous paper as a model) and the fourth chapter was for the results and conclusions.and concluded the search with a list of sources and references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of various treatments with cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) and ZnO during papermaking and coating with these nanomaterials and polycaprolactone (PCL) on the barrier properties of the papers was investigated. The samples were studied by field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) devices. In this research the nanomaterials and the polymer with specified condition (4%, 6% NCC, 3% ZnO and 10% PCL) were added to the paper pulps during the papermaking and also as a coating agent. Cationic polyacrylamide used as a nanomaterials retention aid in the papermaking process. the results showed the barrier properties (water absorption, air permeability and grease absorption) of the treated papers were improved but the effect of NCC% increment was more clear in the enhancement of the barrier properties and the treated papers with the nanomaterials mixture had the best barrier properties. furthermore the barrier properties of the coated papers were enhanced with the nanomaterials addition and the NCC nanoparticles had the main role, also the mixture of nanomaterials and PCL had the best barrier properties. Also, the barrier properties of the coated papers were higher than the treated papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layer by layer self-assembly techniqueis one of the newest methods to produce multilayer films relying on the placement of the liquid layers on solid substance. The purpose of this studies is to manufacture multilayer kraftbased on protein biopolymers (zein and whey isolate protein) containing of green tea extract phenolic compounds by utilizing layer by layer self- assembly technique and evaluation antibacterial, physical-mechanical properties and release of phenolic compounds from coated kraft at refrigerator temperature inpH of4.5 and 7. The minimum inhibitory concentrationof green tea powder demonstrates thatEscherichia coli (5mg/ml) compared to Listeria monocytogenes (10mg/ml) is more sensitive. The results of physical properties ofkrafts coated paper showed that thickness, grammage and bulk density increased by coating process. Also, the presence of zein in outer layer caused a significant reduction in WVP and increased air resistance. Evaluation of phenolic compounds release from coated krafts demonstrated that release rate in acidic food stimulant was more than the neutral one. Also, release content of kraft paper with zein as outer layers respect to whey isolated protein was higher in the first days and continued in a longer time. Log reduction value of coated kraft with active bilayer zein against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogeneswas 0.25 and 0.06 respectively. According to the results of this study, active zein bilayer kraft is recommended as a carrier of phenolic compounds for the packaging of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Common zinnia (Zinnia elegans), canna (Canna sp.), petunia (Petunia hybrida), compacta (Dracaena Compacta), dahlia (Dahlia sp.), gazania (Gazania sp.), marigold (Tagetes sp.), rose moss (Portulaca grandiflora) and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) are common ornamental plants in Ahwaz. The identification of fungi associated with these plants will contribute to improving the future management of their cultivation. Members of the genera Amesia and Chaetomium are widely distributed in soil, water, plants, animals and humans. In this study, 12 isolates from Chaetomium and Amesia genera, obtained from herbaceous ornamentals, were identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and methods: During 2017-2018, 40 symptomatic plants, showing root rot, stem canker and leaf spot, were collected and their associated fungi were isolated. Among those, 12 chaetomiaceae-like isolates were obtained, which their morphological and molecular characterizations were surveyed. Mycelial biomass of the isolates, produced into potatodextrose- broth (PDB), was collected by passing through filter paper and freeze-dried. ITS and partial regions of the 28s-D1/D2 (for 4 isolates) and tub2 (for 9 isolates) were amplified using appropriate primers and sequenced. Results: The isolates under survey were compared with known strains using BLASTn search and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, 28S and tub2 regions. Accordingly, the isolates under study were identified as follows: Amesia atrobrunnea, Chaetomium rectangulare, C. globosum, C. ascotrichoides and C. olivaceum. The morphological characteristics of these isolates were in accordance with the type strains of each species. Discussion and conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first record of C. ascotrichoides in Iran and the association of C. rectangulare on compacta, C. globosum on zinnia and canna, C. ascotrichoides on petunia, C. olivaceum on common zinnia, nasturtium and marigold in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the relation between serum and filter paper thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in neonates with congenital hypothyroidism (CH).We also tried to determine an appropriate cutoff point of filter TSH for recalling screened neonates. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, recordsof 2283 neonates who had been recalled during CH screening program in Isfahan (Iran) were studied. The relation between serum and filter paper TSH levels in the studied neonates was assessedand the best cutoff point of filter TSH and its sensitivity and specificity for proper diagnosis of CH were determined. Findings: Among the studied neonates, 103 (4.5%) were diagnosed with CH. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the best cutoff point for diagnosing CH was 7.5 with a sensitivity of 74.8% and specificity of 71.3%. The rates of false positive and false negative diagnoses atthis cutoff point were28.7% and 25.2%, respectively. There was a significant relationship between serum and filter paper TSH levels. Conclusion: The cutoff point for recall should be changed to 7.5 for appropriate screening outcome. On the other hand, considering the low cost of filter paper and importance of missing any case of CH, changing the cutoff point is not necessary. However, further studies in different parts of Iran are required to obtain more accurate resultsand consider all related factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Due to the increasing need for agricultural products, protection of products against pathogens and preventing them from being wasted is important. Studies on droplet charging systems result in the reduction of chemical usage and an increase in the deposition of droplets on the target. Conventional sprayers used in Iran have numerous disadvantages such as drift, environmental pollution, lack of complete and homogeneous coverage of the spraying surface, phytotoxicity, and crop losses. Therefore, evaluation of new spraying methods and using a variety of electrical sprayers as alternatives to conventional spraying is essential. This study aims to design, construct, and optimize the performance of the electrodynamic head of an atomizer motorized knapsack sprayer, and study the effects of the angle of the target position, spraying distance, and wind speed on the performance of the electrodynamic sprayer. Materials and Methods Experiments were performed in an agricultural machinery workshop at The Department of Biosystems Engineering, the University of Kurdistan, Iran, with an atomizer motorized knapsack sprayer equipped with an electrodynamic head. The effect of some factors including wind speed, spraying angle, and spraying distance on deposition, coverage percentage, and uniformity of spraying were investigated. These effects were investigated to determine the uniformity coefficient of total spraying. Design Expert 8.0.6 Trial software was used to design the experiments based on central composite design and to analyze the data. The investigated factors and levels were: the distance of nozzles from the target (at three levels of 2, 4, and 6 m), the angle of the target position (at three levels of 0, 45, and 90 degrees), and wind speed (at three levels of 2.5, 3, and 3.5 m s-1). Water-sensitive paper cards were used to evaluate the quality of the spraying. The cards were scanned and magnified with an Olympus SZX12 Stereo Microscope equipped with an objective lens of X1 and a total magnification of 7X. The characteristics of droplet size were determined using Mountains Map Trial and Deposit Scan software. Results and Discussion The maximum value of the total spraying uniformity coefficient was equal to 1.95 for the spraying angle of 0 