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Over the past decade, growing environmental concerns and social legislations have forced decision makers to design their supply chains with regard to the environmental impacts, responsiveness, and economic benefits. In this research, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to optimize the objectives of cost, environmental impacts and responsiveness in order to determine appropriate policies about the decisions of carbon tax, technology selection, location, capacity of facilities. In this model, there are simultaneously two types of disruption and operational risk for some parameters such as demand and costs, which is named hybrid uncertainty. To cope with this type of uncertainty, a possibilistic stochastic programming approach using concepts of credibility constraint programming is proposed to design a closed-loop supply chain. A high-performance flexible programming approach is applied to solve the multi-objective model. Results show that the appropriate rate of carbon tax is around 20000 Rial per kilogram of carbon. The results indicate that in order to optimize the level of responsiveness and reduce the environmental impacts and costs, it is better to use the green technologies in the plants and recycling centers and to establish the plant and distribution centers near the customer zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, growing environmental concerns and social legislations have forced decision makers to design their supply chains with regard to the environmental impacts, responsiveness, and economic benefits. In this research, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed to optimize the objectives of cost, environmental impacts and responsiveness in order to determine appropriate policies about the decisions of carbon tax, technology selection, location, capacity of facilities. In this model, there are simultaneously two types of disruption and operational risk for some parameters such as demand and costs, which is named hybrid uncertainty. To cope with this type of uncertainty, a possibilistic stochastic programming approach using concepts of credibility constraint programming is proposed to design a closed-loop supply chain. A high-performance flexible programming approach is applied to solve the multi-objective model. Results show that the appropriate rate of carbon tax is around 20000 Rial per kilogram of carbon. The results indicate that in order to optimize the level of responsiveness and reduce the environmental impacts and costs, it is better to use the green technologies in the plants and recycling centers and to establish the plant and distribution centers near the customer zones.

Background and Aim: The health system's responsiveness to provision of health services displays the ability of the system to meet the non-medical needs of people. The present study aimed to assess Iran's health system responsiveness in providing rehabilitation for people with disabilities (PWD). Materials and Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study included 1537 PWD referring to physical rehabilitation centers in all provinces of Iran by using a multistage cluster sampling method in 2019. A valid self-administrated questionnaire was used for data collection. Stata software (version 14.0) was used for data processing and analysis. Results: The frequency rate of good responsiveness to meet physical rehabilitation needs was 64.5%. The health system's highest and lowest frequency rates of good responsiveness were related to rapid response (74.5%), independence and participation in decision-making (52.5). Having basic health insurance coverage (OR=1.97, 95% CI:1.20-3.25), severity of disability (OR=2.02, 95% CI:1.14-3.60), economic status of individuals (OR=2.04, 95% CI:1.17-3.56), and household size (OR=0.82, 95% CI:0.72-0.94) were significant determinants in regard to poor responsiveness of the health system. Conclusion: To maintain and enhance responsiveness and eliminate inequalities, interventions such as expanding the rehabilitation facilities, holding special skills training courses for rehabilitation-related assistants, general practitioners, and health workers, and also, empowering PWD are recommended. Further studies are also recommended to identify the causes of poor responsiveness and take measures that can make the health system more responsible.

