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Plezanje je šport, ki ponuja veliko možnosti za razvoj gibalnih sposobnosti otrok. Vpliva na razvoj moči mišic trupa, rok in ramenskega obroča, na koordinacijo, gibljivost in ravnotežje. Vrednote športnega plezanja se ujemajo s splošnimi cilji športne vzgoje, zapisanimi v učnem načrtu. Plezanje povečuje vztrajnost in medsebojno zaupanje učencev, spodbuja postavljanje ciljev, reševanje problemov, ustvarjalnost, timsko delo in spretnost komunikacije. Poleg tega lahko plezanje v naravi pomaga tudi pri večji ekološki ozaveščenosti učencev. V Sloveniji je trenutno 210 plezalnih sten, od katerih jih je 82 postavljenih v športnih dvoranah osnovnih šol, 9 pa v srednjih šolah, kar nedvomno omogoča dobre pogoje za vključevanje plezanja v pouk športa. Namen pričujočega dela je bil raziskati uporabo plezalnih sten v športnih dvoranah OŠ in SŠ ter ugotoviti, s katerimi izzivi se srečujejo učitelji pri izpeljavi plezalnih vsebin in poiskati ustrezne rešitve. V prvem delu smo predstavili teoretično ozadje plezanja in pomen vključevanja plezanja v šolski šport. V drugem delu je predstavljena raziskava med učitelji športne vzgoje, ki učijo na šolah, o uporabi plezalnih sten v njihovih telovadnicah. Rezultati so pokazali, da 42 % učiteljev, ki so odgovorili na anketni vprašalnik, plezalne stene, ki jo imajo na voljo v šolski športni dvorani, ne vključuje v pouk športa. Med najpogostejšimi vzroki za neuporabo sta neprimerna usposobljenost in pomanjkanje opreme. Triinpetdeset odstotkov vprašanih učiteljev se ne počuti kompetentnih za poučevanje plezalnih vsebin. Ugotovili smo, da trenutno primanjkuje izobraževanj na področju športnega plezanja in da si 59 % učiteljev želi, da bi bila na voljo. V zaključnem delu so predstavljeni primeri vključevanja plezalne stene v celoletni pouk športa in primer začetnih vsebin za poučevanje športnega plezanja v srednji šoli. Climbing is a sport that offers many opportunities for the development of children's motor abilities. It influences the development of core muscle strength, arms, and shoulder girdle, as well as coordination, flexibility, and balance. Many values of sport climbing align with the general goals of physical education outlined in the curriculum. It increases students' perseverance and mutual trust, encourages goal setting, problem-solving, creativity, teamwork, and communication skills. Additionally, climbing in nature can also contribute to greater ecological awareness among students. There are currently 210 climbing walls in Slovenia, 82 of which are located in elementary school sports halls and 9 in high schools, providing favorable conditions for incorporating climbing into physical education classes. The purpose of this work was to examine the use of climbing walls in ES and HS sports halls and identify the challenges that teachers face in implementing climbing activities while seeking appropriate solutions. The first part of the thesis presents the theoretical background of climbing and the significance of integrating climbing into school sports. The second part presents a survey conducted among physical education teachers teaching in schools about the use of climbing walls in their gymnasiums. The results showed that 42% of teachers who responded to the questionnaire do not include the available climbing wall in their physical education classes. The most common reasons for not using it are inadequate training and lack of equipment. 53% of the surveyed teachers do not feel competent to teach climbing activities. The results also show that teachers have a lack of knowledge on the topic of sport climbing, with 59% of teachers expressing a desire for such education to be available. The final part presents examples of incorporating the climbing wall into year-round physical education classes and a set of lesson plans for teaching climbing in high schools.

Plezanje je izrazito gibalen šport, ki zahteva obvladovanje več plezalnih tehnik, te pa nam omogočajo optimalno gibanje po plezalni steni. Učenje pravilne plezalne tehnike je osnova za začetne vadbe plezanja, ki jo lahko dopolnimo z uporabo vedenjskih analitičnih postopkov. Videoanaliza in modeliranje eksperta sta dva možna postopka, ki ju lahko uporabimo v vzgojno-izobraževalnem ali trenažnem procesu. Pokazala sta obetavne rezultate pri različnih športih. Gre za prvo randomizirano kontrolno raziskavo, ki je preučevala vpliv videoanalize in modeliranja eksperta na razvoj treh specifičnih plezalnih tehnik (zasuk kolena navznoter, nalaganje na peto in nalaganje na nogo). V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 30 preizkušancev (20 žensk), naključno razdeljenih v eno od dveh skupin. Eksperimentalna skupina je v vadbi z intervencijo plezala probleme z verbalno povratno informacijo, video povratno informacijo in modeliranjem eksperta, kontrolna skupina pa je v vadbi z intervencijo plezala probleme z verbalno povratno informacijo. Raziskavo smo izvedli v plezalnem centru Bolder Scena, v katerem so preizkušanci opravili 5 obiskov – prvi obisk je bil namenjen oceni začetnega stanja, temu so sledile tri vadbene enote z intervencijo, nato pa še zadnji obisk, ki je bil namenjen oceni končnega stanja. Videoposnetke preizkušancev v začetnem in končnem stanju sta ocenila dva eksperta z večletnimi plezalnimi izkušnjami. Za ugotavljanje razlik med skupinama smo primerjali ocene začetnega in končnega stanja. Rezultati so se po petih vadbenih enotah bistveno izboljšali v obeh skupinah (p=0,001), vendar je bilo pri eksperimentalni skupini zabeleženo izboljšanje večje kot pri kontrolni skupini, predvsem pri nalaganju na nogo (p=0,017). Izboljšanje pri nalaganju na peto (p=0,75) in zasuku kolena navznoter (p=0,052) je bilo podobno pri obeh skupinah. Primerjava je pokazala, da intervencijski paket z dodatkom videoanalize in modeliranjem eksperta k trenirani plezalni vadbi potencialno lahko izboljša natančnost izvajanja plezalnih tehnik. Vpeljava takega intervencijskega paketa lahko vodi do hitrejšega in varnejšega napredka v plezalnih sposobnostih in ravni plezanja vadečih. Climbing is a multifaceted sport that requires a mastery of several climbing techniques, which allows the climber to move optimally on the climbing wall. Learning the correct climbing technique is crucial, particularly at an early stage of climbing development, and can be optimized by using various behavioural analysis procedures. Video analysis and expert modelling are two particularly pertinent procedures that can be used in the educational or training process and have shown promising results in various sports. This is the first randomized control study to examine the impact of video analysis and expert modeling on the development of climbing techniques in novice climbers in three specific climbing techniques - drop knee, heel hook, and high step. The 30 participants (20 women) included in this study were randomly divided into the following two groups: 1) the experimental group, in which the participants climbed problems with verbal feedback, video feedback and expert modelling in the intervention phase, and 2) the control group, in which the participants climbed problems with only verbal feedback. The study was conducted at the Scena bouldering climbing centre, where the participants completed 5 research visits: An assessment of the participants’ baseline condition was conducted on the first visit, which was followed by three training sessions/visits, during which climbing was conducted in line with the intervention outlined above. During the last visit, an assessment of the participants’ final condition was conducted. Videos of the participants’ climbing execution during the baseline visit and the final visit were evaluated by two experts with many years of climbing experience. To determine the differences between the groups, the expert scores of the baseline condition and the final condition were compared. After 5 visits, results improved significantly in both groups (p=0,001), but more so in the experimental group than in the control group, especially for high step (0,017). Improvement in heel hook (p=0,75) and drop knee (p=0,052) was similar in both groups. Comparisons showed that the intervention package, with the addition of video analysis and expert modeling, can potentially improve the accuracy of performing climbing techniques. Introduction of such an intervention package can lead to faster and safer progress in climbing skills and the climbing level of novice climbers.