degrees, the distance of 6 meters, and the speed of 3.5 meters per second. Meanwhile, the lowest value of the spray uniformity coefficient of 1.18 was obtained for the test conditions of 90 degrees, distance of 2 m, and speed of 2.5 m s-1, respectively. Based on analysis of variance for the two-factor interactions model (P-value less than 0.0001, explanation coefficient 0.9383, absolute explanation coefficient 0.910, standard deviation 0.0590, and coefficient of variation 3.790%). It can be stated that this model is highly accurate in predicting the uniformity of the total spraying, and the linear components of spraying angle and spraying distance, as well as the interaction of spraying angle x spraying distance and spraying distance x wind speed, significantly affect the uniformity of the total spraying (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the linear component of wind speed and the interaction between wind speed and spraying angle had no significant effect on the changes in the uniformity coefficient of the total spray. According to the variance analysis table (F-values), spraying distance has a far greater effect on the spraying uniformity coefficient than the spraying angle. It has been observed that the spraying uniformity coefficient will increase by increasing the spraying distance and decreasing the spraying angle. It can also be stated that the linear components of spraying angle and spraying distance, the interaction component of spraying angle x spraying distance, and the square power of the components of spraying distance and wind speed have a significant effect on surface coverage. The values of R², Adj-R², CV, and PRESS for the model adapted to the test data of leaf surface coverage percentage were obtained as 0.9929, 0.9865, 4.87%, and 188.61, respectively. Among the three input variables, the spraying distance has the greatest effect on the coverage of water-sensitive papers. At larger spraying angles, especially 90 degrees, the coverage decreased with the increasing distance. At spray angle of 90 degrees, by increasing the distance from 2 to 4 m, the spray uniformity coefficient increased from 1.18 at a wind speed of 2.5 m s-1 to 1.84 at a wind speed of 3.5 m s-1. However, at smaller spraying angles (for example zero-degree angle), at first, the spraying coverage increases with the increase of the spraying distance from 2 to 3 m and then sharply decreases afterward. According to the contours of spray coverage, in the spray distance range of 4 to 6 m and regardless of wind speed, the spray coverage does not vary with the increase of the spraying angle (p< 0.05). Meanwhile, in the spray distance range of 2 to 4 m, with the increase of the spraying angle, the spraying coverage increases significantly (p<0.05). Overall, increasing the distance between the sprayer and the target decreased the surface coverage on the target, and in electrodynamic spraying, the uniformity of particle deposition on the underside of the target was relatively the same as on the upper side. Conclusion To improve the performance of the atomizer motorized knapsack sprayer, an electrodynamic spraying head was designed and built, and its performance was optimized using the response surface method (RSM) with a central composite design. During the research process, the influence of the independent parameters such as the distance between the nozzle and the target, the angle of the target position, and the wind speed on the variables including spraying uniformity, the percentage of the spraying coverage, and the percentage of changes in the total spraying coefficient were discussed and investigated. The results of the research led to the determination of the 3.5 m s-1 wind speed, 2.5 m sprayer distance, and 90 degrees spraying angle with 0.792 desirability, which were considered as the optimal performance conditions of the electrodynamic spraying head. The results of laboratory validation for optimal conditions show that the uniformity of total spraying indicated by the total relative span factor (RSFT) and the percentage of spraying coverage (Cov) are equal to 1.65 and 28.27%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Given the fact that randomized controlled clinical trials are more valid than other research methods to determine the therapeutic effects of treatment, proper design and accurate reporting is of particular importance. This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the quality of writing the title and abstract of randomized clinical trials of Iranian medical universities journals in 2016 using the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) checklist. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, information gathering through internet search was limited to Persian language journals affiliated to the medical universities of the country. Based on the CONSORT checklist, which contains 18 questions, all randomly controlled clinical trials, consisting of 262 papers published in these magazines in 2016, were reviewed. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Only 34 (13%) of the articles refered to “randomized” word in the title of the article. Regarding the proportion of cases observed in the articles, based on the gender of the author, only two "mentioning the place of data collection" (p=0.009) and "mentioning clinical trial registration number" (p=0.020) and based on the scientific rank two cases, namely, “mentioning the full details of the responsible author” (p=0.002) and "mentioning the randomized method" (p=0.039) were significantly different. Conclusion: The need to follow CONSORT criteria and eliminate the deficiencies mentioned for conducting these studies in the country seems necessary. Therefore, it is recommended to the authors to use the CONSORT clinical checklist while writing randomized controlled clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a simple and sensitive colorimetric sensor towards pH changes for the detection of fish spoilage during storage at room and refrigeration temperature is presented. Colorimetric sensor was developed using Whatman filter paper No. 1 and water soluble anthocyanin pigments extracted from red cabbage. Fish spoilage was monitored based on anthocyanin color change in various pH. Microbial growth during storage and production of proteolytic enzymes resulted in protein degradation, accumulation of volatile amine compounds, increase in the pH and finally color change of anthocyanin-impregnated filter paper. Color change was measured using the CIELab method. The colorimetric sensor was validated by measuring total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) levels, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and microbial populations in fish samples. Results indicated that the values of TVBN, pH, PV and TBARS increased with time of storage which was evidence of fish spoilage development. Also, the results were in accordance with color change of colorimetric sensor during storage and showed that proposed system enjoys a high sensitivity to pH variations. Therefore, the simple colorimetric sensor is capable to use in intelligent packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The cause of most industrial accidents can be found in not observing the consideration of engineering science completely and human factors at individual or organizational levels. Undesirable noises in working areas, has negative effects on workers' mental conditions and reduces their pruductivity. Based on these facts, the subject of assessing the noise pollution rate in industrial environments & presenting practical approaches for improving and controlling work conditions was reviewed & implemented in one case study. Material and Methods: For recognizing and assessing the pollution rate in different working stations, noise elevations at different levels were measured by SLM machine and the average pressure elevation of the considered unit noise was calculated. In addition, noise dosage was performed for the employed personnel and the maximum permitted time for working units was measured. To assess the effects of undesirable noises on the employees, the hearing level of all the under-study personnel was reviewed by periodical tests. Results: Input analysis showed server noise pollution in the area of word chips production and the results of measuring noise reduction hearing level of the personnel was an indication of noise pollution in the above mentioned area. After applying the related approaches, the results of periodical noise measurements for the personnel showed that noise pollution of that area was under control. Conclusion: Following the individuals and managerial actions for solving the problem of noise pollution in the wood chips area, the continuous reviews and noise measurement tests, showed that the undesirable effects of the noise on the personnel was under control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: In the field of scientometrics, little attention has been paid to stem cells. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to draw a Scientific Map of stem cells area (co-word analysis) based on the papers indexed in Web of Science database in selected countries during the years 2011-2013. Materials and Methods: This study is based on descriptive method, and it was conducted by scientometrics and co-word analysis technique. In this study, 34,142 articles were analyzed from Web of Science database. The search system of Web of Science is a tool for collecting data. Data analysis was done using Web of Science analysis system and Citespace software. Results: Most productions in stem cells are in English and belong to America. Stem cell, cell differentiation, in vitro, gene expression, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells and transplantation are the most frequently used words and hot topics in this field. Conclusion: The growing trend in this area has caused different subject fields to enter stem cells areas. Considering the high frequency of embryonic stem cells in the field, it can be said that different diseases such as spinal cord problems and heart diseases can be treated using these cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Duplicate publication is publication of a paper which overlaps with another published paper in many important parts and is essentially considered unethical. So, this study was carried out to evaluate the pattern of duplicate publication as well as determining the causes of this phenomenon among the papers of researchers of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: All cases of discovered duplicate publication during 2005 to 2008 referred to the committee of ethics were studied. After confirmation of duplicate publication, the cases were assessed by interviewing and reviewing the documents; then the fundamental roots was drawn. After analyzing the cases and categorizing the fundamental causes, a classification and definition of duplicate publication phenomenon was presented. Findings: Out of the nine underwent duplicate publication papers, eight were "Copy publishing" and the other was "Least publishable unit" (or Salami Slicing). From sixteen journals where papers were published, only five had impact factor and six were Iranian. Seven papers were in Persian and two in English. Conclusion: According to our findings, our country's scientific community is not familiar with the professional rules of scientific and research work, so most of the duplicate publications are uninformed and non-intentional. To prevent duplicate publishing, besides taking legal action against duplicate publication with copy right infringement, the way to interact with the trend of review of papers, correspondence with the editors of journals, and announcement of rules of committee of ethics in research should be taught to faculty members and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common practice and crucial step to control mastitis and maintain the high- quality of raw milk is teat disinfection which divides into pre-, immediately prior to, and post-milking. Accordingly, dipping and spraying procedures have been applied to prevent environmental and contagious mastitis as well as reduction of microbial load of raw milk. Quantitative tests such as somatic cell counts in raw milk are commonly used to monitor dramatic change of normal to sub-clinical (250000≤ cell mL-1), and clinical infected udder. It is assumed that pre-milking disinfection is a suitable strategy to tackle sub-clinical environmental mastitis whereas post-milking method is recommended to manage contiguous one. Pre- dipping effectively declines bacterial count in raw milk. Although, post-milking disinfection significantly reduces microbial contamination from liner and cleaning step, it is not effective on bacterial load from hands of milker, rinse water and used paper towel. The usage of disinfectants in major milk producer countries varies extensively, for instance more than two third of teat disinfectants in New Zealand is iodophor, followed by 15% chlorhexidine and 15% dodecylbenzene sulphonate. Iodophor has been used as pre- and post- sanitizer in concentration of 0.3% but it is allowable from 0.1-0.25% in UK. According to the regulations of the USA, Spain, and Canada, chlorhexidine can be used in the range of 0.11-0.5%, meanwhile Danish and Americans’ law regulated the usage of dodecylbenzene sulphonate in the vicinity of 2%. Hypochlorite has been taken into account as pre- and post- sanitizer from 0.1 to 4 % but regulated up to 0.2 in UK and 0.3% in US and CA. Likewise chlorhexidine, dodecylbenzene sulphonate, and quaternary ammonium compounds are used as post-milking. Bacteriocin is a teat disinfectant in France whereas slightly acidic electrolyzed water has been introduced as emerging pre- and post- sanitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ingestion of dental appliances is a rare situation in dentistry, making up 6.6 percent of all ingested objects, but it can lead to severe complications, especially among adults, elderly patients, and people with mental disabilities. Devices such as flipper prostheses, prostheses, and restorations may become dislodged and result in foreign body impingement. Clinical examinations, including laryngo-pharyngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and radiography may be required in such cases. Swallowed prostheses may also be found using computed tomography. However, prosthetic elements may not be detected on CT scan. It is estimated that approximately 92% of these swallowed objects go through the gastrointestinal tract, and 60% of them reach the stomach. However, those that remain in the oropharynx can cause edema, esophageal erosions, perforation, airway obstruction, and even death. In addition, clips attached to the denture increase the risk of the perforation of the esophagus or intestine. Swallowing dentures may occur in adults as the sensitivity of the oral cavity and laryngopharynx decreases by using dentures for a long time. The current paper presents a case report about ingesting a removable flipper prosthesis in a 48- year-old woman without any severe problems. The woman with epigastric pain was referred to the emergency department due to swallowing her flipper prosthesis. She mentioned that she was eating dinner and after swallowing, she suddenly noticed that her flipper prosthesis was missing from her upper jaw. The arc was observed in her esophagus and removed using Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). This paper emphasizes designing a removable flipper prosthesis with enough retention and stability to prevent them from being swallowed. Furthermore, patients should be recommended not to use these objects while sleeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explore the ethical implications of artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of art. Drawing on the philosophy and ethics of AI, this study examines the ethical challenges that may arise in the art domain. Given the increasing use and penetration of AI in the field of art, there is a need for more careful attention to the ethical dimensions of this phenomenon by scholars of art and philosophy. To achieve the objective of the paper, concepts such as AI, some of its techniques, and the ethical issues of AI in art are explained and analyzed using the analytical-descriptive method. The findings of the study reveal that ethical issues such as privacy and surveillance, manipulation of behavior, opacity and transparency, bias in decision systems, and automation and employment can be investigated in the field of art. These ethical issues are sometimes in conflict and sometimes in direct relation with each other. This study suggests that addressing the ethical questions of AI in the field of art requires addressing the ethical questions of AI in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The first trainers and preparers of a wise and knowledgeable generation in a society for creating and preparing the contexts of advancement and development in a country and nation, are women. Therefore, this is enough to consider the development and advancement of women in a society, equal to advancement and development of that country. The review of previous studies showed that there is a research gap regarding the psychological meta-analysis of studies of femininity and social development in Iran. Aims: The present research was conducted with the aim of meta-analysis (combination) of studies conducted in the field of femininity and development. Methods: Method which is used in this paper, is Meta-analysis. Statistical