Introduction: Responsiveness is a main component of the health system, which is related to the social characteristics of the society. The aim of this study was to evaluate the responsiveness of the health system in the slum areas of Ahvaz. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 385 residents of the marginal areas of Ahvaz were selected by multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected using Socio demographic-checklist and WHO responsiveness questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS V22 applying descriptive statistics tests, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and t-test. Findings: The age range of the participants was 18 to 97 years with an average of (42.84±16.56). Women constituted 66% of the research population. 76% were married, 26% were illiterate and 4.4% had university education. 85.7 percent of participants were under five million people. 66.2% used government service providers. 80% had health insurance, and 15.1% had supplementary insurance. Performance of in-patient services was better than outpatient services in terms of responsiveness. Aspect “Choice” received low score for outpatient and inpatient services. Almost 13% of respondents perceived some sort of discrimination while receiving inpatient services. Responsiveness of the participants in this study was found to have a significant relationship in all aspects with the type of service provider (charity/ private/government), in the aspect of communication with the type of service provision (outpatient/inpatient), and in the aspect of informed choice and confidentiality with the having supplementary insurance. Discussion: Paying attention to the quality of facilities, access to social support, and choice is suggested as a criterion with points for planning for change in order to improve the responsiveness of the health system in marginalized areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Today, according to the intellectual growth that has taken place in societies and various organizations and the change in people's attitudes toward motivation and mental health, it is essential to pay attention to the factors that affect people's mental health and consequently, the quantity and quality of people's work. The phenomenon of friendship in workplace is one of the factors that should be paid more attention to than ever and the factors affecting it should be identified due to the important consequences it seeks for organizations in the mentioned fields. It seems that organizational transparency can be one of them. According to the investigations carried out on the performance of Isfahan City Gas Company and the results of evaluations during the "Annual Shahid Rajaei Festival", as well as the "Administrative Health Improvement Project", the level of organizational transparency in the mentioned company over the years has not been very satisfactory. On the other hand, as this company is considered a privategovernment institution, the nature and quality of interpersonal relationships have not been given the desired merit and the relevant workers have not been paid attention to despite the increasing importance of this issue. Considering the nature of the gas company, which is one of the institutions providing essential services to various parts of the society, identifying the factors affecting the employees' motivations and attitudes is a vital issue because a large part of the employees' work and levels of effort to achieve the organization's goals depends on their levels of satisfaction with the work environment and qualities of their relationships with other members of the organization. According to what was said and since no research had been done to determine the impact of organizational transparency on friendship at the workplace so far, the current research tried to obtain new information about the way of promoting organizational transparency of friendship in the workplace and its intensity during designing and testing some related hypotheses and then give it to those, who were involved in the relevant field, to take steps and improve organizational behavior and work processes of the organization so as to finally satisfy the customers. Accordingly, the question of whether there was a relationship between organizational transparency and friendship in the workplace was arised. Materials & Methods The current research was applied in terms of purpose and a descriptive survey in terms of nature. The statistical population of this research was consisted of 300 official employees, direct contracts, and third parties in Isfahan Gas Company. In this study, a stratified-random sampling method was used. 270 questionnaires were distributed and 250 analyzable ones were returned to be analyzed. The data were collected by using a questionnaire containing 28 items and a 5-point Likert scale was used to answer the questions. Construct and content validities were used to measure the validity of the questionnaire. To measure the construct validity, the confirmatory factor analysis technique was applied and the factor loadings of all the variables confirmed the construct validity of the questionnaire. To measure the content validity, the opinions of several professors of the management department of Isfahan University were used and their opinions approved the validity of the content of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire and the results indicated its acceptable reliability. Discussion of Results & Conclusion In this research, organizational transparency was considered as the independent variable and participation of employees in organizational activities, accountability, employee's access to information, and non-disclosure were considered as the dimensions of organizational transparency. Their impacts on friendship in the workplace were measured as the dependent variables. Through the structural equation method, it was determined that the structural model had a suitable fit. In other words, the observed data were largely consistent with the conceptual model of the research. According to the results of the hypothesis test and the significance level, all of them were confirmed and the impact of each hypothesis was estimated. All in all, according to the importance of the examined factors in this research, it was possible to improve the level of organizational transparency and then friendship in the workplace by using the practical suggestions mentioned at the end of this study, each of which was raised according to each confirmed hypothesis of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to "design a model for evaluating the responsiveness of Iranian university library services". Methodology: In this research, a qualitative model for evaluating the responsiveness of library services in the university libraries of the country was developed using a qualitative method. The study population consisted of 15 university library managers and librarianship experts who were selected by snowball method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data in this study.Findings: according to the weight obtained in the coding stages, user satisfaction indicators, employee information literacy, use of service innovations, application of technology, service delivery as an underlying process, access to information, holding training courses In line with the goals and continuous and regular assessment of service quality, they were able to gain the most weight. In order to design the relevant model, 9 components were identified, which are 1- Leadership 2- Policy 3- Employee Outcomes 4- User Outcomes 5- Employees 6- Processes 7- Community Outcomes 8- Key Performance Outcomes and 9- Partnerships and Resources Conclution: According to the designed model, it seems that the components of leadership, policy and strategy, as well as processes will affect employees, partnerships and resources, and thus affect the results of employees and users. The results of the model also show that the results of employees and users affect the results of the community and ultimately the key results of performance. This model is useful for comparing the responsive quality of a library service with other academic libraries.

The current study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the attachment behaviors scale in Iranian married people. The research method was correlational, and the statistical population is all married people in Iran. According to the research problem, the researchers have determined their target population as married people among the university centers of Tehran, which among whom (from staff and students) 271 individuals (156 women and 115 men) were selected through convenience sampling from Imam Hussein University Center of Strategic Studies and Alzahra University dormitory. The research instruments were the Attachment Behaviors Scale by Sandberg, Novak, Davis, & Busby (2012) and the Four ENRICH Couple Scales by Fowers and Olson (1989). Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. Results showed that Attachment Behaviors-Self and Attachment Behaviors-Partner were two distinct factors. The confirmatory factor fitness indicators except for RMSEA of Self subscale were in the accepted range. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for Attachment Behaviors-Self and Attachment Behaviors-Partner were respectively.71 and .82. Considering the psychometric properties of the attachment behavior scale and its focus on objective behaviors in married relationships, using this scale in research work and planning more accurate and efficient interventions to strengthen secure attachment bonds in married people is recommended to family counselors and psychologists.

