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Presents data about the emergence and consolidation of the public policy creation of protected areas between 1940 and 2000 in the territory of the state of Espírito Santo. Methodologically, this is a case study. It aimed to analyze processes involving collective action strategies from the perspective of social conflicts. The paper presents considerations about the civil society participation in the transition between a personalized model -- more susceptible to individual wills (government actions) -- and another based on public debates, institutionalized (state policy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition and configuration of landscapes can be indicators of anthropic pressures. Therefore, this article aims to characterize the main landscapes which are protected by Brazilian Forest Code and by the Nacional System of Conservation Units, identifying what are the influences of its structure in their legal function. From the comparative analysis between the laws, it was found that from the eleven groups of protected areas, the main functions are protectionist and anthropic; the majority of them are made of little patches -- with greater influences of fragmentation -- or big patches with low restrictions of use; and connectivity among fragments is incentivized only as recommendation, not as an exigency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, the establishment of Protected Areas (UC's), part of Brazilian environmental policy, has constituted a face of the conflictive relationship between traditional peasant and indigenous communities and urban-industrial society UC's were implanted, especially from the 1950s, on territories historically occupied by traditional and original populations and became another factor in transforming the territoriality of these communities, which already suffered from the advance of the agricultural frontier and the modernizing project of the period. The struggle for territory, associated with a part of the environmental movement, led to the conquest of some rights, including access to land, through protected areas of sustainable use. However, environmental policy has been used to solve territorial issues and has therefore been a mediator of the territorialities of peasant communities. In this article we discuss how the establishment of protected areas tends to replace land policies, analyzing the contradictions that arise from the mediation of access to the traditional territory for environmental conservation, and we argue that this trend has been constituting at the same time a strategy for maintenance of the Brazilian agrarian structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]