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The paper gives the current data available in the literature on the relationship and pathogenetic mechanisms of influence of adipose tissue on colorectal carcinogenesis. It considers the aspects of changes in adipose tissue and microenvironment of the tumor itself, including those under the influence of biologically active substances secreted by adipocytes; differences in subcutaneous and visceral fat and their importance in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as the role of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Understanding these mechanisms for adipose tissue influence on CRC will assist not only in preventing this disease, but also in searching for new therapeutic targets.

Aim: Despite the widespread use of intestinal cystoplasty, urinary bladder substitution remains a challenging problem due to the complexity of operations and the potentially high risk of complications. A promising alternative may be bio-engineered collagen-based matrices containing stem cells or their secretions., Material and Methods: To evaluate the effectiveness of this bladder substitution modality, an experiment was conducted on 14 male rabbits. The animals underwent resection of urinary bladder, and the formed defect was substituted with a membrane of type I collagen (series 1, 5 rabbits) or a membrane of the same composition containing a conditioned medium with secretion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from human adipose tissue (series 2, 5 rabbits). In the comparison group (4 rabbits) resection of the bladder and the closure of the defect was carried out without bladder substitution (series 3)., Results: At 1 month after surgery, there was a complete epithelization of the inner surface of the implant, and body tissues replaced the collagen matrix. In series 1, the collagen implant was replaced mainly by connective tissue ingrown with occasional solitary smooth muscle cells. In series 2, the newly formed bladder wall contained numerous smooth muscle cells, growing into the collagen matrix and forming the muscular coat. In series 3, the muscular layer regeneration at the scar site was also noted, but it was less intense, which was confirmed by morphometry. In series 2, more active vascularization of the collagen implant occurred due to neo-angiogenesis, which was more intense than that in series 3, and especially in series 1. Functional studies revealed a reduced bladder functional capacity in series 1 and 3, while in series 2 it was close to normal. During filling cystometry, changes in intra-vesical pressure profile in series 2 were close to normal, while in series 1 and 3 infusion of a small volume of saline resulted in a marked increase in intra-vesical pressure, showing a reduced compliance of the reconstructed bladder. Discussion The study findings show that implants based on type I collagen can be effectively used to substitute a part of the urinary bladder wall, but bio-engineered collagen matrix grafts containing cell regeneration stimulants secreted by stem cells in their culture medium seem to be more promising.

211 practically healthy girls, the students of Krasnoyarsk Medical University in the ages of 16 to 20 years, have been examined. We determined their somatotypes (euriplastic, athletic, subathletic and stenoplastic) and body composition (fat, muscle, bone component). Actual nutrition in these subjects was studied by the method. of 24-hour nutrition recall involving foodstuffs models. Energy consumption in cohorts with different somatotypes did not differ from one another and ranged from 1880 to 2115 kilocalories per day, that corresponded to normal physiological needs in women of this age with the coefficient of physical activity as 1.4 (students). Only the intake of fat (% of calories) exceeded the performance standards. As for macronutrients, the majority of indicators of nutrient intake did not differ significantly among girls with different somatotype, except for fat intake in girls with athletic and stenoplastic somatotypes (p<0.034) and carbohydrate consumption in the objects with euriplastic and subathletic somatotypes (p<0.046). The most significant of the findings is the absence of veracious differences in daily energy consumption between the cohorts with different somatotypes with statistically considerable, differences in both overall dimensions (body mass and length) and the ratios between fat, muscle and bone as somatic components. In general, macronutrient consumption did not show any differences as well. Thus, apart from the energy and macronutrient consumption, definite meaning within the process of the formation of body composition can belong to the characteristics of the changes following nutrition load on lipoid spectrum of blood serum as well 'as the peculiarities of the distribution of substrate flow among cell metabolic paths, appropriate of definite somatotypes.

Our understanding of the role of adipose tissue has been completely changed during the past decades. The knowledge of its contribution to endocrine and immune pathways opened the new insights on the pathogenesis and therapy of many diseases and new perspectives for the regenerative medicine. The further researches should be provided to study anatomy and functions of local fat depots in more details. Of the most interest is the orbital adipose tissue due to its origin from the neural crest. This review represents the current data about anatomy, structure, cell composition and biochemistry of orbital fat. The main attention is put to such cell types as adipocytes and adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells. The foreign authors' findings on such characteristics of stem cells from orbital adipose tissue as CD markers and differential capacity are reviewed. The found evidences of interaction between orbital adipose tissue, eyeball and associated structures allow us to hypothesize that this fat depot may contribute to various ocular pathology. In this paper, we outlined the possible directions for further investigation and clinical application of orbital fat and cells its composing in ophthalmology, reconstructive and plastic surgery and regenerative medicine.