Objective: The primary purpose of physiotherapy in patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction is to reduce pain, improve Range of Motion (ROM), muscle strength, and balance after surgery. Thus, therapists need outcome measurement tools with acceptable validity, reproducibility, and responsiveness to assess these changes after the intervention. This study investigates the responsiveness of the tools used to measure pain, ROM, knee muscle strength, and dynamic balance. We also want to determine minimal clinically significant change for these outcomes in patients with ACL reconstruction after physiotherapy. Materials & Methods: The study participants were 54 young patients with ACL reconstruction evaluated using impairment-based outcome measures of visual analog scale, goniometer, hand-held dynamometer, and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) at baseline (2 weeks after ACL reconstruction ) and 4 weeks after physiotherapy. At the second phase of evaluation, the participants also completed the 7-point global change rating scale. For assessing the responsiveness of the tools, we used the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve and correlation analysis Results: Analyzing the ROC curve showed that the knee extension ROM, quadriceps and hamstring strength, and medial and posteromedial directions under SEBT had acceptable responsiveness (>0.70). The Spearman correlation coefficient between the scores obtained for these outcomes and the score of 7-point global change rating scale were significant in the range of 0.36-0.51. For all the study outcome measurement tools, minimal significant clinical changes were reported. Conclusion: The results of this study support the responsiveness of goniometer for knee extension ROM, hand-held dynamometer for quadriceps and hamstring strength, and SEBT for dynamic balance at medial and posteromedial directions in the assessment of clinical changes in patients with ACL reconstruction. The reported minimal significant clinical changes for each tool can help the clinicians and researchers to decide on determining the actual significant change in the ACL patient’s clinical conditions after physiotherapy.

Objective: This study aimed to identify how parents can answer to their children’s religious questions. Method: To achieve this objective, the phenomenological method was used. The statistical population included all parents with primary school children in Bandar Lengeh. The sample size was 35 people, and they were selected by purposive method according to the theoretical saturation limit. Data collection tools were also semi-organized and in-depth interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through the seven-step Colaizzi method. Findings: The findings showed that there were 3 main themes along with some sub-themes. Children’s questions revolved around the questions about Allah, death, the Hereafter, the Prophet, Islam, the creation of the world, acts of worship, and natural disasters. Many parents used some incorrect methods such as inappropriate responses to cognitive development, language development, and comprehension. Furthermore, suppressing of children’s questions, presenting stereotyped answers, not answering their questions, postponing answers were used by parents, but some parents used the correct methods for answering religious questions, such as using allegory, answering, using the child’s tangible knowledge to answer, using games, providing correct answers in accordance with religious sources, and searching for better answers. Conclusion: According to these findings that parents lack the necessary knowledge about cognitive development and educational methods, the institutions involved in education need to plan to teach the parents about answering children’s questions in accordance with principles such as cognitive scaffolding.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting organizational agility for model modeling in Khorasan Razavi Cultural University. The main method of this study is survey method which was done by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software, LISREL software and various statistics. In Khorasan Razavi Cultural University, according to the statistics of Khorasan Razavi Planning Organization, there were 337 people. Using Krejcie and Morgan table (1970), 181 stratified random sampling was selected as the subjects. That is, in order to further generalize and avoid The sample size of 200 questionnaires was distributed among 200 subjects. Statistical data were distributed to 200 subjects. Data collected through maxqda software in qualitative section and interview analysis, effective factors were determined and then finalized on the basis of confirmatory factor analysis. It is also influenced by agility factors at university including: organizational factors (structure, delegation, organizational culture); strategic factors (quality improvement, teaching and research policies, technology development); human factors (managers, staff, faculty) Are . Thus, while developing the final model of organizational agility at Khorasan Razavi Khorasan University, the degree of fitness of the proposed model was determined and its fit was approved. The results of t-test also showed that the status of components and dimensions of organizational agility in Farhangian University is in desirable condition.

Paying attention to Total Quality Management in service organizations, especially universities, is vital. Hence, Payam Noor University, as an important institute of Higher Education, is required to continuously receive feedback from students, assess it and evaluate the training quality. Periodical quality assessment of training services is of high significance in continuously determining and enhancing the training quality. The subject of this research is regarding on the evaluation of the training quality at the Central Payam Noor University of Talesh. In order of assessing the training quality as deemed by students, the SERVQUAL model (Parasuraman et al. 1988) has been employed. The study uses a descriptive methodology and regarding data collection, it utilizes a survey method; it is also an applied research, objective-wise. The mentioned model has investigated the five of dimensions of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and tangibles, based on the GAP ANALYSIS MODEL, as viewed by students at the Central Payam Noor University of Talesh. The stratified random sampling has been carried out with 124 samples. Also, T-test and Friedman Test methods have been used for this study. Study results indicated that the widest gap was related to the tangibles and the narrowest ones were related to the dimensions of assurance and empathy. Based on the Friedman Test, the dimensions of assurance, responsiveness and empathy were of the highest priorities. In the end, based on students’ viewpoints, some suggestions are made regarding enhancing the quality of training services, using some statistical analyses.