V diplomskem delu smo ugotavljali, kakšen je delovnik negovalca dreves na višini med izvajanjem nege dreves. V nalogi smo predstavili delo s košaro in plezalno tehniko ter kako potekata posek in obžagovanje dreves z obema tehnikama. Podrobno smo opredelili primerno tehniko dela, prav tako smo opredelili delovne postopke, ki jih pri delu uporablja negovalec dreves na višini z namenom uporabe pri prihodnjih časovnih študijah. Meritve so potekale leta 2015 na drevesih v vsej Ljubljani. V povprečnem delovniku je bilo 55,14 % časa porabljenega za delovne postopke produktivnega časa, ki je sestavljen iz glavnega in pomožnega produktivnega časa in 44,86 % za postopke neproduktivnega časa, ki zajema zastoje, odmore, vožnjo in glavni odmor. Glavni produktivni čas je zajemal 23,43 % celotnega časa, medtem ko je dodatni produktivni čas zajemal 31,71 % časa. Med zastoji je največ časa zavzemal zastoj zaradi organizacije, 23,43 %. Rezultati kažejo, da smo v naši raziskavi na vzorcu 51 dreves za obrezovanje enega drevesa porabili 30,9 min produktivnega in 32,3 min neproduktivnega časa ne glede na to, katero tehniko dela in kateri negovalni ukrep smo izbrali. Tako smo za drevo s povprečnim prsnim premerom 43 cm potrebovali 75,9 minute produktivnega časa. Pri obrezovanju s košaro in v vzorcu 39 dreves je poraba delovnega časa trajala 58,3 minut, poraba produktivnega časa pa 31,1 min. Povprečen premer drevesa je bil 49 cm. Podiranje dreves s košaro (n = 7) in povprečnim premerom 33 cm je terjalo 98,1 min delovnega časa, medtem ko je podiranje dreves s plezanjem trajalo dlje, kar 149,1 min za drevo s povprečnim premerom 32 cm. Za obrezovanje posameznega drevesa s plezanjem (povprečni premer 29 cm) smo v naši raziskavi (n = 3) porabili 50,3 min delovnega časa in 36,7 min produktivnega. In the thesis the structure of the arborist climer's work process was determined, together with novel definitions of work operation and procedures. The workers were using climbing technique and mobile areal work platform for tree felling and pruning. A detailed analysis of work technique that must be applied during work was outlined and a novel system of operations and work techniques to be used in time study work in the future was developed. The work was conducted in Ljubljana muncipial forests in 2015. It was established, that the productive work operations, presented 55,14 % of working time, while 44,86 % was spent on non-productive time. Main productive time presented 23,43 % of total recorded time, while suportive productive time was at 31,71 % of total time. The largest incidence of delay time was due to organization (23,43 %). On the sample of 51 trees we have spent 30,9 minutes of productive and 32,3 minutes of non producitve time for pruning one tree, regardless of treatman or work techique. For a tree with the DBH of 43 cm we have spent 75,9 minutes of producitve time. While using the basket (n = 39) we have spent 58,3 minutes of work time for pruning a tree, while for a tree with average DBH of 49 cm 31,1 min of productive time was spent. Felling of trees with basket (n = 7), that had average DBH of 33 cm took 98,1 min of worktime, while felling trees with rope technique took 149,1 min per tree with a DBH od 32 cm. The worktime spent for pruning a tree with climbing (n = 3) took 50,3 min, from which 36,7 min were productive time.

Glavni namen magistrska dela je bil ugotoviti, kako se frekvenca srca spreminja na posameznih progah v Pustolovskem parku Geoss. Magistrsko delo je imelo naslednje cilje: (i) ugotoviti vpliv zahtevnosti posamezne proge na frekvenco srca posameznika, (ii) preveriti, ali se z večjo težavnostjo prog poveča frekvenca srca ter (iii) ali prihaja do sprememb v frekvenci srca med odraslimi in otroki, in (iiii) oceniti, ali so tovrstne oblike rekreacije učinkovite z vidika vzdrževanja zdravega življenjskega sloga. Pustolovski parki so vse bolj priljubljena oblika rekreacije. V Sloveniji imamo veliko število tovrstnih parkov, največji izmed njih je Pustolovski park Geoss. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 20 odraslih in 20 otrok obeh spolov. Preiskovanci so bili starši in njihovi otroci. Meritve frekvence srca na zapestju vsakega posameznika smo izvedli s športnimi merilniki Polar M400. Meritve so potekale po enakem vrstnem redu. Merjenci so premagovali vse tri proge od najlažje do najtežje. Vrednosti frekvence srca se postopoma višajo z višanjem težavnosti prog. Pri odraslih je absolutna frekvenca srca na vseh progah nižja kot pri otrocih. Dobljeni rezultati kažejo, da tovrstna oblika rekreacije izzove precejšno metabolno obremenitev tako pri starejših kot pri mlajših in tako lahko predstavlja smiselno ter privlačno zapolnitev prostega časa s pozitivnim vplivom na zdravje in športno sposobnost. The present master's thesis aimed was investigate the changes in heart rate during climbing activities of different routes in the Geoss Advanture Park. In particular, we aimd to determine: (i) the impact of the requirements of each route on individuals heart rate responses (ii) whether the difficulty of the routes influences heart rate responses, and (iii) whether such form of recreation might be an effective strategy to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Adventure parks are an increasingly popular form of recreaton. There are quite a few Adventure parks in Slovenia. The largest of them is Geoss Adventure Park. In the present study we tested 20 adults and 20 children of both sexes (parents and children). Heart rate measurements were continuously performed using Polar M400 sports watch. In line with the parks system all participants underwent the three routes in the same order from the easiest to the hardest. Our data show that Heart rate responses gradually increases with incresing route difficulty. In absolute term, the heart rate responses of adults were significantly lower that that of children on all three routes. The obtained result do, however, indicate that climbing in the adventure parks does induce a significant metabolic demand (as reflected in significanly augmented heart rates) and thus represents a viable and atractive means for augmenting physical activity and inducing beneficial health adaptations.

