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This article addresses the protection of whistleblowers in employment relationships. The European Union has created a framework (minimum standards) for the protection of whistleblowers in Directive 2019/1937. As an act of EU law, the Directive 2019/1937 is binding on each Member State to which it is addressed with regard to the result to be achieved, but leaves national authorities freedom to choose the form and means. This article presents the model of implementation of the Directive 2019/1937 used in Portugal (the country that was one of the first to implement the Directive). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Iuris Stetinensis is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Iuris Stetinensis is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to present international law regulations (including EU laws) on Ukrainians’ entry to and stay in Poland in the face of the outbreak of the armed conflict in Ukraine on 20 February 2022. The analysis covers acts of international law, with a particular focus on acts of EU law which are relevant to Ukraine’s situation today and its consequences for Poland. De lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions are drawn that will ensure even more effective protection of persons who flee the armed conflict currently going on in Ukraine and who seek protection in Poland. The methodology applied in the research coverds two basic methods typical to law studies - an analysis of the law in force and legal comparison, also aided by the statistical method.

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Luridica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. The article is aimed at studying topical issues of correlation and interaction of the legal system of the European Union with the national legal systems of the Member States. Methodology. he methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the available scientific and theoretical material and the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. During the study, the following methods of scientific knowledge were used: dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, systemic and structural-functional methods, as well as comparative legal method. Results. It is established that the formation of the law of the European Union was also influenced by the legal concepts and principles inherent in the national law of the Member States. It is emphasized that over time, a peculiar and autonomous legal system of the European Union was formed, which was not inherent in the national legal systems of the Member States. It is determined that by their essential content, the constituent acts of the European Union are more reminiscent of the constitutional legislation of nation-states, since they define the purpose and objectives of integration, the range of powers of integration formations and their nature, the order of formation and activity States, as well as with international organizations. It is noted that the sovereignty of Member States is somewhat limited in connection with the transfer of a certain amount of state sovereignty to the community authorities. It is concluded that today the European Union law is a strong system of regulation of relations, which is regulated at the international level and is an effective mechanism for the implementation of the main purpose and objectives of the European Union. Originality. In the course of the study, it was established that in the interaction of the legal systems of the European Union and the law of the Member States, monism of the primacy of European law is seen, which is proved by the principles of European Community law arising from judicial decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in law-making and law enforcement activities during the implementation of European integration tasks.

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Toruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Iuris Stetinensis is the property of University of Szczecin Press / Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecinskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prawne Problemy Górnictwa i Ochrony Środowiska is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study talks about a collision between Polish legislation and European law by analysing the latest case law of the Polish Supreme Court, the Court of Justice of the European Union and the Polish Constitutional Tribunal. The aim of this study is to investigate the consequences of conflicting judgments, both from the current perspective and in view of the future. This discussion constitutes a basis for reflecting whether the correct exercise of the right to a fair trial may be considered in the case of a contradiction between two legal orders applicable to a citizen. The author analyses this subject matter against judgments of European tribunals and Polish courts, using the available literature and commentaries and investigating the law in force. The methodology of the work consisting in confronting judgments that present divergent positions with the simultaneous presentation of scholarly opinions will allow the author to scrutinize the impact of the presented facts on the correct exercise of the right to a fair trial.