Objective Responsiveness is a process that all organizations, such as hospitals and rehabilitation centers, need to implement it in order to legitimize their activities; and on the other hand, the recipients of rehabilitation services as a citizen of the community have a special place. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine and compare the response status of rehabilitation service providers from the perspective of people with disabilities (PWD) and their families in Tehran in 2016. Materials & Methods The study is descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional. The statistical population of the study consisted of all people with disabilities and their families who received rehabilitation services (Red Crescent, Wellbeing, Private Sector) in 2017. Samples were collected from rehabilitation centers of 5 districts of Tehran, using available sampling. The questionnaire was distributed based on the Response Questionnaire (World Health Organization, 2000) and 357 samples were collected. Adults with physical and motor disabilities and families with children with physical disabilities were included in the study, as well as those with mental disabilities and those who did not wish to participate in the study, as well as incomplete and unread questionnaires. The questionnaire has eight domains and included 25 questions. The questionnaire was distributed among 11 rehabilitation specialists with CVI=0.91 and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by 30 questionnaires in four centers in two weeks with a correlation coefficient of 0.83 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.77. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis) by using SPSS V. 22. Results The results showed that the age of the majority of patients (49.6%) was in the group of 30-39 years. Depending on the type of center, the mean age included 49.5% in private centers, 49.5% in the welfare centers, and 50% in Red Crescent. The highest responsiveness was related to the dimensions of the right to choose and environmental quality (2.6 and 2.41 out of 5, respectively) in private centers, environmental quality (2.1 out of 5) in welfare centers, and then, right to choose had the highest score. The lowest accountability was reported for dignity (2.18 out of 5). The mean scores of social support dimensions in the three types of center were statistically different (P=0.001), as well as the mean scores of immediate attention (P=0.002), participation in decision-making (P=0.009), confidentiality (P=0.010), and total responsiveness (P=0.04) there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of referral type and mean scores of immediate attention dimensions in the two sex groups (P=0.022). However, the mean scores of total responsiveness dimensions in marital status (P=0.446) and type of insurance (P=0.535) were not statistically significant. Conclusion The findings of this study displayed that responsibility as a criterion of quality of rehabilitation services, in fact, provides a clear picture of the clients’ performance. Responsibility of welfare centers was better than private and Red Crescent Centers. In this study, rehabilitation centers had the lowest performance in areas of transparent communication, dignity, and social support which may result in lower dignity which may indicate less attention to the dignity of the recipient of the service and the deficiency of insufficient insurance coverage to support rehabilitation services. While these dimensions of responsiveness are important for services recipients. Therefore, it is necessary to respond to the rehabilitation system in these areas (transparent communication, dignity and social protection). Also, it is recommended further studies in the area of responsiveness of rehabilitation system.

Right of access to information is one of the fundamental principles of democratic governments and the most important example of the first generation of human rights that guarantees the citizenship rights. The human rights, as the basic rights, are a fundamental obligation and commitment the legitimacy of which isnot subject to stipulation in the constitution. However, the citizenship rights can only be realized under the prescriptive duty that an obligation exists along with any right for the citizen. With the rapid expansion of social networks, identifying and guaranteeing the right has become one of the most important examples of the realization of citizenship rights in the legal system of Iran. Despite the adoption of the law on freedom of publication and access to information adopted in 2009, no specific executive guarantee has been contemplated. Weaknesses such as ambiguity and shortcomings in definitions and concepts, lack of the formation of a commission under article 18 of the mentioned law are factors of non-fulfillment of the right. The main question is what are the principles governing the regulation of the Iranian legal system in the area of ​​the right of access to information and how do they affect the realization of citizenship rights? The main hypothesis is that knowledge about the capacity of the Iranian legal system in the area of ​​the right of access to information can be effective on citizenship rights.