Cilj magistrske naloge je razvrstiti prvine plezanja na tkanini in jih predstaviti v urejeni zbirki. Prvine plezanja na tkanini spadajo v podskupino plesa na tkanini. Poleg plezanja, se na plesu na tkanini uporabljajo tudi drsenja, plezanj dol, spadi in drže (s poudarkom na gibljivosti, ravnotežju ali moči). Različni ustvarjalci uporabljajo različne kvalifikacije prvin. Ker so te razvrstitve pri vseh različne, je v magistrski nalogi narejena lastna kvalifikacija na podlagi prebranih gradivih in izkušenj. Delo je prispevek k razvoju in prepoznavnosti cirkusa v Sloveniji, še posebej pri plesu na tkanini, saj je to izjemno atraktivna predstava in hkrati intenzivna telovadba celega telesa. The aim of the master's thesis is to develop prvinas of climbing on aerial tissue and present them in organized collections. The prvinas of aerial tissue climbing belong to the subgroup of aerial dance. In addition to climbing, there are also descents, drops, postures (with an emphasis on mobility, balance, or strength) that fall under aerial dance. Different creators use different qualification prvinas. As these classifications are all different, the qualification of prvinas in the master's thesis is self-made based on the read written materials and experiences. This work contributes to the development and recognition of the circus in Slovenia, especially aerial dance, since it’s visually attractive show and an effective full body exercise.

Udejstvovanje v plezanju nasploh, še posebej pa v športnem plezanju, v zadnjem času skokovito raste. Posledično je vse več plezalcev, ki bi jim koristil bolj podroben, kvantitativen vpogled v svoj plezalni nivo. Po pregledu področja smo ugotovili, da je plezalno specifičnih merilnih sistemov, ki omogočajo pridobitev kvantitativnih podatkov, sicer veliko, vendar jih je velika večina, naravnana znanstveno, kar pomeni, da so za širšo javnost neuporabni. V okviru našega dela smo razvili večnamenski ter zadovoljivo prenosljiv prototip plezalno specifičnega merilnega sistema, z osredotočenostjo na pridobivanje kvantitativnih podatkov sile zgornjih okončin ter na celostno uporabniško izkušnjo. Merilni sistem sestavljajo naslednje komponente: merilna konzola s senzorjem sile, profesionalna merilna naprava za zajem in obdelavo senzorskega signala, računalniška aplikacija za pošiljanje podatkov v podatkovno bazo, podatkovna baza v oblaku za hrambo rezultatov meritev z metapodatki in Android mobilna aplikacija za določitev metapodatkov meritev, ustvarjanje novega merjenca, spreminjanje podatkov merjenca, ogled rezultatov meritev ter spreminjanje metapodatkov meritev. Merilni sistem omogoča merjenje sile plezalnega prijema z uporabo različnih prijemov. Evalvacijo merilnega sistema smo izvedli z dvanajstimi osebami različnih plezalnih sposobnosti. Pri tem smo se osredotočili na uporabniško izkušnjo uporabe merilnega sistema ter na uporabnost pridobljenih kvantitativnih rezultatov. Climbing in general, and especially sport climbing, has become an increasingly popular recreational and competitive activity. Consequently, there are many climbers who would benefit from quantitative insight into their climbing level. After reviewing the research area and existing solutions, we found there are many climbing-specific measurement systems that allow acquisition of quantitative data, from which climbing level can be assessed. The vast majority of measurement systems of this type are scientifically orientated. They therefore cannot be used by the general public. In our work, we developed a multi-purpose and portable climbing-specific prototype measuring system with a focus on obtaining quantitative force data with the use of upper limbs and on overall user experience. It consists of the following components: load bearing measuring unit with force sensor, professional measuring equipment for obtaining sensor signal, computer application for transferring measurement results to a cloud database, cloud database for saving measurement results with metadata and Android mobile application for seting measurment metadata, creating new subject, altering subjects data, viewing measurement results and editing measurement metadata. The measuring systems allows force measurements, using a variety of climbing-specific grips. Evaluation of the measuring system was performed with twelve people of different climbing abilities. Within evaluation, we focussed on user experience and on quantitative data obtained by the measuring system.

