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This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of sodium fluoride stress on germination and early seedling growth stages of Rumex seeds was conducted in a completely randomized design. The results showed that germination percentage was significant at 5% probability level, but germination rate was not significant. Plumule and radicle length, fresh weight of plumule and radicle, radicle and plumule dry weight were significant at the 5 percent level. Stress caused by sodium fluoride affects the germination of Rumex and seeds are sensitive to sodium fluoride. In the morphological study, harmful effects of sodium fluoride as necrosis, chlorosis, and wounds in the leaf, premature aging and wilting treated plants were observed. In roots and petioles, by increasing the concentration of sodium fluoride up to 0.5 mg L-1, the thickness of the xylem and phloem decreased and increased with increasing concentration due to plant consistency. By increasing the concentration of sodium fluoride to 0.5 mg L-1, the thickness of the xylem and phloem of root and petiole thickness decreased and with increasing the concentration of sodium fluoride due to plant adaptation increased. Also, by increasing the levels of sodium fluoride concentration to 0.5 mg L-1 sodium fluoride, the thickness of the mesophilic and total leaf thickness decreased and then increased with increasing sodium fluoride concentration, which can be said decrease the leaf thickness due to increasing of fluoride due to reducing plant ability in the absorption of water leads to reduced growth.

Background & Objective: In recent years, more attention has been devoted to herbal medicines. Up to now, many compounds with therapeutic effects has been extracted from the herbs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and the antimicrobial effect of Rumex Alveollatus L. and to partially identify the effective compounds in this plant. Materials & Methods: Extraction was performed by using maceration method for dried flower sample. Then, the antimicrobial effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts on eight bacterial sp. and two fungi were tested using disc diffusion method. The antioxidant effect was also determined through ferric reducing potency and phosphomolybdenum followed by total phenol determination. Finally, partial detection of bioactive compounds was conducted using chemical and calorimetric methods. Results: The results showed that ethanolic extract had the most antimicrobial effect; while aqueous extract weakly affected bacterial and fungal strains. Antioxidant experiments also revealed that ethanol extract had more antioxidant effects than aqueous extract. The most content of total phenolic compounds was found in ethanol extract. The results of the plant chemical determination showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, glycosides, and reducing sugars. Conclusion: Considering that few reports about the therapeutic effect of Rumex alveollatus L. has been published, this study could be considered as a valuable report about the important role of this plant on preventing infections and neutralizing oxidant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: In recent years, more attention has been devoted to herbal medicines. Up to now, many compounds with therapeutic effects has been extracted from the herbs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and the antimicrobial effect of Rumex Alveollatus L. and to partially identify the effective compounds in this plant. Materials & Methods: Extraction was performed by using maceration method for dried flower sample. Then, the antimicrobial effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts on eight bacterial sp. and two fungi were tested using disc diffusion method. The antioxidant effect was also determined through ferric reducing potency and phosphomolybdenum followed by total phenol determination. Finally, partial detection of bioactive compounds was conducted using chemical and calorimetric methods. Results: The results showed that ethanolic extract had the most antimicrobial effect; while aqueous extract weakly affected bacterial and fungal strains. Antioxidant experiments also revealed that ethanol extract had more antioxidant effects than aqueous extract. The most content of total phenolic compounds was found in ethanol extract. The results of the plant chemical determination showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, tannins, glycosides, and reducing sugars. Conclusion: Considering that few reports about the therapeutic effect of Rumex alveollatus L. has been published, this study could be considered as a valuable report about the important role of this plant on preventing infections and neutralizing oxidant agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]