Background: It is important to use reliable, valid, and responsive instruments to assess the treatment outcomes. The functional rating index (FRI) is a patient reported outcome measure to assess the pain and function in patients with neck and low back pain. The FRI has been translated and culturally adapted into Persian language. The purpose of this study was to investigate the responsiveness of Persian functional rating index in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP). Methods: The adult patients with CNSNP recruited from Shariati Hospital in Tehran and filled the Persian functional rating index (PFRI), Persian neck disability index (PNDI), and pain numerical rating scale (NRS) before and after 10 physiotherapy sessions, from March to July 2017. The patients completed the global rating change scale after treatment. For statistical analyses, the effect size (ES), standardized response mean (SRM), Guyatt response index (GRI) were used. The Spearman or Pearson test was used for correlation analyses. The area under the receiver operating curve (ROC) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were calculated. Results: In this study, 30 patients (female 17) with a mean of age 45.6 years [standard deviation (SD) 13.8] participated. The mean duration of neck pain was 14.7 months (SD 12.8). Significant strong and moderate correlations were identified between PFRI with PNDI and GRC scores (r= 0.78 and r= 0.69). The respective ES and SRM values were 0.73 and 0.78 for PFRI. The GRI was 5.58. The AUC was 0.89 (P= 0.001). MCID was 11.7%. Conclusion: This study confirms that the Persian functional rating index is responsive for assessing disability in Persian speaking patients with chronic non-specific neck pain.

Objective Responsiveness is a process that all organizations, such as hospitals and rehabilitation centers, need to implement it in order to legitimize their activities; and on the other hand, the recipients of rehabilitation services as a citizen of the community have a special place. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine and compare the response status of rehabilitation service providers from the perspective of People With Disabilities (PWD) and their families in Tehran in 2016. Materials & Methods The study is descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional. The statistical population of the study consisted of all people with disabilities and their families who received rehabilitation services (Red Crescent, Wellbeing, Private Sector) in 2017. Samples were collected from rehabilitation centers of 5 districts of Tehran, using available sampling. The questionnaire was distributed based on the Response Questionnaire (World Health Organization, 2000) and 357 samples were collected. Adults with physical and motor disabilities and families with children with physical disabilities were included in the study, as well as those with mental disabilities and those who did not wish to participate in the study, as well as incomplete and unread questionnaires. The questionnaire has eight domains and included 25 questions. The questionnaire was distributed among 11 rehabilitation specialists with CVI=0.91 and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by 30 questionnaires in four centers in two weeks with a correlation coefficient of 0.83 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.77. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis) by using SPSS V. 22. Results The results showed that the age of the majority of patients (49.6%) was in the group of 30-39 years. Depending on the type of center, the mean age included 49.5% in private centers, 49.5% in the welfare centers, and 50% in Red Crescent. The highest responsiveness was related to the dimensions of the right to choose and environmental quality (2.6 and 2.41 out of 5, respectively) in private centers, environmental quality (2.1 out of 5) in welfare centers, and then, right to choose had the highest score. The lowest accountability was reported for dignity (2.18 out of 5). The mean scores of social support dimensions in the three types of center were statistically different (P=0.001), as well as the mean scores of immediate attention (P=0.002), participation in decision-making (P=0.009), confidentiality (P=0.010), and total responsiveness (P=0.04) there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups of referral type and mean scores of immediate attention dimensions in the two sex groups (P=0.022). However, the mean scores of total responsiveness dimensions in marital status (P=0.446) and type of insurance (P=0.535) were not statistically significant. Conclusion The findings of this study displayed that responsibility as a criterion of quality of rehabilitation services, in fact, provides a clear picture of the clients' performance. Responsibility of welfare centers was better than private and Red Crescent Centers. In this study, rehabilitation centers had the lowest performance in areas of transparent communication, dignity, and social support which may result in lower dignity which may indicate less attention to the dignity of the recipient of the service and the deficiency of insufficient insurance coverage to support rehabilitation services. While these dimensions of responsiveness are important for services recipients. Therefore, it is necessary to respond to the rehabilitation system in these areas (transparent communication, dignity and social protection). Also, it is recommended further studies in the area of responsiveness of rehabilitation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective (s): Data collection is one of the important stages of research process and requires valid and reliable instruments. The aim of this article was to introduce important steps of translation and construction process of a questionnaire. Adopting an appropriate instrument for research and developing an optimal instrument needs knowledge on psychometric criteria. The present paper explains the construct validity reliability and responsiveness as the important components of psychometric properties of health related instruments. Methods: The present paper was written based on exisiting documentaries. Results: There are different methods for evaluating construct validity, which include structural validity (factor analysis), hypothesis testing, convergent and discriminant validity, and cross-cultural validity. Criterion validity is also a type of validity, which can improve the quality of an instrument if being applicable. Reliability is an essential part of psychometric evaluation, which includes internal consistency, stability, equivalency and standard error of measurement. Instrument developers have often been concerned with internal consistency and stability. Examining standard error of measurement as an important component of reliability has been ignored in the development of most instruments. Responsiveness is approved if the smallest detectable change is less than the clinical minimal important change. Furthermore, the area under the ROC curve can also be used for examining responsiveness. Floor and ceiling effects exist if more than 15% of respondents get the highest or lowest possible scores. Conclusion: Psychometric knowledge should be considered as basic requirement of translation and development of health-relate measures. This could help investigators to collect valid and reliable information when collecting the data.