Uvod: Plezanje je gibanje, pri katerem se s pomočjo rok in nog pomikamo navzgor. Otroku plezanje najprej predstavlja sredstvo za premagovanje ovir, nato se pojavi kot del igre. Nekje pri šestem letu, ko so otroci sposobni plezanja na steni, pa mu lahko predstavlja prostočasno aktivnost. Priljubljenost plezanja v današnjem svetu ves čas narašča, s tem pa se širi tudi krog uporabnikov, med katerimi so lahko tudi otroci z motnjo avtističnega spektra. Za njih je značilna zmanjšana motivacija za okupacijo, omejen spekter interesov ter težave na senzornem področju, ki omejujejo vključevanje v aktivnosti. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je prikazati razvoj volje otrok z motnjo avtističnega spektra za plezanje in ugotoviti, katere posebnosti senzorne posebnosti ovirajo, oziroma podpirajo otroka pri vključevanju v plezalne aktivnosti. Metode dela: Izvedena je bila multipla študija primerov, v katero so bili vključeni otroci stari med 5 in 13 let, z motnjo avtističnega spektra ter pridruženo motnjo v duševnem razvoju. Za analizo obravnav smo uporabili Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire, za ocenjevanje senzornih značilnosti pa Short Sensory Profile. Rezultati: Stopnja razvoja volje je pri vseh udeležencih tekom obravnav ostala na istem nivoju. Pri vseh smo lahko zaznali izboljšanje volje na nivoju raziskovanja in kompetence, vendar ni bila nobena vedenjska postavka ocenjena višje kot z ˝vključen˝. Pri vseh, so bila ugotovljena izrazita odstopanja pri taktilni senzibilnosti in nivoju energije. Prav tako so imeli vsi udeleženci izrazita odstopanja pri seštevku vseh kategorij. Razprava in zaključek: Poleg same znižane motivacije, ki je za motnjo avtističnega spektra značilna, jih pri participaciji pri plezanju omejujejo tudi težave na senzornem področju, še posebno taktilna preobčutljivost ter nizek nivo energije. Zaradi pridružene motnje v duševnem razvoju je vprašljivo tudi samo razumevanje navodil ter zavedanje svojih sposobnosti. Senzorne posebnosti večinoma zavirajo participacijo, pri tistih, ki pa so iskalci vestibularnih in proprioceptivnih dražljajev, pa jo spodbujajo. Kljub temu, da večina uporabnikov ni motivirana za samo plezanje, so pri nekaterih pripravljalnih aktivnostih pokazali zadovoljstvo. Introduction: Climbing is a movement where we move upwards with the help of our limbs. Climbing firstly represents a mean for overcoming obstacles and later a part of the game. Around the age of 6, when children are capable of wall climbing, it even becomes a leisure activity. Due to increasing popularity, the circle of users has widened, including children with autism spectrum disorder. They typically show lack of motivation for occupation, their spectrum of interests is narrower and also sensory difficulties hinder their participation in activities. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to show the development of the volition of children with autism spectrum disorder for climbing, and to determine which sensory features impede or support the child in engaging in climbing activities. Methods: A multiple case study has been used involving children between the ages of 5 and 13 who have an austim spectrum disorder and an associated intellectual disability. Treatments were analysed using the Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire, and the Short Sensory Profile was used to assess sensory characteristics. Results: The level of volition development remained at the same level during treatment for all users. We were able to detect a slight improvement in volition at the level of research and competence in all, but the behavioural items of the Pediatric Volitional Questionnaire were not rated higher than “included”. All users have marked differences in tactile sensibility and energy levels. All users had distinct variations in the sum of all categories. Discussion and conclusion: In addition to the low motivation, inherent to autism spectrum disorder, they are limited in participation due to sensory problems, especially tactile hyperresponsivity, and low energy levels. Their understanding of the instructions and awareness of their capabilities are questionable due to the associated intellectual disability. Sensory disorders mostly inhibit participation, but among children who are seeking vestibular and proprioceptive stimuli, it encourages it. Although most users are not motivated to climb, they have shown some satisfaction in preparatory activities.

Priprava na tekmovanje od športnega plezalca zahteva motorično in nemotorično pripravo med treningom. Nemotorična priprava je ključnega pomena, saj športnega plezalca psihično pripravi na trening. Med nemotorično pripravo prištevamo ustrezno prehrano, zadosten počitek, tehnike sproščanja in analizo nastopov. V diplomskem delu smo želeli raziskati, kakšen odnos imajo športni plezalci do nemotorične priprave na tekmovanje. Raziskava temelji na kvantitativni metodologiji raziskovanja. Uporabili smo metodo anketiranja, pri tem pa zajeli vzorec 40 športnih plezalcev iz regionalnih plezalnih klubov. Kot inštrument za pridobivanje podatkov smo uporabili anketni vprašalnik, ki smo ga izdelali na podlagi pregleda literature obravnavane teme. Analiza rezultatov je pokazala, da 52% športnih plezalcev uporablja motorične priprave na tekmovanje. 33,3 % športnih plezalcev pa se posveča treningu vaj za izboljšanje koncentracije. Športni plezalci prav tako navajajo, da se jih nemotorični pripravi večkrat tedensko posveča 27,5 %. Motorična in nemotorična priprava na tekmovanje sta tesno povezani. Športni plezalci bi morali v večji meri izvajati treninge nemotoričnih metod, kar bi po mnenju različnih avtorjev izboljšalo njihovo uspešnost na tekmovanjih. Priporočljivo bi bilo tudi, da bi plezalci redno obnavljali znanje s področja nemotoričnih priprav. Sports climber needs motoric and non-motoric preparation during training in order to be well-prepared for a competition. Non-motoric preparation is the key to psychologically prepare a sports climber for training. It includes a specific diet, enough rest, different techniques of relaxation and the analysis of their performance. This thesis tried to establish the sports climbers' attitude to non-motoric competition preparation. The research is based on the quantitative methodology of research. The method of polling has been used in which 40 sports climbers from regional climbing clubs have been included. A questionnaire, based on the literature about climbing, was used as a tool to obtain data. The analysis has shown that motoric preparation is used by 52 % of sports climbers and 33. 3 % of sports climbers included in the poll have been doing trainings for better concentration. Non-motoric preparation has been used more times a week by 27. 5 % of the questioned sports climbers. Motoric and non-motoric competition preparations are closely linked. Sports climbers should do non-motoric trainings more extensively, which would according to several authors, improve their performance at competitions. It would be highly recommended for climbers to regularly update their knowledge in the field of non-motoric preparations.

V diplomskem delu Vloga plezal v vrtcih pri motoričnem razvoju otrok smo v teoretičnem delu opredelili gibalni razvoj otroka. Pisali smo o naravnih oblikah gibanja, o motoričnih sposobnostih in kako jih razvijamo s plezanjem. Opisali smo igrala in plezala v vrtcih, vzgojiteljevo vlogo pri njihovi uporabi ter gibalno-športne dejavnosti na njih. Navedli smo nekaj dosedanjih raziskav in ugotovitev na temo igral, plezal in plezanja. V empiričnem delu je predstavljena izvedena raziskava, katere namen je bil raziskati vlogo uporabe plezal v vrtcih pri motoričnem razvoju otrok. Cilj diplomskega dela je bil na podlagi raziskave ugotoviti, ali otroci iz skupine, ki redno uporablja plezala v vrtcu, dosegajo boljše rezultate na motoričnih testih od otrok, ki plezal ne uporabljajo pogosto. Uporabili smo kavzalno neeksperimentalno metodo. Neslučajnostni vzorec iz konkretne populacije je predstavljalo 7 vzgojiteljic in 99 otrok iz mariborskih vrtcev, starih 4–6 let. Podatke smo zbrali s kvantitativno tehniko, in sicer intervjujem z vprašanji zaprtega tipa za vzgojitelje in motoričnimi testi za otroke. Otroke smo razdelili v dve skupini glede na odgovor vzgojiteljic v intervjuju o pogostosti načrtovanja vodenih gibalnih dejavnosti na zunanjih plezalih, in sicer v skupino A (enkrat tedensko) in skupino B (enkrat mesečno). Za preverjanje hipotez smo uporabili deskriptivno statistiko in analizo variance. Skladno s ciljem diplomskega dela so rezultati pokazali, da med skupinama otrok, ki se razlikujeta po pogostosti uporabe plezal, ni statistično značilne razlike v gibalni učinkovitosti. In the theoretical part of the thesis The role of climber use in kindergartens in children’s motor development we defined the motor development of children. We wrote about natural forms of motion, about motor skills and how we develop them through climbing. We described playground equipment and climbers in kindergartens, the role of educators in their use and motor-sports activities on them. We stated some existing researches and findings about playground equipment, climbers and climbing. The empirical part presents the performed research about the role of climber use in kindergartens in children’s motor development. The goal of the thesis was to research, if children from the group, which uses kindergarten climbers regularly, reach better results at motor tests than children, who do not often use climbers. We used the causal non-experimental method. The non-randomized sample of the concrete population consisted of 7 educators and 99 children from kindergartens in Maribor, aged 4-6. We collected the data with a qualitative technique, namely an interview with closed type questions for educators and motor tests for children. We divided the children into two groups regarding the answer of educators to the interview question about the frequency of planning guided motion activities on outdoor climbers, namely into group A (once a week) an group B (once a month). To test the hypotheses, we used descriptive statistics and the analysis of variance. Consistent with the goal of the thesis, the results showed that there is no statistically significant difference in motion efficiency between the groups of children, which differ in terms of frequency of the use of climbers.