The metabolic syndrome is a complex of metabolic, hormonal and clinical disorders. Defects in mitochondrial functions play an important role in the metabolic syndrome pathogenesis. Here, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number variations were evaluated different fat tissue and peripheral blood leukocyte samples from metabolic syndrome patients ranked by, body mass indexes. It was elucidated a tendency in decreasing the mtDNA copy number with increasing a body mass index.

In the present review, we focus on the importance of blood serum factors for tumor growth in vivo. Data from mice experiments indicate the existence of serum factors, which increase the mitotic index of Ehrlich carcinoma cells from 15 to 80%. The impaired production of these factors increases the life span of tumor-bearing animals from 14-20 days to 90 days. Blocking the production of tumor-specific factors causes the complete regression of already developed Ehrlich carcinoma. These serum factors do not affect the malignant carcinoma cells in vitro. We identified serpins as tumor-specific serum factors. Experimental evidence suggests that serpins are not only essential for tumor growth. Serpins are also involved in the regeneration of normal tissues, such - as adipose tissue, recurrence after cosmetic operations (liposuction), inhibiting rejection after liver transplantation, protection of parasitic flat worms living in host tissues and organs etc. We conclude that the inhibition ofserum factors may represent attractive novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of relapsed cancers.

Obesity is a multifactorial disease which depends on the interaction between genome and environment. Fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) regulates lipid transport, intestinal absorption and metabolism. The aim of the study was to investigate the interrelation between the FABP2 gene Ala54Thr polymorphism, body mass index and body fat mass and to study distribution of genotypes and alleles frequencies of FABP2 gene in athletes and individuals who are not involved in sports. 315 athletes of different sport disciplines and levels and 612 controls (predominantly students) participated in the study. Genotyping for the FABP2 gene Ala54Thr polymorphism was performed by PCR. Body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance method. The study did not confirm the association of FABP2 gene Ala54Thr polymorphism with the risk of obesity and body fat mass. However, the frequency of the Thr54 allele was significantly higher in elite stayers (50.0%, p = 0.025) and combat athletes (46.2%, p = 0.013) in comparison with controls (32.2%). Thus, FABP2 gene Ala54Thr polymorphism is associated with the predisposition to endurance athletic performance.

The given study shows that a relationship between the coefficients of critical nitrogen supersaturation of theoretical tissues and the values of their nitrogen wash in and washout half-times can be mapped into a curve that goes around the family of curves that define the degree of tissue nitrogen supersaturation after extremely safe non-stop dives from the surface with air as breathing mixture. Our calculations of the growth dynamics of gas bubbles formed in theoretical tissues after these dives indicate that the sizes of tissue bubbles are not in themselves a measure of the risk of developing decompression sickness (DCS). At the same time, the original probabilistic model of the DCS proposed by us previously shows that the risk of lesion of any real tissue by bubbles and appearance of the appropriate DCS symptoms depends on the size of gas bubbles as well on their density and tissue volumes. The theoretical analysis of specific character for the risk of lesion of various body tissues by gas bubbles at equiprobable safe non-stop dives was carried out in the context of this model.

The complex study of the physical development of boys and girls aged 11-18 years of native and newly come population of Khanty-Mansiysk-Ugra Autonomous Region was performed. It was found that the native population had higher mass of fat component in all the age groups as compared to that of the newly come population. The data obtained reflect the regional peculiarities of the growth processes of the children of native and newly come population. These data help to reveal the mechanisms providing adaptive character of development at the pubertal stage the ontogenesis.

Effect of dexamethasone on differentiation of multipotent stromal cells from human adipose tissue was evaluated. Addition of dexamethasone to growth medium resulted in active adipogenesis. Addition of dexamethasone to the osteogenic medium (containing active vitamin D3 form as the main inductor) led to simultaneous realization of the adipogenic and osteogenic potencies of multipotent stromal cells of the adipose tissue. Hence, the quality of the transplant on the basis of predifferentiated multipotent stromal cells from the adipose tissue for bone tissue repair can be deteriorated by dexamethasone directing some cells to adipogenic development.