Background: It is important to use reliable, valid, and responsive instruments to assess the treatment outcomes. The functional rating index (FRI) is a patient reported outcome measure to assess the pain and function in patients with neck and low back pain. The FRI has been translated and culturally adapted into Persian language. The purpose of this study was to investigate the responsiveness of Persian functional rating index in patients with chronic non-specific neck pain (CNSNP). Methods: The adult patients with CNSNP recruited from Shariati Hospital in Tehran and filled the Persian functional rating index (PFRI), Persian neck disability index (PNDI), and pain numerical rating scale (NRS) before and after 10 physiotherapy sessions, from March to July 2017. The patients completed the global rating change scale after treatment. For statistical analyses, the effect size (ES), standardized response mean (SRM), Guyatt response index (GRI) were used. The Spearman or Pearson test was used for correlation analyses. The area under the receiver operating curve (ROC) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) were calculated. Results: In this study, 30 patients (female 17) with a mean of age 45.6 years [standard deviation (SD) 13.8] participated. The mean duration of neck pain was 14.7 months (SD 12.8). Significant strong and moderate correlations were identified between PFRI with PNDI and GRC scores (r=0.78 and r=0.69). The respective ES and SRM values were0.73 and0.78 for PFRI. The GRI was 5.58. The AUC was0.89 (P=0.001). MCID was 11.7%. Conclusion: This study confirms that the Persian functional rating index is responsive for assessing disability in Persian speaking patients with chronic non-specific neck pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective (s): To compare health system responsiveness from households’ perspectives in two affluent and deprived areas in Mashhad, Iran. was selected randomly from two regions of Mashhad. Methods: A sample of 923 households was selected randomly from two regions of Mashhad. Data were collected using the World Health Organization (WHO) questionnaire. Results: In general, respondents selected the "quality of basic amenities" as the most important domain and the "access to social support networks" was identified as the least important domain. Compared to low income households, people in high income areas scored higher on communication, dignity, prompt attentions, choice and autonomy respectively. There was a significant relationship between "education, age, and household income" and ranking responsiveness. Conclusion: Paying attention to householdschr('39') views on ranking non-clinical quality of care, can improve the performance and productivity of health care system.

The experience of centralized countries showed that one-side and subject view looking at the city will cause great problems. Removing such problems is possible through public supervision (responsiveness), collaborative action and promoting the efficiency level of urban functions. Good urban governing is suggested as the new approach of decision-making system and managing urban affairs and in fact is a process that is formed on one hand, according to interaction between organizations and official foundations of managing city and on the other hand private organizations and organizations of civil society. The purpose of the recent research is to measure the situation of indices of good urban governing and showing the role of facilitator of citizens in access to this great goal. The methodology is descriptive-analytical one and by using SWOT and questionnaire, the position of the strategic program of good urban governing is analyzed. To this end, based on Cochran formula, 385 questionnaire of citizens and 32 questionnaire of the professionals and experts of municipality and city council were completed. The result showed that according to citizens, the best situation among indices of good governing belongs to the indices of strategic insight and partnership and according to experts, the best status belongs to receptiveness and answerability indices.The results obtained from SWOT analysis showed that governing status in Zahedan city is on defensive status among four statuses of invasive, conservative, competitive and defensive, procedures are as the following : Attraction of participation and attention to the people's view in preparing the plans and information about the details of plans, concentration on strategic thought and gathering local managers on implementation of urban integrated management and the necessity of coordination between organizations, special attention to environmental issues in the planning, attention to justice issues, equal access of the districts to the facilities and decreasing the created gap between the districts in this regard.

Background and Objectives: Responsiveness is a response to the reasonable expectations of people about non-clinical aspects of the health system. The purpose of this paper was to assess the responsiveness of the health system after the first year of the health system reform in Sanandaj in 2015. Methods: This descriptive-analytic and cross-sectional study was conducted on 646 households in Sanandaj. The World Health Survey (WHS) questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed with SPSS 16 as well as descriptive statistics and ANOVA. Results: All dimensions of responsiveness, except for choice, were 100% important according to the respondents. In inpatient services, social support (100%) and confidentiality (96%) had the best performance while communication had the worst performance (49%). In outpatient services, confidentiality (100%) and autonomy (42%) had the best and worst performance, respectively. In inpatient wards, a significant difference only in “quick attention” dimension was observed among responsiveness dimensions with regards to proprietorship of the health care center (P-value=0.03). On the contrary, this difference was not significant in outpatient wards. Conclusion: In this study, communication (time to ask questions about health problem/treatment, clarity of providers explanations), autonomy (participation in treatment decision-making, possibility of obtaining information on other types of treatment) and quality of basic amenities (cleanliness inside the health facility, available space in waiting and examination rooms) were identified as priority areas for actions to improve the responsiveness of the health care services.

