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As Jean-Luc Marion has shown in a series of studies, the use of the concept of analogy, in the context of Descartes' philosophy, is not accomplished without it coming into conflict with the tendency to eliminate it as much as possible in favor of the concept of efficient causality. In this paper, Marion's interpretation is extended to the Cartesian theory of the external signs of the passions, with the intention of showing how the relationship between the passions and such signs must be understood as a kind of analogical relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The debate on causality in Arabic Philosophy is vast and based on different traditions. The text I translate here, Discussion XVII from Tahafut al-falasifa (The Incoherence of the Philosophers), is a fundamental piece of this debate once it mobilizes all the conceptual range available at the time (Aristotelianism, Neoplatonism, kalam) becoming an obligatory reference for upcoming discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While agreeing with Fischborn’s (2018) contention that, according to one traditional definition of compatibilism, my position should be classified as that of a libertarian incompatibilist, I argue here for a different view of compatibilism. This view involves, on the one hand, local probabilistic causation of decisions (rather than universal strict determinism) and, on the other, free will conceived as involving decisions generated by a decision-making process carried out by the brain, which consciously contemplates different alternatives and could in principle have been different from what it was, implying that the agent could in normal conditions have done otherwise in the same circumstances. After discussing different views of causation (including determinism) and of free will, I make a revision of some passages from my earlier work, quoted by Fischborn. I conclude that what is crucial in the question of (in) compatibilism is the (in)compatibility between freedom of decisions and natural causation of human actions. According to this looser and, I argue, more pertinent view of compatibilism, I maintain my previous classification of my position on the matter as compatibilist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A parcel of cut gems of corundum, ruby and sapphire varieties, analyzed for certification purposes showed that the fractures of this mineral were filled with lead enriched glass. This process aims to improve the quality of corundum crystals highly fractured, which are therefore opaque, without gemological quality. The fractures filling of this mineral with lead glass is very effective in reducing the turbid effect caused by the excess of fractures, enhancing their clarity, which make the stones appear translucent and sometimes almost transparent. Lead is intended to turn this glass with a refractive index close to that of the corundum, making it difficult to identify, since its luster is almost identical to that of ruby and sapphire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental assessments when associated bioindicators and limnological variables have greater accuracy in diagnosing the quality making it possible to detect and explain action of cause and effect an ecosystem. The aim of this work is to measure limnological variables and carry out the survey of micro algae Chlorophytas, in the Lagoa Paiaguás Cuiaba, Mato Grosso in order to characterize the environmental quality of urban aquatic ecosystem, aiming to generate information that may serve as subsidies the management of water resources. The analyzes indicated a tendency to neutrality with water, high temperatures and variations of nutrients. Qualitatively showed Chlorophytas 5 genus distributed in 3 families in the dry season, end 14 genus distributed in 7 families in the rainy season. Limnological variables likely to influence the qualitative composition of microalgae, because in all parameters analyzed were directly or indirectly involved with the aquatic metabolism in the Lagoa Paiaguás. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interview with the medium Orlando Noronha Carneiro who has been working for 35 years on the psychography work of the "Family Letters", being recognized by the bereaved population for their ability to communicate with the physiologically dead, has been working to bring considerable contributions to the area of Mental Health. . The task seems to be a source of help for people seeking answers to deal with attenuating emotional pain, interfering with the health-disease process. Given that historical and contemporary medicine is not the only kind of mediation between causes and effects of soul sufferings, spirituality can be configured as one of the forms of definition of this complex web of human significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Descartes' Third Meditation he states that it is manifested by the natural light "that there must be at least as much 'reality' in the efficient and total cause as in the effect of that cause" (AT, VII, p. 40). What this formulation of the causal principle seems to affirm is that the effect can never be more real than its cause. Nevertheless, during the Third Meditation, Descartes seems to specify the formulation of the causal principle when he states that the effect must be contained in the cause, formally or eminently. What kind of specifications are these? Are they explanations of the causal principle or are they new contents added to the principle? The aim of this paper is to discuss which and how many are the formulations of the causal principle in Descartes' Third Meditation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his theory of relations, Hume classifi es two kinds of them, viz. natural and philosophical relations. However, he is not concerned about explaining adequately his criteria for classifying a relation as natural or philosophical. In one of his rare statements about this issue in the Treatise of Human Nature (1739), he suggests that the relation of cause and effect, in particular, can be classifi ed as both a philosophical and a natural relation. By putting together passages like this, I aim to reconstruct Hume’s theory of relations of cause and effect, starting from the long argument he develops in almost the whole third part of the fi rst book of the Treatise. I interpret this argument as the foundation of the possibility and, especially, the necessity of moving between these two ways of classifying causality, i.e. from its initial condition as a philosophical relation to its condition as a natural relation. Given this twofold defi nition of causation, my goal is also to identify a pragmatic justifi cation for the permanence of the philosophical defi nition of causation, even though, according to Hume himself, it is conceptually precarious and partial. I argue that the rules for judging cause and effect, strategically placed at the end of the long argument for the naturalization of causality, partially include that justifi cation. Finally, on the basis of this double foundation of causality (viz. as natural and philosophical, as conceptual and pragmatic), I suggest a reinterpretation of Hume’s view of causality as mere regularity, without giving up the criticism addressed to it by Kemp Smith and his followers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My essay shows how Lebniz's defense of teleology can work as a solution to counteract both the Scholastics and the new philosophers' misuse of final causality. These are symmetrical misuses, that Leibniz argues he has overcome through his doctrine of the ‘two realms'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we indicate how Leibniz approaches the Hobbesian conception of causation through his principle of equipollence between entire cause and whole effect while, on the other hand, when it comes to the relationship between the first cause and the world, he is much closer to the Cartesian causal axiom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presupposition is that the Piaget's theory contributes in the child diagnostic clinic. The objective is investigates cognitive aspects relevance in projective tests using in the psychologies children diagnostics. The method was analyzed the notions of space, time and causality, as understood by know ledge Piaget's theory of the projective play technique and Draw-a-Person Test between 2 and 14 years old children's protocols, attending in the last six years in psychology clinics. They were analyzed 282 children clinic notes sessions, 55 from projective test of Draw-a-Person Test and 123 notes play technique of children between 2 and 14 years old from private school. The results demonstrated the relevance cognitive as indicators to the child conclusion diagnostic representation process and the relevance play technique as a expressive cognitive diagnostic instrument, opposing to the Draw-a-Person Test that could not give this analyzes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes power in the organizational space by means of a praxeological perspective. It focuses the theoretical discussion on what we call practices of power, those circumscribed both in the structure and in more localized practices of discipline and control mechanisms, and the tactics of power - improvisation, the intelligent practices of competent actors in their the day-to-day work experiences. It uses qualitative research, based on in-depth interviews and participant observation over a period of approximately one year of investigation. The results of the research present the following practices of power: spatial organization and ranking; ordering of work time, and rules prohibiting the consumption of food in the work area; surveillance by the supervisor, and the system for controlling the work and conduct. And the tactics of power include: obedience to the rules established by the organization - playing the power game for self-preservation; bodily manoeuvres to eat without being seen; group tactics for increasing the rest time; knowledge of the surveillance - adapting to the "script" when the monitoring is in progress and relaxing when it is not. The article also revives discussion on themes such as causality, conflict, "class" and reproduction in the debate on power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]