population were consisted of related and available studies which were accessible in Iran using Persian language, in paper form, from 1385 to 1401. After investigating the criterion of inputs and outputs, 52 effect sizes from 17 studies which have Meta-analysis condition, were obtained. In order to analyze data from sensitivity data, funnel chart, stochastic models and heterogeneity analysis, CMA2 software was used. Results: Analysis of obtained information from research showed that the amount of combined effect in this stochastic model (chosen model for this Meta-analysis) was obtained equally to 0/497, which was significant. Size of obtained effect from studies(p<0/001) were calculated averagely according to interpretation of Cohen's scale and results illustrated that women and femininity have effect on development.Also by considering social development as moderator variable,this coefficient was calculated as social development 0/603 respectively.that in level of p<0/001 are significant. Conclusion: According to the results obtained in the present study, the largest size of the combined effect was related to social development and the smallest was related to economic development. Despite the fact that 50% of the potential forces in any society are women, but Iranian women have a moderate impact on development due to household responsibilities and existing restrictions in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is to investigate the possibility of the lack of influence of philosophical research in the issuance of jurisprudence rulings (Ahkam alfiqhiyah) and its purpose is to prove this influence by studying cases of unity of existence (Wahdat al-wujud). Some jurists in their rulings related to unbelievers (Kuffar) as well as in the rulings of the heretical books (Kutub alzelal) dealt with the issue of the unity of existence and believing in it, and judged the legitimacy or illegitimacy of such a point of view, and according to that, have issued rulings about those who believe in it. As described in this paper in a descriptive-analytical way, the emergence of jurisprudence in this regard is a function of the encounters and understanding of jurists with philosophical opinions. Based on this, after assessing examples of jurisprudence of the last few centuries and clarifying the background philosophical or mystical presuppositions, the position of Sadr al-Mutalahin's interpretation of disagreements in comparison to other interpretations has been clarified and the result of its acceptance or non-acceptance in the judgment of jurists has been determined. As the result, at the first step, it is revealed that Sadr al-Maltahin's perception of the unity of existence is different from the mystic version, and in the other hand, the acceptance of this interpretation can resolve the duality and otherness between the monotheism of jurists and mystics. Lastly, with the help of this philosophical research, the ijtihad of the jurists should be freed from the unwarranted attribution of the of disbelief and misguidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Randomized factorial design was implemented in four replications to determine optimal methods of Ajwain (Carum capticum) standard seeds germination in SPCRI. Ajwain seeds were placed top and between paper and sand exposed to two potassium nitrate (two grams per 1000 ml distilled water) and pre-chilling (seven days under 7-10ºC) pre-treatments which were under six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 20-30, and 35ºC) in germinator for 25 days so as to germination indices were assessed. Ajwain seeds viability was estimated 75% after tetrazolium test. The highest final and normal seedling percentages were found under 15 and 20ºC in pre-chilling treatment and also 20ºC in potassium nitrate and control. No germination was observed under 35ºC in potassium nitrate and control, however, pre-chilling led to >26% germination. The higher germination potential was shown in top and between papers compared with sand. The lowest germination rate was recorded in control and potassium nitrate and the highest one in pre-chilling. The maximum of seedling weight vigor was suggested in top and between paper when seeds were put under 10, 15, and 20ºC. In order to evaluate optimal standard germination of Ajwain seeds, it was resulted that applying of two potassium nitrate and pre-chilling treatments placed top and between papers under 15 and 20ºC caused maximum of germination potential and seedling weight vigor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, in order to show the trend of explicating the concept of "Loving Allah" through interpreting Quran by Sufis, the comments of mystical commentaries of Quarn and other mystical inscriptions about the 54th verse of Maeda chapter of Quran, which is famous in "Irtedad verse", from beginning until 14th century AH have been surveyed by date of writing. The mystics have relied on Irtedad verse as a permit for loving Allah by focusing on 'yohebbohom va yohebboonah' part. Sufis in non-interpretive writings tried to prove the soundness of their belief in loving Allah from the third century. They repeat and explicate the comments of the departed from the sixth century. In this writings, from the eighth century, the concentration in clarifying Irtedad verse decreases because of considering the issue of loving Allah as definite. In interpretive inscriptions, according to the more cautious style of writing, the above trend happens lately. Mystical commentaries remain silent about Irtedad verse until fifth century, and attempt to establish the authorization of loving Allah until ninth century, and to review the comments of predecessors in a fresh language thenceforth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: There are a few companies in the world that produce paper points in standard size and none standard size. Although the physical, mechanical and biochemical properties of these cones are very important, there are few studies on this issue and if there is, they are not about Iranian brands. The aim of this study is evaluating one of the most important properties of paper points, which is water absorption, in two Iranian brands and comparison of the values with Diadent. Subjects and Methods:In this experimental study,300 cones are randomly selected: 5 sizes selected(20,25,30,35,40) among 3 brands (Diadent,Sinadent,Aryadent) and from each size 20 cones were evaluated. Each cone weighed before and after immersion of 16 mm of it in distilled water for 5 seconds. Differences of these values show the amount of water absorption for each one. For data analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney "U" was used. Results: The amount of water absorption between 3 brands at size 20 and 25 are not significant. In sizes 30 and 35 absorption of water in Aryadent is more than Sinadent and Sinadent is more than Diadent .In size 40 there is no significant difference between Sinadent and Aryadent but the amount of water absorption of Diadent is less. Conclusion:Water absorption properties of Sinadent and Aryadent are better than Diadent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Pulp and paper industries produce large quantities of effluent that release various pollutants daily. Among various methods for treating such effluents, anaerobic biosorption process is of interest because of lower need to mechanical energy, boigasses production, high organic loading rate (OLR), low sludge production, and resistant system. OLR is one of the most important effective hydrodynamic parameters. In this study, the effect of OLR was investigated on anaerobic biosorption reactor in treating pulp and paper effluent. Materials and methods: A 1.96L effective volume cannon pilot was used and wastewater was injected by pumping to the bed of the reactor. Temperature and pH were maintained about 30±2°C and 6.8-7.2, respectively. The effect of OLR on efficiency of system was studied in 1-12 kgCOD/m3 .d. All experiments were performed under steady state conditions using procedures outlined in Standard Methods. Results: In OLR 7kgCOD/m3 .d and upflow velocity of 0.56m/h the system was able to reduce over 80% of COD concentration after 33-39h. No significant increase was observed in efficiency of the system at more OLRs, so it was selected as optimum loading rate. System efficiency was found to have a direct relation with decrease of upflow velocity and increase of HRT. The gas generation rate was 0.32 m3 /kg COD removed. Conclusion: According to this study, anaerobic biosorption system satisfactorily treated pulp and paper mill effluent and could perform this close to wastewater discharge standards established by national guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lady Fatima al-Zahra’s Tasbihat have always been