Background: Three aspects of health, responsiveness rate and equitable financing introduced as the main goals of health systems. In this study, responsiveness rate was assessed among private and social security hospitals in 2013. Materials and Methods: The descriptive-analytical study conducted as a cross-sectional one among 10 hospitals in Tehran city (20 percent of total social security and private, 8:2 respectively) in 2013. Study population consisted of all inpatients and outpatients referee to eight private and two social security hospitals and 333 subjects selected to data gathering randomly. The valid and reliable World Health Survey questionnaire was utilized. Data was analyzed by SPSS17 using descriptive statistic, Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: In points of view among inpatient and outpatient, the mean score of responsiveness rate were 4.1±0.71 and 3.7±0.60 respectively. These amounts estimated 4.4±0.46 and 3.2±0.82 for inpatient and 3.8±0.58 and 3.5±0.63 for outpatient in private and social security hospitals respectively. Also, the mean score of responsibility rate assessed 4.4 in private hospital which was higher than social security ones (3.2); and this difference was statistically significant (P

Agile manufacturing is a new productive model which is a result of changes in the environment of companies and it was shaped agility in two previous decades, it can also seek necessity of response to the increasingly intense competitive environment. Thus, in competitive era, our organization should implement this system quickly in order to succeed in production of high quality goods. This research, seeks suitable pattern in order to differentiate non-agile and agile companies by the most important factors of agility (speed, flexibility, competence and accountability) throughout multivariate discriminant function. Therefore, a questionnaire related to agility factors has been distributed among food companies of Toos Industries in Mashhad and then collected and analyzed by the software SPSS19. The results indicate that discriminant function obtained by the four variables have ability for differentiating of agility and non-agility companies. Moreover, it can be used in order to forecast agility, responsiveness, and flexibility that has had the most share of differentiation between two companies.

The new era of high-speed global economy has caused companies to change operational strategies. In this era, competitive prices and high quality are essential, but not the determinant factors of commercial success; rather, the speed and flexibility to respond quickly to market and customer is regarded as a fundamental principle. Thus, the importance of speed ​​and agility has increased and replaced previous competitive priorities; therefore, this paper evaluates agile manufacturing in small and medium industries of East Azarbaijan Province based on agility capabilities. The population of the study consists of all small and medium-sized firms of East Azarbaijan province. The sample was set 610 companies using the equation of determining the sample size of limited socities. In order to collect data in this study, a researcher made questionnaire was used, which was distributed among the subjects after testing its validity and reliability. In order to analyze the data in the study, fuzzy TOPSIS method was used. The results showed that most groups of small and medium industries based on the agile manufacturing capabilities have a considerable distance from agile manufacturing.

Introduction: Patient Rights Charter consists of a series of patients' legal rights that health care providers must observe and carry out but available evidences show that these are not fully practiced in some outpatient centers. This study aimed to investigate the status of observing patient rights from the perspective of clients in outpatient clinics affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional survey study was conducted on patients admitted to outpatient centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences within December 2011 (N=382). These people were chosen through simple random sampling based on Cochran formula. Data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire derived from Iranian Patient rights charter, which its validity and reliability was approved. Data was analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. Results: Mean and standard deviation of total score for observing all essentials of patients’ rights charter in outpatient centers of the university was at a moderate and reasonable level (42.18±15.15) from the viewpoint of patients. The area of “providing health services based on respecting patient’s privacy and observing the essentials of secrecy and confidentiality” enjoying the highest mean score (66.12±24.39), was at a desirable level compared to other areas. The area of “having access to effective complaint management system” showed the lowest mean score (23.85±23.07) from the participants’ perspective proving a poor level. Ninety three (24.17%) of health service receivers believed that almost all areas of Patient Right Charter were observed totally in outpatient centers of the university. This is while 96 people(25.17%) believed that patients’ right chart has never been practiced in outpatient centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Conclusions: The general satisfaction with observation of patients’ right charter in outpatient centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences is at a moderate level and considered to be acceptable. Only in area of “providing health services based on respecting patient’s privacy and observing the essentials of secrecy and confidentiality”, the satisfaction level is higher than norms. Therefore, study of factors affecting patients’ satisfaction is among research priorities for responding about the current satisfaction status and the manner of providing health services.