Delivery of plasmid DNA and interfering RNA into adipose tissue stromal cells was carried out by the methods of lipofection, calcium phosphate method, and by electroporation. The percent of transfected cells after delivery of plasmid DNA by the calcium phosphate method and lipofection was 0 and 15%, respectively, vs. more than 50% after electroporation. Similar results were obtained for delivery of short-strand RNA into cells. These data indicate that electroporation is the most effective method of nonviral transfection of adipose tissue stromal cells.

In the present study we investigated the effect of low oxygen concentration in the cultivation medium on proliferation, viability and immunophenotype of human mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from lipoaspirate (lMSC). It was shown that proliferation activity of the cells under hypoxic conditions was, on average, 2.9 times higher compared to that under commonly accepted normoxic conditions. Redused oxygen level in the culture medium did not cause any change in IMSC viability and immunophenotype. Thus, permanent culture of lMSC in the medium with a lower oxygen tension can prove an efficient approach to obtain a higher mass of cells which maintain their characteristics in a shorter period of time, which can be of demand for regenerative medicine.

A review of available data on epidemiology of obesity, its classification, physiological role and morphological structure of adipose tissue, effect of obesity on metabolic processes depending on fat distribution in the body. The influence of obesity on the function of cardio-vascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and endocrine systems is considered along with its role in the clinical picture and outcome of somatic diseases.

Cellular populations with phenotype similar to multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells have been isolated from two different sources: a human bone marrow and adipose tissue. The comparative analysis of differentiation efficiency of these cells in the direction of osteogenesis revealed morphological changes confirmed by Alizarin red and von Kossa staining in bone marrow cells on the 14th day, and in adipose tissue cells on the 28th day of culturing in the medium with inductors. The analysis of osteopontin, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein gene expression in RT-PCR reactions detected essential distinctions in the potency of these cells to differentiate into bone tissue cells.

Much effort has been made in searching for multipotent cell types with high therapeutic potentials for repair of damaged tissue. Through enzymatic digestion of fat tissue, it is possible to obtain a large number of stromal cells. Isolated cells show a high proliferate capacity in culture. All this makes adipose stromal cells (ASC) promising candidates for their use in cell therapy. This review is focused on analyzing the surface antigen profile of isolated population of ASC, expression of angiogenic factors by these cells, as well as on their differentiation potential. A high percentage of ASC population initially express the progenitor cell marker CD34, but during culturing, cells exhibit a mesenchymal cell phenotype and express CD29, CD105, CD106, CD166. Culturing ASC in specific differentiation media induces expression of early markers of differentiated mesenchymal cells, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts, as well as myoblasts, cardiomyocytes and neural cells. It has been also shown that ASC have a strong pro-angiogenic potential, they are able to secret growth factors, such as VEGF, HGF, bFGF and others, which stimulate survival and proliferation of endothelial cells. In addition, systemic or local delivery of ASC to mice with hindlimb ischemia stimulates recovery of injured tissue and blood flow. Potential clinical uses of ASCs are discussed in the review.

The authors present a novel method for investigation of microhemo- and microlymphocirculation in subcutaneous fat of rat implanted a special camera. Lighting of the subcutaneous fat with application of fiberoptics provides a sharp image of microvascular wall and blood cells.

The nutrition status was investigated according to the body weight index (BWI) in teenagers studying at different educational facilities. 77.1% of male teenagers and 70% of female teenagers from among all examined subjects (1456 persons) were assigned to the group with normal BWI ranging from 18.5 to 25.0 kg/m2. Male teenagers with a lower BWI (below 18.5 kg/m20) were more often encountered in boarding schools and specialized technical-and-professional schools; as for female teenagers, subjects with a lower BWI were more often encountered in general education schools and among first-year students of high schools (24 and 43.75%, respectively). An insignificant number of teenagers with an excessive body weight was detected in all educational facilities. Finally, it was concluded that teenagers with normal BWI have the best indices of functional abilities.