V pričujoči magistrski nalogi sem reševala problem pomanjkanja gibanja otrok z Downovim sindromom ter načine in pristope pri motiviranju ob plezalnih aktivnostih. V praksi sem z različnimi metodami storitvenega oblikovanja in s šetvilnimi iteracijami testirala različne načine in pristope, ki bi pripomogli k večji motiviranosti za plezanje in homogenosti skupine pri izvajanju plezalnih uric. Izhajala sem iz treh vidikov: Pomembnost socialne inkluzije otrok s posebnimi potrebami v športne aktivnosti, ki so v večini namenjene ljudem z značilnim razvojem. Vloga storitvenega oblikovanja kot orodja oblikovalske prakse pri načrtovanju storitve za najranljivejše socialne skupine. Raziskovanje športnega plezanja in specifičnih lastnosti tega športa, kot potencialno rehabilitacijsko orodje za otroke z Downovim sindromom. V štiristopenjskem procesu raziskovanja, definiranja, razvijanja ter implementacije sem premišljeno zasnovala potek plezalne aktivnosti, ki je zastavljena tako, da je primerna tako za otroke z značilnim razvojem kot tudi za otroke z Downovim sindromom. V nalogi sem se torej osredotočila na inkluzijo otrok z Downovim sindromom v plezalne aktivnosti, ki so običajno namenjene otrokom z značilnim razvojem. S pričujočo nalogo sem potrdila, da je ustrezno oblikovana plezalna aktivnost z določenimi prilagoditvami primerna za otroke z Downovim sindromom, obenem pa lahko služi tudi kot izjemno učinkovita rehabilitacijska metoda. The following master’s thesis explores the problem of lack of exercise among children with Down syndrome, and offers different ways and approaches to motivate them to participate in climbing activities. I used different methods of service design, with numerous iterations, to test different ways and approaches to try and enhance children’s motivation for climbing, as well as achieve greater group homogeneity when executing climbing lessons. I observed the problem from three points of view: The importance of social inclusion of special needs children in those sports activities, which are mostly aimed at children with a regular development, The importance, involvement and role of service design as a tool in design practice when planning a service for most vulnerable social groups, Exploration of specific characteristics of sport climbing as a potentially good rehabilitation tool for children with Down syndrome. Through a four-stage process of researching, defining, developing and implementation, I devised a prudent plan of climbing activities, carefully constructed so as to meet the needs of children with regular development, as well as children with Down syndrome. Therefore, the main focus of my thesis is the inclusion of children with Down syndrome in climbing activities, which are ordinarily meant for children with typical development. With the research presented in this thesis, I confirmed my assumption that a suitably designed climbing activity with certain adjustments is appropriate for children with Down syndrome and can serve as a very effective rehabilitation method.

Plezanje je šport, ki vpliva na gibalne sposobnosti, kot so moč, gibljivost, koordinacija gibanja in ravnotežje. Kot tak je lahko odlično sredstvo za razvoj gibalnih sposobnostih otrok. V Sloveniji so na 83 osnovnih šolah postavljene plezalne stene, kar predstavlja dobro možnost za izvedbo plezalnih vsebin pri pouku športa, izbirnih predmetih in interesnih dejavnostih. Namen dela je bil preveriti povezanost gibalnega razvoja učencev z izvajanjem vsebin plezanja v osnovni šoli in predstaviti sklop učnih priprav za plezanje v zadnjem vzgojno-izobraževalnem obdobju osnovne šole. Preverili smo tudi, koliko osnovnih šol v Sloveniji ima možnosti vključevanja plezanja v pouk športa in kakšni so razlogi za vključevanje plezanja v šolski program, katere plezalne vsebine in učne oblike uporabljajo učitelji in subjektivno zaznane težave, s katerimi se srečujejo pri izpeljavi teh vsebin. Rezultati kažejo, da fantje in dekleta iz šol, ki plezanje vključujejo v ure predmeta šport, dosegajo večji napredek v moči rok in ramenskega obroča ter gibljivosti, ne pa tudi v moči trupa. V indeksu gibalne učinkovitosti ne prihaja do statistično pomembnih razlik med šolami, ki v večjem ali manjšem obsegu izvajajo vsebine plezanja oziramo vsebin plezanja ne izvajajo. Učitelji slabo poznajo plezalne vsebine, kar je eden od ključnih razlogov, da med poukom športa ne izvajajo plezalnih vsebin. Sklop učnih priprav je lahko dobra pomoč učiteljem pri njihovi izpeljavi. Sestavljene so na primeru majhne in enostavne plezalne stene, kakršno bi lahko imela vsaka osnovna šola. Climbing is a sport that can positively effect strength, flexibility, coordination and balance. Accordingly, climbing can be an excellent tool of motor development in children. In Slovenia, 83 primary schools are equipped with climbing walls, which represents good potential for including climbing-related activities in the framework of physical education and extra-curricular sports activities. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the relationship between physical fitness development in primary school pupils and the inclusion of climbing-related activities during physical education, as well as to develop a sample physical education (PE) curriculum for climbing contents to be implemented during the last three years of primary school. We also verified how many primary schools in Slovenia offer the possibility of climbing-related activities in their PE curriculum, checked what the reasons for including or not including these activities were, as well as their contents and difficulties with which the teachers cope whilst carrying out these activities. The results show that boys and girls, who are attending primary schools where climbing-related activities are part of the PE curriculum, achieve higher levels of the arm and shoulder girdle strength as well as flexibility, while no differences were observed in the trunk strength. In terms of motor efficiency, no statistically significant differences were noted between schools, which do or do not offer climbing-related activities in their PE curriculum. On average, primary school PE teachers have insufficient competencies in climbing-related activities, which is one of the key reasons underlying the lack of these activities in their curriculum. The sample teaching sheets – which are based on the use of a small and simple climbing wall that could be integrated in any primary school – could be of assistance to teachers for future inclusion of climbing-related activities in primary school physical education.