Agility is the ability to react to unanticipated changes in order to take conscious action based on change (knowledge management). Organizational agility has 4 components: responsiveness, competency, flexibility, and quickness. If an organization wants to have agility, it should pay attention to these abilities and capacities. No doubt, obtaining agility depends on responding to guidelines, technologies, employees, and processes. The purpose of the present study is to examine the condition of organizational agility in the public organizations of Kerman. The research is of descriptive type conducted through survey method. The statistical population included 1915 official employees of the public organizations in Kerman. From among them, 322 subjects were selected as the research sample by regular categorization. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis, and the data collection tool was organizational agility questionnaire. The research findings show that the level of organizational agility of the employees of the public organizations in Kerman is high.

Introduction: Tendency of an individual to choose between a public and a private hospital can be affected by several factors such as insurance coverage, income, age, gender, level of education, or health status. The aim of this study was to investigate the main reasons of the households’ tendencies to choose between these two types in some selected area of Mashhad. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 in two selected regions in Mashhad. The participants included 895 households selected through multistage sampling. Data were collected by a 3-part questionnaire the validity and reliability of which were assessed beforehand. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, Chi Square and logistic regression model in SPSS. Results: It was found that factors including existence of highly qualified medical and nursing staff, the respondent’s gender, access to social support networks, individual assessment of their health status, basic amenities, the respondent’s age, communication and the type of the last center (public or private) for inpatient experience significantly affected the participants’ tendencies to choose between public or private hospitals. Conclusion: The tendency of the most households to select a specific sector (public or private) can be the outcome of the quality of services delivery in the sector. Making changes in these outcomes typically requires long-term plans. Thus, preparation and implementation of these plans should be considered according to the extent of the public sector in health services delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today’s dynamic and uncertain environment responsiveness is one of the most important priorities and characteristics of manufacturing organizations. Responsiveness is a multidimensional concept and vague notion. For this reason we are often facing many problems when assessing it. Thus, in this paper we explain a knowledge-based methodology for the measurement and assessment of organizational responsiveness. At first, we explain responsiveness dimensions (Strategic Alignment, People, Process and Technology). In the next stage we will use the knowledge that is presented via "IF {fuzzy antecedents} THEN {fuzzy consequents} rules", to assess organizational responsiveness.

Introduction: Responsiveness is a concept introduced in the mid-eighties by bio-medical researchers. It is considered as a fundamental feature of health-related quality of life questionnaires, which was different from reliability and validity. Responsiveness is defined as the ability of an instrument to detect the minimal clinically important differences. Most authors agree that responsiveness focuses on the ability of a criterion in measuring changes, but there is a wide variety of opinions about the nature of quantified change. This review study was performed to determine the responsiveness by using the valid and available articles. Methods: Keywords of "responsiveness" and "quality of life" were searched in Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), ProQuest, PsycINFO, Science Direct, Scopus, and Medline databases. Results: Multiple definitions for responsiveness and different procedures for calculating it were investigated in various studies. A total of 30 articles were used as references. Responsiveness has been divided into two groups: External and internal. "Internal responsiveness" is defined as the ability of a measure to change over a specified time frame. "External responsiveness" reflects the extent to which changes in a measure over a specified time frame relate to corresponding changes in a reference measure of health status. Conclusion: Despite the fact that some authors consider the responsiveness as the most basic characteristics for assessment of a tool, its measurement methodology is different. Meanwhile, there are different methods to assess responsiveness, but the researchers used one of them, and in development and validation of quality of life questionnaires must be regarded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patient Rights Charter consists of a series of patients' legal rights that health care providers must observe and carry out but available evidences show that these are not fully practiced in some outpatient centers. This study aimed to investigate the status of observing patient rights from the perspective of clients in outpatient clinics affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional survey study was conducted on patients admitted to outpatient centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences within December 2011 (N=382). These people were chosen through simple random sampling based on Cochran formula. Data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire derived from Iranian Patient rights charter, which its validity and reliability was approved. Data was analyzed using t-test and ANOVA. Results: Mean and standard deviation of total score for observing all essentials of patients' rights charter in outpatient centers of the university was at a moderate and reasonable level (42.18±15.15) from the viewpoint of patients. The area of “providing health services based on respecting patient's privacy and observing the essentials of secrecy and confidentiality” enjoying the highest mean score (66.12±24.39), was at a desirable level compared to other areas. The area of “having access to effective complaint management system” showed the lowest mean score (23.85±23.07) from the participants' perspective proving a poor level. Ninety three (24.17%) of health service receivers believed that almost all areas of Patient Right Charter were observed totally in outpatient centers of the university. This is while 96 people(25.17%) believed that patients' right chart has never been practiced in outpatient centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Conclusions: The general satisfaction with observation of patients' right charter in outpatient centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences is at a moderate level and considered to be acceptable. Only in area of “providing health services based on respecting patient's privacy and observing the essentials of secrecy and confidentiality”, the satisfaction level is higher than norms. Therefore, study of factors affecting patients' satisfaction is among research priorities for responding about the current satisfaction status and the manner of providing health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]