In paper the procedure and principles of carrying out of anthropometric measurements permitting to the practical doctor in clinical and out-patient conditions to supervise behind changes of volume muscle and bodies composition, and also total body water in subjects at carrying of a medical nutrition. Usage of integral parameters on the basis of anthropometric measurements allows effectively to inspect a status of nutrition of the able-bodied and in car patients.

A comparative evaluation was done of two different 6-week physical rehabilitation schemes for obese women (n = 18) aged 39-45 years. On the basis of the above evaluation it has been shown that the program with elements of training involving strength was associated with a significantly greater reduction in specific weight of the adipose tissue than with conventional content of training sessions. The main cause of a higher effect of such a scheme can be attributed to increase in resting metabolism.

The examination of young healthy men has allowed to establish peculiarities of metabolism and reactivity of immunocompetent cells in relation to their somatotype. In individuals with somatotypes processing high fatty component (abdominal and undetermined) total lipid content in lymphocytes is increased predominantly due to unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol ethers; the activity of dehydrogenases (succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase) is increased. Cell responsiveness to emotional stress is sharply reduced. Metabolism is the most balanced, and regulatory processes are most mobile in muscular somatotype.

Hypercapnic sensitivity was tested by rebreathing method in 30 healthy untrained non-obese men. The S coefficient (ventilatory sensitivity) dependence on the fat accumulation (kg and %) and on the muscle mass (%) was found during the factor, regression and correlation analyses. The dependence seems to be associated with the metabolism and energy supply of muscular activity in subjects of different bodily constitution.

Using the method of inductance-resonance energy transfer from tryptophanyl residues to fluorescent pyrene probe the structural state of plasmatic membranes from adipose tissue of different age rats has been studied. The structural heterogeneity of membrane lipid phase has been revealed. The differences in physical properties of annular and bilayer lipids don't depend on age. During aging the membrane lipid viscosity including lipids of near protein area decreases, the conformation of membrane protein components alters during aging as well. The data on various effectiveness of energy transfer from tryptophanyls to pyrene probe in young and aged animals with stable polypeptide composition of membrane proteins indicates that. The structure of membrane lipid phase is suggested to be the main factor affecting the conformational state and functional activity of membrane-bound proteins during aging.

Basal rate of lipolysis and content of prostaglandins E were similar in epididimal adipose tissue of both 5-6 months and 24-26 months old male rats, i. e. these patterns were not altered with age. Starvation during 24 and 48 hrs was accompanied by activation of lipolysis in young rats and by its inhibition in old animals. After the starvation content of prostaglandins E was increased in adipose tissue of young rats. The increase was especially distinct within 48 hrs; in the group of old rats content of prostaglandins E in adipose tissue was markedly decreased as compared with young animals.

The quantity of fatty mass of the body and indices of central hemodynamics were studied in 182 males with a normal, reduced and elevated fat deposition. Persons with a reduced and increased fat content prevailingly showed a hyperkinetic type of circulation, in normal fat content--a eukinetic. As compared with normal, reduced and increased content of fat are characterized by monotypical changes of the central hemodynamics.

The present-day notions on the trends and mechanisms of changes in the activity of the cyclic nucleotide system are considered in the age aspect. Their role in disturbances of the neurohumoral regulation processes at the molecular level is discussed. Biochemical mechanisms of changes in the receptor-effector reactions are analyzed. An analysis of these changes is very important for elucidating general regularities of the cyclase system functioning with disturbances of biochemical regulation at the membrane and cell levels.

It was found that there was a distinct redistribution of body masses in 18 test subjects exposed to 6-month hypokinesia. Six of them (who did not exercise) showed losses of muscle mass (primarily antigravity muscles) and gain of adipose mass, and 12 test subjects (who exercised as a countermeasure against hypokinetic effects) displayed insignificant losses of muscle mass and significant gain of adipose mass.

The effect of thyroid hormones on the realization of body insulin function was investigated on the models of hypo- and hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism resulting from thyroidectomy, caused the development of insulin resistance, expressed in a lowered body reaction to i. v. insulin infusion, a decrease in tissue sensitivity and reactivity to insulin. Insulin resistance in hypothyroidism was accountable for by a decrease in the serum total activity of insulin-like growth factors. Insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism was less notable and observed only in 10-day administration of thyroiodine; more prolonged administration of the drug (up to 30 days) restored insulin sensitivity. This effect can be accounted for by enhanced insulin independent glucose consumption caused by thyroid hormones.