Namen diplomskega dela je bil predstaviti plezanje kot naravno obliko gibanja, kot gibalno dejavnost, ki pozitivno vpliva na otrokov razvoj, in predstaviti program plezanja, ki je primeren za predšolske otroke. Opredelili smo tudi plezala in športne pripomočke, ki jih lahko vključujemo v program plezanja predšolskih otrok. V diplomskem delu smo opisali plezanje kot naravno obliko gibanja, razvoj otroka ter vpliv plezanja na otrokov telesni in gibalni razvoj. Na kratko smo opisali tudi športno plezanje. Od naravnih oblik gibanja, kot so plazenje, lazenje, hoja, tek in skoki, je plezanje zaradi premagovanja lastne teže ena od najbolj zapostavljenih gibanj. Ker danes prevladuje sedeči način življenja, je plezanje zelo pomembna gibalna dejavnost, saj vpliva na krepitev mišic rok in trupa ter posledično na skladno telesno držo. Vpliva tudi na otrokovo izboljševanje gibljivosti, s previdnim stopanjem in prijemanjem pa tudi na vzpostavljanje ravnotežja in izboljševanje koordinacije gibanja. V diplomskem delu smo predstavili tudi plezala in plezalne pripomočke, kot so letvenik, razne lestve, vrvi in žrdi ter plezalne stene, s katerimi lahko izboljšamo vadbo mlajših otrok in vanjo vključimo plezanje. Dodali smo tudi kratek plezalni program za uvodni, glavni in zaključni del vadbene ure, delo pa smo zaključili tudi z nekaj plezalnimi igrami, s katerimi lahko popestrimo vadbeno uro. The purpose of this thesis is to showcase climbing as natural form of movement, showcase climbing as activity of movement which positively influences child's development and to showcase a program of climbing suitable for pre-school children. We will also define climbing equipment suitable for program of climbing for pre-school children. In this thesis we represent climbing as natural form of movement, child's development and influence of climbing on child's body and motor skills. We have also briefly described sport climbing. From natural forms of movement, such as crawling, walking, running and jumping, climbing is the most neglected form of movement, because you have to overcome your own weight. Because today prevails sitting way of life, climbing is more important than ever, because it strenthens arm muscles and body, in consequence coherent body posture. It also improves mobility, with careful stepping and holding balance becomes better, we also see improvement in coordaniton of movement. In thesis we present all sorts of climbing equipment, with wich we can spice up any exercise of children. We also included climbing program for introductory, main and end part of lesson. We concluded my thesis with some climbing games, with which we can spice up any exercise.

Plezajoči robot bi se v prihodnosti lahko uporabljal za pregled in vzdrževanje mostov. Po mostu bi robot lahko plezal s pomočjo diletacijskih lukenj, ki ostanejo od gradnje, lahko pa bi se povezali en na drugega in zgradili kakšno konstrukcijo iz svojih teles. Namen je razviti prijemalo, ki bi to omogočalo. Razvoja se bomo lotili tako, da bomo opravili izračune, prijemalo zmodelirali z CAD orodji, prijemalo izdelali, poiskali primerne aktuatorje, senzorje in krmilnik ter prijemalo spravili v delujoče stanje. Na koncu pa še sledi testiranje, da izvemo ali prijemalo deluje tako, kot smo si zamislili. A climbing robot could be used in the future for inspection and maintenance of bridges. The robot could climb up the bridge with the help of dilatation hole, remaining from the construction. They could also connect to one another and thus build some kind of construction from their own bodies. The aim is to develop a gripper that would allow this. We will begin planning by making calculations, modelling the gripper with CAD tools, making the gripper, finding suitable actuators, sensors and controller and making sure the gripper is operational. In the end testing will be carried out to find out whether the gripper is working as we imagined.

V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen celoten potek izdelave športnoturistične karte kraškega roba nad Ilirsko Bistrico. Viri podatkov za izdelavo karte so bili državne topografske karte, DOF, temeljni topografski načrt, digitalni model višin in na terenu pridobljeni podatki. Območje prikaza pokriva širše območje kraškega roba severozahodno od Ilirske Bistrice. Na karti so prikazane možne kolesarske poti in plezalne stene. Območje za zdaj še ni namenjeno turizmu, je pa na karti prikazano, kaj lahko potencialni turisti že uporabijo za športni turizem. Na tem območju se že lahko zapeljejo po prikazanih gorskih kolesarskih poteh in stena že omogoča ustvarjanje plezalnih smeri. Pri spustu (downhill kolesarstvu) so potrebne še dodatne ureditve, kot so ureditve poti in postavitev ovir, potrebnih za spust. Na osnovi pridobljenih podatkov je bila s programskim orodjem OCAD 12 izdelana interaktivna spletna karta. Na njej so ustvarjene povezave na karto stene, na kateri so prikazana območja zahtevnosti plezanja in povezavi na Google Zemljo ter povezave na fotografije območja. The thesis presents the entire process of creation a tourist/sport map of the karst edge area overlooking Ilirska Bistrica. The sources data were national topographic map, orthophoto, basic topographical plan, digital elevation model and data obtained on the field. The map displays the wide area of the karst edge, northwest of Ilirska Bistrica, including the possible cycling routes and rock-climbing opportunities. This area is not yet intended for tourism, nevertheless the map shows a variety of sport activities for potential tourists like cycling and rock-climbing. Some additional terrain adaptations are required for the downhill cycling: like the construction of obstacles and downhill cycling routes. Based on the data obtained through the research and with the help of OCAD 12 software we were able to create an interactive online map of the area which includes link to the natural rock-climbing map and its difficulty levels but also links to Google Earth and links to photos of the area.