of great interest and importance to Muslims, enjoying an exceptionally high status and prestige. These invaluable Tasbihat were certainly granted to Lady Fatima by the Messenger of God and there is no doubt regarding their issuance and the famous details of their composition (34 times God is Great, 33 times Thanks be to God, 33 times Glory be to God). While emphasizing the authenticity and certainty of the noble issuance of Lady Zahra’s Tasbihat, the present paper takes a descriptive-analytical approach to analyze and critique a report considered in Sunni hadith and jurisprudential sources as the context of issuance of these Tasbihat. Along this course, after critiquing the chain of narrators and implications of this report, the perspectives of scholars of both sects towards it are compared and analyzed, concluding in results. The results of this research are that firstly, the report regarded in Sunni sources as the context of issuance of Lady Fatima’s Tasbihat, due to numerous evidential chains of narration, textual, and extra-textual reasons, lacks credibility and its text has been distorted and forged in various Sunni sources and books. Secondly, the goal behind these distortions has been to justify the confiscation of certain rights such as Fadak, Lady Fatima’s inheritance from the Prophet’s financial legacy, and especially the usurpation of the Ahl al-Bayt’s lawful Khums share by the caliphs. As a number of Sunni theologians have tried to justify the behavior of the first two caliphs regarding confiscation of the Ahl al-Bayt’s Khums share by referring to this report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

tract Background and purpose: Yarrow is a member of the Asteraceae family, utilized extensively in the field of medical sciences. Among the medicinal plants, one may encounter few specimens like the aforementioned plant, which enjoys widespread distribution across various regions of the globe and boasts a diverse array of uses that contribute to its renown. The aim of the present study was the synthesis of Yarrow extract evaluation of its antibacterial effects on a group of intestinal bacteria and comparing its antibacterial properties with phenol. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, Yarrow plant extract was extracted with the hydroalcoholic method. The aerial parts of Achillea ageratum plant with herbarium number 1753 were prepared from the slopes of Ardabil mountains and after determining the identity, the extract of this plant was extracted by hydroalcoholic method. In this method, after preparing the plant and drying the aerial parts of the plant, 10 g of it was crushed in a sterile mortar, then it was poured into an Erlenmeyer flask, and 50 mL of 100% ethanol was added to it. After 24 hours of mixing in a magnetic stirrer using a Buchner funnel with Whatman filter paper and a vacuum pump, the remaining components of the plant were separated. Then, a certain amount of distilled water (20 ml) was added to the desired solution and placed again in the magnetic stirrer whose temperature was set at 80 degrees Celsius, so that the alcohol was completely removed from the reactor. The Antibacterial effect of yarrow extract was performed by disc diffusion method and micro broth dilution on standard species of Enterobacteriaceae families including the standard bacterial strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC:10031), Escherichia coli (ATCC:23591), Shigella dysentery (ATCC:25922) and Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC:13048). All experiments were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: In the present study, the growth rate of bacteria decreased by increasing the concentration of yarrow extract .The MIC of Yarrow plant extract for Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterobacter aerogenes was obtained in %6.25 and for Shigella dysentery and Escherichia coli was obtained in %12.5 and %25, respectively. Also, the MBC of extract for Shigella dysentery, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria was obtained in 25%, and for Escherichia coli it was obtained in 50%. The results of MIC and MBC show that the most sensitive bacteria to yarrow extract among the studied bacteria is Enterobacter aerogenes and the most resistant is Escherichia coli. The diameter of the inhibition zone for Shigella dysentery, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria was obtained at 19, 18, 20, and 23 mm, respectively. In this experiment, Enterobacter aerogenes bacteria were the most sensitive and Escherichia coli was the most resistant among the investigated bacteria. Comparative investigation of the antibacterial properties of yarrow extract with phenol, showed that yarrow extract had a lower killing effect than phenol at 5, 10, and 15-minute contact time. In this test, the most resistant bacteria are Shigella dysentery and the most sensitive bacteria are Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. The reason that the type of resistant and sensitive bacteria was slightly different in the method of comparing the antibacterial effect of yarrow extract with phenol with the results of MIC, MBC, and non-growth halo diameter is related to the reduction of contact time of the extract with bacteria. Conclusion: The results of the present research show that the hydroalcoholic extract of the yarrow plant is very effective in the removal of gram-negative intestinal bacteria. Also, the hydroalcoholic extract of the yarrow plant is more effective in removing gram-negative bacteria than phenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most important ethical challenges in research and academic writing is the scientific misconduct which is defined as violation of scientific regulations. The aim of this study was to review scientific misconduct as an unethical phenomenon. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by using narrative review strategy in which a total of 56 papers was selected via search in databases such as PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Elsevier, and Iranian National Medical Digital Library (INMDL) according to the objective of the study. Results: First, we overlooked on scientific misconduct, meaning of plagiarism, the causes of plagiarism, its category, and penalties for plagiarism. The results showed that there is main three type of scientific misconduct including falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism which the latter is the most comment. We found fourteen type of plagiarism according to the literature review. Then, some online and offline software for detection of plagiarism cases were proposed. Finally, some practical strategies presented for prevention of plagiarism. Conclusion: We conclude that using another's idea without appropriate acknowledging is considered as plagiarism which could have negative consequences and punishment for the perpetrator. Familiarization of researchers with cases of plagiarism and their commitment on ethical regulations and correctly acknowledgment of references and using software could be helpful in preventing this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: One of the biggest environmental problems of pulp and paper industries is discharge of colored wastewater containing lignin to environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the TiO2 photocatalytic process Dap with iron in the presence of UV for lignin degradation. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at laboratory scale (in vitro) in a 2-liter reactor. The synthesis of nano was made by sol-gel method. Lignin absorption was done using UV/Vis spectrophotometry at 280 nm. The samples were estimated based on factorial method (72 samples). The SPSS software version 16.0 and Excel 2007 and regression test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The highest removal rate in the presence of UV was 95.4%, and in the presence of sunlight was 87.4%. The removal rate of lignin increased when the concentration increased from 0.15 to 0.3 g/l. In all of the pH, the removal rate increased with increasing in retention time from 15 to 120 minutes and remains slightly constant after 60 minutes. The optimum pH was obtained 7. The reaction rate increased when the concentration of nano increase and the pH decreased. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the removal rate was considerably above in visible light and in the presence of sunlight, which represented the Dap role of nanoparticle; therefore, due to the low consumption, low power consumption and high efficiency, Doped nano can be used as an alternative for the removal of lignin from the pulp and paper industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Scientific journals are the most major tools in disseminating research findings. With the increasing number and price of scientific journals, libraries need to select journals. Citation analysis is a practical method in identifying the best titles to be subscribed. This study was to identify core journals in the field of dentistry using citation analysis. Materials and Methods: Two hundered and seventy six documents including dentistry theses (241 titles) and faculty papers (35 titles) indexed in Science Citation Index (SCIE) were selected and their references were extracted and evaluated using citation analysis methods. The distribution frequency of journals confirmed the Bradford’s Law of Scattering representing core dentistry journals. Results: Eleven thousand twenty three references were totally extracted. Average reference per theses and papers was 39/25 and 44/74, respectively. English journals and books were the most frequent referred documents having 95% of total references approximately. The most updated references were in English dated during 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. Using the Bradford’s Law, five journals were introduced as core dentistry journals. Conclusion: Selecting and subscribing core journals leads into cost-effectiveness in libraries and plays an important role in meeting user’s needs. While having many challenges in accessing scientific resources, core journals selection and subscription is an intelligent action resulting in effective use of financial resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: 10 to 35% of the adult population all round the world is infected with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). So far, no cure is recommended for this disease. Omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease; the resort is recently used for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to review the studies about the role of omega-3 fatty acids on the prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Methods: First, PubMed and ISI databases were searched for the papers in their text there were the words NAFLD, NASH, nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatosis, DHA, EPA, fish oil and omega 3. Then, the papers were divided into tree groups: animal studies, cross-sectional studies, and case-control studies and clinical trials. Totally, 21 articles were evaluated. Findings: The results of cross-sectional and case-control studies were not similar, but more robust studies showed that inadequate intakes of dietary sources of omega-3 was associated with fatty liver disease. Most interventions have been conducted in animal and human studies that have been reported positive effects of omega-3 supplementation in reducing triglycerides and fatty liver in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Conclusion: According to the available evidence, it seems that reduction of omega-3 food sources due to poor eating habits can be one of the reasons of multi-factorial fatty liver disease. In addition, the use of omega-3 supplement along with modification of the diet pattern and lifestyle is beneficial for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: There are many methods for radiographic view. The objective of this study is the comparison of numbers of proximal caries levels seen in film, paper print and monitor. Subjects and Methods: In this descriptive and analytic study, a total of 93 posterior bitewing radiographs of maxillofacial radiology department patients were selected. Three maxillofacial radiologists as observers in separation with 2-week intervals compared the numbers of proximal caries seen in film, paper print and monitor. Observer's Results analyzed with Friedman and Wilcoxon test. Results: Friedman test results showed significant differences between three methods (P<0.001). The Wilcoxon test results were not significantly different between printing paper and monitor (P> 0.05), but the comparison of film method with any of the two other methods showed significant differences(P <0.001 ). Conclusion: The average number of caries using paper print and monitor methods were not significantly different, but the comparison film method with any of the two other methods showed significant differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexual transmitted infection. The persistence of HPV infection causes different types of anogenital and oropharyngeal cancer. HPV infection during pregnancy may be associated with several adverse consequences, such as preterm birth and miscarriage. The present study was performed with aim to investigate the relationship between HPV infection and adverse pregnancy outcomes in different studies. Methods: In this narrative review, to find relevant articles, PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched using the keywords HPV, Papillomavirus, HPV in Pregnancy, HPV Transmission and Adverse outcomes from 2000 to 2022. For this purpose, original research articles, clinical trials, reviews and case reports related to the subject of this review were included in the study and unrelated studies were excluded. The review of the articles was done by reading the title, abstract and content, respectively. The language on the admission papers was English. Results: The results of the different studies have shown that the risk of HPV infection in pregnant women is higher than in non-pregnant women. Also, the risk of preterm birth and preterm premature rupture of the membranes is reported to be higher in HPV positive pregnant women in comparison with HPV negative women. Some studies have also pointed to the relationship between HPV infection and spontaneous fetal death. Conclusion: Considering many complications of HPV infection in pregnant women, it is better to ensure about non-infection with this virus before pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jalaloddin Davani who has written many books, treatises, and letters, is one of the great scholars of the Shiraz school of thought during the Timurid period. Considering his influential attitude in the dynamics and excellence of Persian mystical literature, it is important to know about his Persian works which often include mysticism, philosophy, and theology. Obviously, before judging his opinions and beliefs, one should investigate the authenticity of his works. Therefore, the present research aims at the critical codicology of Persian works attributed to Davani to determine their authenticity. Reviewing the catalogue of manuscripts in the libraries shows that, in most catalogues, there are many mistakes in the title of Davani's Persian works. These bibliographic mistakes have been repeated in the works of many subsequent authors. To write the paper First, based on the Union Catalogue of Iran Manuscripts (Fankha), the titles of all Persian works attributed to Davani were identified. Then, using his Persian manuscripts and other sources, the authenticity of his Persian works in the catalogue of manuscripts was examined. In this study, through the comparative investigation of Davani's Persian manuscripts in Iran, some of our codicological and bibliographic information about Davani's Persian works have been corrected, especially the title and number of his authentic and non-authentic works. The result of the current critical codicology showed that Davani has written at least twenty original Persian works. In addition, according to the entries of Davani's Persian works in Fankha, at least nine nonoriginal Persian works have been attributed to him. Thus, at least nine entries of Davani's Persian works in Iran seem incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simultaneous use of an efficient routing protocol and mobile sink not only prevents rapid sensor energy depletion but also effectively improves the energy balance in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a new data aggregation method is proposed called "Ant colony-based Routing and Petal-shaped Data Aggregation (ARPDA)", which includes clustering, Cluster Head (CH) selection, intra-cluster routing, determining polling points, and designing the sink node trajectory. In the proposed method, the network is divided by several virtual concentric circles that are equidistant from each other. The intersection point of these circles with the virtual lines passing through the origin of the network determines the probable polling points for the sink node. First, by efficiently clustering the sensor nodes and forming an intra-cluster routing tree based on the ant colony optimization algorithm, the sensor data is aggregated in CHs; then, by selecting the appropriate polling points and designing a petal-shaped path, the sink node periodically collects the aggregated data in CHs based on two linear and circular movements. Considering the sink movement in the CH selection process is another advantage of the proposed algorithm. Numerical