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the reviewed monograph, Bogusław Przywora constructs a normative model of unpaid pre-litigation legal aid in Poland. It is an important issue (both theoretically and practically) from the point of view of the realization of human rights and freedoms. It is also essential for the legal culture and legal awareness of participants in legal relations. The author poses an important research problem: how is the normative model of unpaid pre-litigation legal aid in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, international and EU law? As part of the main research problem posed in this way, the author poses detailed research questions. Answering them required a number of considerations: theoretical-legal, comparative-law, legislative, and legal acts. The applied multifaceted approach to the issue allowed the Author to explain it and propose really important directions for the desired changes. They are intended to improve the legal solutions already used in Poland for unpaid pre-litigation legal aid. This monograph is not only interesting but also inspiring. The proposals contained in it are characterized by high application values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny (0035-9629) is the property of Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Sejmowy is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article argues that more and better knowledge about the past and present of the formula ‘freedom of religion or belief’ is likely to result in a stronger consistency between the terminology and the concept, while being conducive to a richer national and international conversation on the protection and promotion of ‘religion or belief’ related rights and freedoms. In the first section (The emergence) the author maps the chronology and context of the emergence of the formula: while confirming the importance of the United Nations, it is emphasized that UN documents were not alone, and were not in isolation. In particular, the importance of the Conference, then Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and of a general international conversation, accelerated by the adoption in 1998 of the US International Religious Freedom Act, is underlined. In the second section (The features) the most significant features of the formula are identified, and it is suggested that those features should be taken as the reasons why in the last two decades the formula has proved successful at the UN and OSCE level, as well as in the context of the European Union, mainly in its external action. In the third section (The EU laboratory) the formula is mapped in the EU context and the EU framework is interpreted as a laboratory where the formula is received, challenged and reinvented in a variety of ways. In the fourth and final session (The translation) ten sets of questions are offered with respect to the linguistic and legal translation of the formula in EU Member States. If addressed, it is held, those questions might considerably improve knowledge on the formula in both its top-down and bottom-up dynamic unfolding, thus empowering scholars and actors engaged with combining the global power of the formula in English and its variations in different languages and cultures.

Copyright of Roczniki Ekonomiczne Kujawsko-Pomorskiej Szkoly Wyzszej w Bydgoszczy is the property of Kujawy & Pomorze University in Bydgoszcz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Annals of Cultural Studies / Roczniki Kulturoznawcze is the property of John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Institute of Cultural Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives Despite the numerous programs undertaken by the European Union and the Member States, the phenomenon of corruption is not extinguished. Material and methods That is why the European Commission, in 2014, has prepared an appropriate report on the issue of corruption. According to the EC, the causes of the corruption may be different. But its struggle depends to a large extent on the effective policies of the states and the Union. Results The basic tool to fight corruption is openness and transparency. Such a policy can discourage corruption and contribute to the disclosure of crime at the time of their occurrence. Most Member States already have relevant legislation in this area, and only some of them are on the road to adopting such a law. One Member State has even developed an online proposal that offers an overview of all public sector expenditures on goods and services. Conclusions Also, according to the European Commission, the transparency of lobbying is a very important instrument for combating corruption,. In a complex world of public policy, it is desirable that the public administration bodies conduct the ongoing dialogue with external stakeholders. All interested parties should be able to express themselves, but this should be done in a transparent manner.

Copyright of Studia Wyborcze is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Vistula Scientific Quarterly / Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula is the property of Vistula University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Iuridica Toruniensia is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Faculty of Law & Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The opinion presents major differences in the legal situation of clients- entrepreneurs in relation to (legally privileged) recipients being household owners and consumers. Moreover, the author presents legal arguments for an extension of the protection standard regarding privileged entrepreneurs to micro-entrepreneurs and small entrepreneurs under the European Union legislation and in compliance with the national one. The opinion contains arguments for a specific national legislation, which would provide content to the state obligation to provide assistance to the development of entrepreneurship, in particular the micro-entrepreneurs, and which would facilitate an effective use of liberties of a uniformed EU market in the trans-border dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents issues relating to international and EU regulations in the field of renewable energy sources (RES). It discusses in a comprehensive manner the most important acts specific for the both regulatory platforms. Also presented are the most important objectives and premises, which these acts implement. The RES development, at both the international and Community levels, is presented in the context of activities undertaken within the energy policy framework at each of the concerned platforms. The description of the characteristics of international and EU legislation also refers to their significant impact on Polish legislation on renewable energy.