Namen diplomske naloge je predstavitev in analiza gradbenih konstrukcij, ki se jih uporablja na zavarovanih plezalnih poteh, drugače imenovanih tudi ferate. Osrednja tema je analiza treh različnih jeklenih sistemov, ki se trenutno uporabljajo v Evropi in njihov vpliv na varnost uporabnikov. In sicer francoski, tirolski in prednapet jekleni sistem. Jeklene sisteme smo testirali v konstrukcijsko-prometnem laboratoriju Fakultete za gradbeništvo in geodezijo. Na jekleno konstrukcijo smo v merilu 1:1 postavili tri različne jeklene sisteme in jih dinamično obremenili z utežjo, kot se to lahko zgodi ob realnem padcu pri hoji ob ferati. Na podlagi rezultatov sem opravil analizo in podal primerjavo. V nalogi je predstavljen tudi celoten potek od pridobitve dokumentacije do končne izdelave ferat. Podrobno so predstavljeni materiali in oprema, ki je potrebna za te gradbene konstrukcije, kot tudi oprema, ki se uporablja za varno vzpenjanje. Rezultati so v primerjavi s podobnimi raziskavami (Semmel, C., Hellberg, F., Riha, E. 2009), ki so bile opravljene v preteklosti, presenetljive, saj ni prišlo do loma vponk, kot smo pričakovali, ampak je prišlo do krivljenja sidernih klinov in s tem bolj pravilno (natezno) obremenitev vponk. The main target of the present thesis was to introduce and analyse the special structural safety elements which are used as a protection along the climbing paths so called Via ferrates. There are three types of steel rope protection systems used in Europe today which are so called French, Tirol and prestressed system, where the last is used by the Slovenian mountaineering association in the Slovenian alps. The behaviour comparison and the impact on human body for all three different steel ropes protection systems have been tested in the traffic-structural laboratory at the Faculty of civil and geodetic engineering in Ljubljana. The test setup was prepared in 1:1 scale on the steel structure standing in the laboratory for all three types of steel rope systems. The load of 90 kg was applied dynamically with the free fall of specially designed log from different heights which approximately simulates the real situation in the mountain. Based on the conducted experiments and obtained results analysis we expressed adequacy of using each of the tested steel rope systems. Moreover, the entire acquiring process of all required documents of the safety steel ropes at Via ferrate climbing paths in Slovenia is introduced. The emphasis is also made on the used materials and equipment needed for safe ascending along the Via ferrate paths. We have surprisingly discovered that the carabiners did not break, which is in contradiction with the expected behaviour and with the test results obtained by other researchers in the past.

V diplomskem delu je prikazana izdelava manjše plezalne stene. Osnovni namen je bil predstavitev celotnega procesa izdelave, od začetne ideje do končnega izdelka. Prikazane so glavne faze snovanja, določitev primerne konstrukcije stene, izdelava posameznih komponent konstrukcije, preračun razsvetljave idr. Prav tako smo prikazali nekaj izmed problemov, s katerimi smo se srečevali na poti izdelave, in pripadajoče rešitve. Pri izdelavi smo se opirali na veljavne standarde in lastne izkušnje. Celotna stena je bila prilagojena znanju lokalnih plezalcev in uporabnikom lokalnega Alpinističnega odseka. The thesis shows the production of a small climbing wall. The primary purpose was to present the entire manufacturing process, from the initial idea to the finished product. We have shown the main phases of the design, determining an appropriate wall construction, manufacture of individual components of the structure, the calculating of lighting etc. We have also shown some of the problems that we have faced on the way of manufacturing and their related solutions. In the process of manufacturing we have used the applicable standards and our own experiences. The entire wall was adapted to the knowledge of local climbers and Mountaineering club.

Skozi zgodovino alpinizma so se znotraj le-tega razvile številne dejavnosti ali discipline, ki imajo zelo širok razpon med intenzivnostjo in trajanjem vadbe. Tako lahko znotraj alpinizma govorimo o skrajno intenzivnih ali anaerobnih disciplinah, kot so športno plezanje, težavnostno skalno plezanje, plezanje balvanov, dry-tooling in plezanje nižjeležečih zaledenelih slapov, ki imajo poudarek na anaerobnem načinu vadbe. Na skoraj diametralno nasprotni strani pa imamo znotraj alpinizma skrajno vzdržljivostne ali aerobne discipline, kot so himalajizem, klasični zimski alpinizem in alpinistično smučanje, pri katerih je poudarek na aerobnem načinu vadbe. Želja po vrhunskih rezultatih sili alpiniste v specializacijo. Alpinisti, ki so dosegli ali dosegajo vrhunske rezultate, le-te običajno dosežejo v eni od športnih disciplin alpinizma. Ali osvajajo najvišje vrhove ali plezajo težke smeri z najvišjimi ocenami. Skozi zgodovino, kakor tudi danes, so se nenehno pojavljali in se še vedno pojavljajo redki alpinisti, ki so dosegli vrhunske rezultate v obeh skrajnih smereh alpinizma. To pomeni, da so preplezali vsaj eno smer z najvišjo oceno in hkrati osvojili vsaj enega osemtisočaka. V tej diplomski nalogi se osredotočam prav na te alpiniste, ki jih imamo nekaj tudi pri nas. Poskušal bom odgovoriti na vprašanje, kako je mogoče v eni osebi združiti vrhunskega plezalca najtežjih smeri in vrhunskega osvajalca najvišjih vrhov. Opravil sem tudi intervju s slovenskima alpinistoma, ki sta uspela v obeh skrajnih smereh alpinizma. To sta Tomo Česen in Tomaž Jakofčič. Vprašanja so osredotočena predvsem na njuno uspešno sintezo dveh skrajnih smeri alpinizma, ki v teoriji zahtevata precej različen tip vadbe. Predstavljen je tudi njun kratek življenjepis in najpomembnejši vzponi. Throughout the history of mountain climbing many activities and disciplines, with a very wide range between their intensity and duration of exercise, have developed. Thus there are many extremely intensive or anaerobic disciplines within the mountaineering itself such as sport climbing, rock climbing, bouldering, dry-tooling and frozen lower-lying waterfalls climbing, which all focus on anaerobic exercise mode. On an almost diametrically opposite side there are within the mountain climbing also extreme endurance or aerobic disciplines which focus on aerobic exercise mode. Among these disciplines the most noticeable are Himalayan mountaineering, classic winter mountaineering and alpine skiing. In order to reach the best results the climbers need to specialize in their field. Mountaineers who have already achieved or are achieving top results, are usually successful in one of the sport disciplines of alpinism. They have either been conquering the highest peaks or climbing the hardest routes. In the history of mountaineering we can always find those rare climbers who have managed to achieve the top results in both extreme disciplines of mountaineering, and have therefore been successful in climbing at least one of the hardest routes and conquered at least one eight-thousander. The aim of this thesis is to focus especially on these climbers, who can be found also in Slovenia. My intention is to answer the question how to combine a top climber of the toughest climbing routes and the top conqueror of the highest peaks in one person. For this reason I interviewed two Slovene alpinists, Tomo Česen and Tomaž Jakofčič, who have been successful in both extreme disciplines of alpinism. The questions were focused mainly on their successful synthesis of two extreme disciplines of mountaineering, which, in theory, require quite a different type of training. Furthermore the thesis also presents the brief biographies of both climbers and their most significant mountain ascents.