results confirm the better performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the EDT algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using a deep learning technique, the sensing characteristic of a refractive index (RI) sensor based on a multimode optical fiber speckle-gram has been extracted. The investigated sensor structure consists of a tapered optical fiber or microfiber (MF) induced on a standard multimode optical fiber (MMF). Due to the presence of evanescent waves around the MF, the guiding status of the end MMF is dependent on the external RI around the taper. Thereby, the propagating modes and resulting interference pattern or speckle-gram become sensitive to the changes in the taper environment. Herein, by analyzing and quantifying the speckle-gram modulation, the RI changes around the taper are characterized. To extract the sensing characteristic and improve its measurement accuracy, deep learning algorithms and specifically the ResNet deep neural network are used in the processing of the output speckle-grams. Using this algorithm, while the tapered fiber is immersed in different refractive index solutions in the range of 1.33 to 1.368, a set of output speckle images is captured for learning and then a number of them are used for measurement, and finally the accuracy of detecting the refractive index of the solutions RI has been achieved up to 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Bacterial nanocellulose is known as a potential carrier for a widespread spectrum of biological compounds, including antibacterial and antifungal compounds. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of bacterial nanocellulose containing Natamycin and Amphotericin B on Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum in an in vitro environment. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical research, Aspergillus flavus-PTCC: 5006 and Penicillium citrinum-PTCC: 5304 fungi were prepared from the Fungal Collection of the Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of Natamycin and Amphotericin B against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum were evaluated by the microdilution method. Bacterial nanocellulose was prepared using Komagata xylinum bacterium, and Natamycin and Amphotericin B were added in three concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% to wet and lyophilized nanocellulose films by the immersion method. Then, the antifungal effects of the film containing the above compounds against the investigated fungi were investigated by the agar diffusion method. Parchment paper was used as a control for comparison. Spectral properties of nanocellulose film containing antifungal compounds were evaluated by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) method. Results: MIC and MFC of Natamycin for Aspergillus flavus were determined as 3.9 μg/mL and 7.81 μg/mL, and for Penicillium citrinum as 7.81 μg/mL and 15.62 μg/mL, respectively. MIC and MFC of Amphotericin B for Aspergillus flavus were determined as 7.81 μg/mL and 15.62 μg/mL, and for Penicillium citrinum as 15.62 μg/mL and 31.25 μg/mL, respectively. The increased concentration had a statistically significant impact on the antifungal properties of all films (P<0.05). The best antifungal effects of the film were related to the film containing Natamycin. Conclusion: Bacterial nanocellulose containing Natamycin showed stronger antifungal effects in an in vitro environment compared to Amphotericin B against Aspergillus flavus and Penicillium citrinum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of organizational human resources is established in the form of organizational policy-making. Educational policy-making, along with research policy-making, is a complete individual comprehensiveness in the organization. In today's era, it is not possible to use educational policy-making to achieve the final goals of the organization, so that research policy-making needs to be used along with educational policy. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the policy-research approach along with the educational policy of educational units. The descriptive review study to simultaneously investigate educational policy-making and research policy-making in university departments. A query was conducted on databases in Persian and English from 2014-2022 using the following keywords: Policy-research, policy-research, educational policy, educational policy-making, education, education system, and university education system. As a result of the search and application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 98 articles were retrieved, including the searched texts, books, and documents. Finally, 24 papers were included in the present study. The findings demonstrated that studies with an educational policy approach are clearly better than studies with a research approach in the desired policies. Nonetheless, the integration of educational and research policies has been the leading way of scientific synergy. Modern educational services are not possible without research services; moreover, making educational decisions is not feasible and cost-effective without the use of policy-research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the alarming statistics regarding children's psychological disorders, there is a growing interest in studying child development. Secure attachment, effective family functioning, and positive parenting play a significant role in child development. Therefore, the present research aimed to review the role of fathers in child development, factors influencing father-child attachment, and its developmental consequences. In order to conduct this investigation, an extensive search was conducted in various English databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed, as well as domestic databases including the Scientific Information Center of Universities, National Journal Database, Comprehensive Portal of Humanities Sciences, and the Scientific Jihad Center. The search spanned from 2000 to 2023, using specific keywords pertinent to the study's main topic. The search resulted in a total of 123 articles, among which 86 papers were ultimately included for analysis. The results revealed the role of fathers and father-child attachment in child development. Additionally, factors affecting fatherchild attachment were classified into four main categories: 1) factors related to the child, 2) factors related to the father, 3) factors related to the family, and 4) cultural factors. Furthermore, the developmental consequences of father-child attachment were identified in three main categories: 1) socio-emotional development, 2) cognitive-linguistic development, and 3) Psychopathology and behavioral problems. These factors indicate that fathers are also important figures in their children's attachment and have a significant role in their cognitive, emotional, and social development through positive interactions with their children. Therefore, with a better understanding of the father-child attachment relationship and identifying the influential factors and consequences, it is possible to improve the father-child relationship and design educational and therapeutic interventions that focus on fathers to prevent and treat children's emotional and behavioral problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "'Irshᾱd al-Quloub ilᾱ al-Sawᾱb," by the great Shiite scholar Hassan bin Abi alHassan Muhammad Daylamῑ on ethics, contains sermons and advices from the Qur'an, Hadith and early scholars, which has been praised and concerned by Shiite scholars. Since the most important feature of the book is its warm, eloquent and effective expression in preaching and teaching, it seems that it can be a valuable source in the field of education. Accordingly, this paper mainly aims to evaluate its validity, based on the question: "What is the level of validity of its hadiths?" This research analyzes the book 'Irshᾱd al-Quloub based on the descriptive-analytical method. Findings reveal that, in addition to the author's pleasant talking method, hadiths of the book have been collected through the criterion of narrative fame. Also, due to some narrative weaknesses within the book, it ranks in the third place among Shiite books. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article addresses the question of what are the foundations of the formation of interpretive anthropology and what role each of these foundations has played in the formation and development of interpretive anthropology. It also provides an explanation of the nature of interpretive anthropology while considering the history of anthropology. The method of this paper is based on a descriptive-analytical approach and in some cases content analysis. Interpretive or symbolic anthropology is a branch of American cultural anthropology that emerged in the 20th century in America and is completely distinct in method from the anthropology of the 18th and 19th centuries, with a special emphasis and attention on the category of culture. In this approach, it is explained that culture in any society is a collection of meanings that can be understood by examining the symbols that dominate the society. The present article, referencing the opinions and works of two prominent figures in this field, Clifford Geertz and Victor Turner, explores the desired contexts and in a detailed section demonstrates that the main foundations of the formation of this approach are: 1. Critique and moving beyond evolutionary and historical perspectives, 2. Moving beyond functionalism, 3. Moving beyond structuralism, 4. The crystallization and emphasis on a specific concept of culture in human studies, 5. The crystallization and emphasis on the field research and the use of participant observation method, and 6. The emergence of the culture and personality approach in anthropological and religious studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main issue of this research is the adaptation of New Religious Movements' (NRMs) features with Cosmic Mysticism (Ring) and also evaluation of its leader’s claim about reviving of true Islamic mysticism. The present paper is also done by means of descriptive– analytic method and critical approach. The research findings indicate that Cosmic Mysticism (Ring) is easily compatible with NRMs’ characteristics, such as a charismatic leader claiming to have spiritual experiences, eclecticism, de-authorizing formal religion and emphasis on spirituality and humanism, the efflorescence of spiritual and mental talents, secularization of religious and mystical experience affected by quasi-science and so-called psychology, generality and its easily achievability regardless to beliefs and rituals. But reaching to the goal of reviving authentic mysticism entails fundamental changes in its structure, its way of expressing and gaining. These transformations lead to destroying the religious and mystical language and utilizing science, psychology, and language of other schools, which cause losing mysticism's deep mystical meaning in a way that focuses on today's human concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main intellectual concerns in Shari'ah, ethics, and mysticism has been the fighting against the concupiscent soul, and mystical wayfarers have been advised to engage in this spiritual Battle (Jihad) by following certain suggested methods. By a special and comparatively unique approach in Mirsad al-Ibad, Najm Razi discusses about interaction with the soul and its qualities. The author of present paper has tried by qualitative analysis and description of content, to elucidate Razi's thought-lines in the struggle against the concupiscent soul. The research findings demonstrate that Razi believe in moderate treatment and cautious dealing with the concupiscent soul and he think that any extreme or careless behaviors in confront with the concupiscent soul would be a loss for the mystic followers. He believes that the concupiscent soul is not naturally the main cause of evils and sins, and that the reprehensible traits in the soul have been implanted there in accordance with the dictates of both divine wisdom and human expediency. Furthermore, Razi thinks that the essence of the human soul is capable of transformation; in a way that it's straying from God makes the soul command to the evils, and turning to God put the soul in the path of assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morteza Hajhosseini introduced two truth-functional and non-truth-functional systems in the second edition of his book Two Non-Classical Logic Systems, A New Outlook on Elements of Logic. In other articles, I have reviewed the natural deduction and the semantics of the truth-functional system. In this paper, I will address the semantics of the non-truth-functional system and the meta-theorems of soundness and completeness that he claimed to have proven. I demonstrate that: 1. This semantics is based on a new set theory that has not yet been formulated. 2. The definition of ‘model’ in this book defines ‘complete models,’ while all introduced models are ‘incomplete models’. 3. The truth conditions of non-truth-functional formulas are reminiscent of the truth conditions of similar formulas in C.I. Lewis’ logic of strict implication, but in the Leibnizian modal semantics. 4. This semantics is not consistent with the proof theory of the book. 5. Therefore, the soundness and the completeness metatheorems are actually incorrect and have counterexamples. 6. Negation operators in this non-truth-functional system have been considered truthfunctional, while they should be non-truth-functional. 7. A finite number of relationships (exactly five) have been introduced in this semantics, while this number is infinite. 8. Therefore, non-truth-functional logic must be undecidable, while the non-truth-functional system has been declared decidable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Recently, studies on the factors involved in stemness of stem cells have received a lot of attention due to its importance of stem cell-based treatments. One of the important stimuli in the fate of stem cells is the amount of oxygen in the environment. The results of various studies showed that a low concentration of oxygen in the niche of stem cells, preserves the reserves of the stem cells. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of hypoxia on the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and the involved mechanisms. Materials and Methods In this review article, more than 100 papers in the pubmed database were reviewed. In this study, hypoxia induction methods, the effect of hypoxia on HSC and the effect of hypoxia on HSCs in Co-culture with other cells, hypoxia relationship with HIF1a factor and hypoxia relationship with stem cell stemness were discussed. Results The results of this review showed that low oxygen concentration can affect the stemness of stem cells. The difference in the results observed in different studies was due to different hypoxia induction methods, oxygen percentage, type of stem cells and time exposed to hypoxia, which necessitated optimization of the protocols for hypoxia induction. Conclusions Compared to the oxygen concentration of the environment, very low concentrations of oxygen (anoxia: 1%) take the stem cells mainly in the dormant phase and maintain a high stemness state, while at higher concentrations (5%) along with maintaining the proliferative potential of cells, stemness is also maintained. Of course, designing optimal culture conditions with specific oxygen concentration and understanding the mechanisms involved can help in the development of new target molecules and treatments based on stem cell in various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Retracted articles have increased significantly in number. Orthopedic researchers should not use the results of retracted articles in their papers. The purpose of this research is to identify the reasons for citing retracted orthopedic articles by researchers. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted with a descriptive-survey approach. Retraction Watch was used to extract the articles. For each of the articles, Google Scholar was used to identify the citing authors. Web of Science and Scopus databases were used to collect and review the scientometric indicators of the journals. Databases and journal websites were utilized to check the open-access status of the articles. A standard questionnaire was sent to the authors by email. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the relationship between the articles’ citation and open access to them. Results: A total of 796 articles were retrieved, showing an increase in recent years. These articles are mostly published in top quartile journals. A large number of the researchers were not aware of the retraction status of their cited articles and also did not have a strategy to check the sources of their articles. Most of the authors stated that the reviewer or editor did not give them a warning about the retracted article. The researchers declared that the article has been used in their discussion section. There was a significant relationship (p-value=0.002) between the citation frequency and access type of retracted orthopedic articles. Conclusion: Authors should pay more attention to the ethical principles of research in order to prevent the spread and publication of retracted articles. Authors should not cite retracted orthopedic articles in their papers, as this is dangerous for the patients’ health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]