Copyright of Annals of Juridica Sciences / Roczniki Nauk Prawnych is the property of Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL & Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawla II and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The development of new information technologies results in the infringement on the author’s economic rights as a consequence of permitted personal use by means of reprographic equipment, audio recording equipment, tape recorders and video recorders. The fees imposed on the producers and importers of the reprographic equipment have become an attempt to counteract this phenomenon both in the European Union law and in the Polish Copyright Law. Under the Polish Copyright Law, the organizations for collective management of copyright or related rights, to whom the minister responsible for the matters of culture and protection of national heritage grants permission for carrying on activities in a given field of exploitation, acting under the provisions of the law on associations are obligated to collect reprographic fees and distribute such fees further to the entities authorized to receive them. The literature argues about the character of these fees. The article draws attention to the danger connected with the functioning of e-learning and highlights the changes in the legal solutions, relating these solutions to the content of the European Union law and the case-law of the Constitutional Tribunal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposal is part of the package of documents submitted by the European Commission to improve the institutional system of protection of the interests of the Union. As concerns the organization of the European Public Prosecutor's Office, the author contests the decentralized nature of that authority proposed by the European Commission. He points out the vague wording of some pars of the proposal. In his view, doubts relate to the independence of prosecutors exercising the functions of European Delegated Prosecutors. He opts for limiting the jurisdiction of that authority. According to the author, the proposed regulation does not violate the principle of proportionality. He concludes that joint investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of offences against the Union's financial interests are in common interest of both Poland and the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Germany, the Ministry of Justice plays a central role in assessing the compatibility of draft federal laws with EU legislation. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and other ministries are also involved in this process. The Federal Minister of Justice may raise an "objection" to any bill which is inconsistent with the law (including EU law). Each new bill requires an explanatory statement which must also deal with the relationship of the bill and the EU law (with few exceptions). In fact, the responsibility for ensuring that the law adopted by the Bundestag is consistent with EU law rests primarily on the Federal Government and, within it, primarily on the legal services of the Federal Ministry of Justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the procedure for assessment of conformity of bills with the EU law in the United Kingdom. In the British legal system, due to the principle of duality, international law (including EU law) has an impact on domestic law only through acts of national parliament. Moreover, the principle of sovereignty of parliament is applied. Bills are checked for their compliance with EU law on the government's drafting stage. In the course of legislative work in Parliament compliance of bills with EU law is not assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulation of this matter is based on the specific division of lawmaking powers -- in the Fifth Republic, which makes the government superior to the parliament. Although the change in the Constitution in 2008 greatly depleted the government's prerogatives in the legislative procedure, it also imposed new obligations on the government to draft laws of better quality. The government is still the main actor in the legislative process. It is also responsible for ensuring progress in the implementation of EU legislation in France and for conformity of French national legislation with EU law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the first attempt, after the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, to summarize the current practice of application of the subsidiarity principle by the EU institutions and control of this application by national parliaments. It presents issues common to many national parliaments, as well as the experience of complying with this principle by the Polish Sejm. This paper discusses both material and formal difficulties of parliamentary practice, which occur most frequently. Although validity and application of all policies to the EU principle of subsidiarity in European Union law for nearly 20 years, the legal mechanisms of its operation are still not clear. The Authors conclude, that if national parliaments would benefit from the competence to control the observance of subsidiarity principle, granted to them under the Lisbon Treaty, the operation of the principle could be defined more precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opinion concerns the cognition of the constitutional courts of Spain and Portugal with regard to the EU legislative acts. The author divided her opinion in two parts concerning Spain and Portugal. In the first part, the author presents the conceptions of the relations between EU law and Spanish state law in the situation of the lack of specific constitutional regulations, especially the difference between the terms 'supremacy' and 'primacy' . In concludes, the author says that the Constitutional Tribunal of Spain (Tribunal Constitucional de Espana) acknowledges its competence to control the compliance of the EU legislative acts with the Spanish constitution in ordinary procedure (the same as to the state law). As regards to the Portugal, the author divides two periods: before 2004 and after that year. The author describes the development of the regulations of relations between EU and state law. The author pays attention on the amendment of Portugal constitution in 2004 that was a culmination point in regulations in that scope. It caused that the Portugal constitution acknowledged the supremacy of the EU law but only in the borders of democratic state ruled by law. In current legal status it seems that the EU legislative acts may be controlled by the Portugal constitutional court in the scope of their compliance with the rule of democratic state of law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The opinion concerns the Bill amending the Value Added Tax Act in relation to the rules of determining taxable amount (VAT) in case a customer returns goods or a discount or rebate is granted to a customer, and issuing of a corrective invoice is required. The current regulations are inconsistent with the European Union law. According to the author, the proposed provisions are consistent with the fundamental principles of the common system of VAT and with EU legislation, but may cause growth of unlawful practices due to ineffectiveness of Polish tax administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]