V teoretičnem delu sem izpostavila pojma planinarjenje in plezanje. Želela sem ugotoviti, kakšne so možnosti za planinarjenje za osebe s posebnimi potrebami. The theoretical part deals with the notions of mountaineering and climbing. Our goal was to determine the possibilities for mountaineering of persons with disabilities, particularly in relation to sports activities including mountaineering and climbing for deaf and hard-of-hearing children, and the influence on their motor skills. It is important to note that visual communication – Slovenian Sign Language – is crucial for deaf and hard-of-hearing children.

V tem delu raziščemo področje razvoja spletnih aplikacij s pomočjo ASP.net MVC. Sodobne tehnologije se bliskovito širijo v človekov vsakdanjik. Tudi na področju plezanja in alpinizma se kaže potreba po informacijskih sistemih za zbiranje informacij o smereh in vzponih. V ta namen razvijemo sistem za beleženje in deljenje mnenj o plezalnih smereh in vzponih ALPiNOTE. V prvem delu tega dela opišemo področje plezanja in alpinizma, predstavimo modele načrtovanja programske opreme in ogrodje ASP.net MVC. Drugi del obsega predstavitev načrtovanja, implementacije in izdelavo končnega produkta. Podamo tudi možnosti za nadaljnje raziskovanje in razvoj sistema ALPiNOTE. In this work we investigate the field of web application development using ASP.net MVC framework. Modern technology is rapidly spreading into peoples' everyday lives. Even in climbing and alpinism there is a need for information system that collects information about climbing routes and ascents. To this end, we develop ALPiNOTE, a system for recording and sharing views on climbing routes and climbs. In the first part of this work we describe climbing and alpinism. Then we introduce some software development models and ASP.net MVC framework. In the second part the ALPiNOTE system is fully introduced, from planning, implementation to the final product. The final part includes possibilities for further research and development of ALPiNOTE system.

Z diplomskim delom smo želeli na osnovi raziskave proučiti optimalne možnosti za razvoj plezalnih sposobnosti predšolskega otroka in predvsem, kaj ga pri tem omejuje. Ob predpostavki, da je strah pridobljeno čustvo, nas je predvsem zanimalo, v kolikšni meri smo ravno odrasli odgovorni za to, da se osnovni element gibanja – plezanje, pri otrocih razvije tako različno. Eni so spretni plezalci, druge je strah višine, zopet tretji komaj uspejo priplezati na stol. Raziskovalni pristop v prvem delu je bolj teoretične narave (primerjalna ali komparativna metoda, deskriptivna metoda), medtem ko je drugi del namenjen empiričnemu raziskovanju (kavzalno–neeksperimentalna metoda). Pri raziskovanju teoretičnih zakonitosti smo se opirali na študij ter raziskavo dela, dosegljive primarne in sekundarne vire objavljenih del naših in tujih avtorjev. Raziskavo smo izvedli s pomočjo vprašalnikov za starše in vzgojitelje v vrtcu in na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov ugotovili, da odrasli nimajo negativnih izkušenj pri plezanju, je pa pri več kot polovici staršev dejansko prisoten strah pred višino. Razlog za strah vzgojiteljev pri plezanju otrok je v njihovi splošni zaskrbljenosti in odgovornosti za varnost otrok, razveseljiva pa je predvsem ugotovitev, da imajo vsi otroci, ne glede na to, ali živijo v mestu ali na vasi, enako spontanih možnosti za razvijanje plezalnih sposobnosti. The thesis aims at researching the optimal possibilities for the development of climbing abilities of preschool children, particularly the obstacles. The assumption is that fear is an acquired emotion. To this end, the thesis explores to what extent are adults responsible for profound differences in the development of the basic movement element – climbing. Some children are skilful climbers, others are afraid of heights, while some can hardly climb a chair. The research approach in the first part is more theoretical (comparative and descriptive method) and the second is empirical (non-experimental causal method). The theoretical basis was formed using our studies and available primary and secondary resources of domestic and foreign authors. The research was conducted using questionnaires for both parents and teachers in kindergarten the results indicate that adults do not have negative experience with climbing. However, more than one half of the parents are actually afraid of heights. Teachers are primarily concerned about general safety of the children while climbing as they are responsible for the children. Nevertheless, it is very positive that all children, either living in the city or in the country, are provided with spontaneous possibilities for the development of their climbing abilities.

Plezalni vodniki so nepogrešljivi pri načrtovanju določenega vzpona ali ture. Njihova vsebina nam sporoča osnovne informacije za načrtovanje, organizacijo in izvedbo alpinistične dejavnosti oziroma plezanja. To je kraj, dostop, sestop, čas plezanja, slika, fotografija in skica smeri, težavnost smeri,… V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge so strnjena teoretična izhodišča, najdena v literaturi. Podrobneje je predstavljena alpinistična dejavnost, še posebej plezanje, od začetka skozi zgodovino do danes na območju države Slovenije. Pri plezalnih vodnikih smo se osredotočili na njihovo nastajanje, vsebino in zasnovo. Sestavljen je bil seznam vseh vodnikov izdanih do danes na območju Slovenije. Ugotovljene in predstavljene so vse posodobitve, popravljene in nove izdaje plezalnih vodnikov ter potrebe po nastajanju novih. V empiričnem delu diplomske naloge je bila izvedena anketa za potrebe raziskovanja razširjenosti uporabe plezalnih vodnikov glede na plezalna območja in za ugotovitve, kje so ta področja s plezalnimi vodniki pomanjkljivo opisana. Ugotovljene so bile potrebe po izdajah novih vodnikov ali posodobitvah že obstoječih. Posodobitev plezalnih vodnikov je ključnega pomena za varno plezanje. Zaradi vse bolj množičnega obiska v plezališčih in nastajanja novih smeri potreba po novih vodnikih nedvomno obstaja. Climbing guides are of a great importance while planning a rout or a tour. Their content provides us basic information for planning, organizing and carring out an alpine activity or climbing tour regarding the destination,…climbing time, picture, photography and layout of the route, difficulty of the route…. In the theoretical part of my Theses I provide theoretical aspects gathered of existing literature. I represented the alpinism more in detail, especially climbing, its developement and history from the very beginning until today in the area of Slovenia. At the climbing guides I underlined their occur, content and structure. I esteblished a list of all climbing guides edited by now in the area of Slovenia. I found all updates and represented new editions and corrections of climbing guides as well asthe needs regarding establishment of new climbing guides. In the empirical part of my Theses I carried out a Questionnaire on the needs of a research work regarding frequency of usag eof the climbing guides. I focused on the climbing areas and the lack of descriptions. I recognized that there is a need for establishment of new climbing guides and for updating the existing ones. Updating of the climbing guides is of a great importance, especially regarding the ensurance of climbing safty. There is an additional need for new climbing guides to be established, since occur of climbing parks and new routs is still increasing.