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Cilj doktorske disertacije je bil: i) preučiti toleranco in tolerančne mehanizme treh temnih septiranih (TSE) endofitov, izolata Cad#148 in Cad#149 iz rodu Cadophora in izolata Leo#146 iz rodu Leohumicola na visoke koncentracije Cd, Zn in Pb v Melin-Norkrans (MNM) gojišču ter ii) nadalje v lončnem poskusu preučiti njihovo primernost za remediacijo onesnaženega substrata z vrbo ivo (Salix caprea) v kombinaciji z različno vrsto podrasti. Izolata iz rodu Cadophora sta v miceliju tvorila 1,8-dihidroksinaftalen (DHN)-tip melanina, pri čemer je bila sinteza večja v TSE izolatu Cad#148. Izolat Leo#146 pa je bil nemeliniziran. Občutljivost izolatov na kovine je bila največja na Cd, sledita Zn in Pb. Melanizirana izolata sta bila v splošnem bolj tolerantna na kovine, zaradi manjše akumulacije kovin v miceliju in manjšega oksidativnega stresa. Sinteza organskih kislin je bila povečana v prisotnosti Cd in Zn stresa, pri čemer je bila vrsta induciranih organskih kislin za izolat specifina. Sinteza melanina se je v melaniziranih izolatih zmanjševala z naraščajočim kovinskim stresom. Kljub temu smo z uporabo inhibitorja melaninske sinteze v prisotnosti Cd stresa dokazali, da ima melanin pomembno vlogo pri toleranci na Cd najbolj melaniziranega TSE izolata Cad#148. V nadaljnjem lončnem poskusu smo preučili vpliv inokulacije z izbranimi TSE izolati in različne vrste podrasti (naravne, zasejane) na fiziologijo in akumulacijo kovin v vrbi ivi, ukoreninjenih v nesterilnem onesnaženem substratu. TSE izolata Leo#146 in Cad#148 sta najuspešnejše inficirala korenine vrbe ive in pozitivno vplivala na rast in sintezo skupnih klorofilov in karotenoidov v listih vrb. Inokulacija vrb s TSE izolatom Leo#146 je v kombinaciji s podrastjo pisane vilovine zmanjšala translokacijo Cd in Zn iz korenin v liste vrb in posledično zmanjšala akumulacijo Cd in Zn v listih. Poleg tega je inokulacija potaknjencev vrbe ive s TSE izolatoma Leo#146 in Cad#148 v kombinaciji s podrastjo Rožnik zmanjšala translokacijo Pb iz korenin v liste. TSE izolat Leo#146 je bil v kombinaciji s podrastjo pisana vilovina izbran za najprimernejši izolat za fitoremediacijo onesnaženega substrata z vrbo ivo. The aim of the doctoral dissertation was: i) to investigate the tolerance and tolerance mechanisms of three dark septate endophyte (DSE) isolates, Cad#148 and Cad#149 from the genus Cadophora and isolate Leo#146 from the genus Leohumicola to high concentrations of Cd, Zn and Pb in Melin-Norkrans (MNM), and ii) to evaluate their suitability for remediation of contaminated substrate with goat willow (Salix caprea) in combination with different types of undergrowth. Isolates from the genus Cadophora formed 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin in mycelium, with isolate Cad#148 showing higher synthesis. Isolate Leo#146 was not melanized. The sensitivity of isolates to metals was highest for Cd, followed by Zn and Pb, with the melanized isolates showing higher tolerance due to lower accumulation of metals in the mycelium and lower oxidative stress. Organic acid synthesis was increased in the presence of Cd and Zn stress, although the type of organic acids induced was isolate-specific. Melanin synthesis in melanized isolates decreased with increasing metal stress. However, by using a melanin synthesis inhibitor in the presence of Cd stress, we demonstrated that melanin plays an important role in the tolerance of the most melanized DSE isolate Cad#148 to Cd. Furthermore, in a pot experiment, we investigated the influence of inoculation with selected DSE isolates and different types of undergrowth (natural, sown) on the physiology and accumulation of metals in willow rooted in non-sterile contaminated substrate. DSE isolates Leo#146 and Cad #148 were most successful in infecting willow roots and had positive affect on growth and synthesis of total chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in willow leaves. Inoculation of willows with the DSE isolates Leo#146 in combination with undergrowth blue moor grass reduced the transfer of Cd and Zn from roots to leaves and consequently accumulation of Cd and Zn in leaves. In addition, inoculation of willow cuttings with Leo#146 and Cad#148 in combination with undergrowth Rožnik reduced the translocation of Pb from roots to leaves. The DSE isolate Leo#146 in combination with the undergrowth of blue moor grass was selected as the most suitable isolate for phytoremediation of contaminated substrate with willow.

V diplomski nalogi smo proučevali, kako se navadna konoplja odziva na zelo visoke koncentracije kadmija, svinca in cinka v tleh in kakšen je učinek posameznega elementa na rast in razvoj rastline. V lončnem poskusu smo testirali sprejem posamezne težke kovine: kadmija (Cd), svinca (Pb) in cinka (Zn) v različne dele dveh sort ('Tisza' in 'Futura 75') navadne konoplje. Iz neonesnaženih tal smo z dodajanjem težkih kovin v kloridnih oblikah (PbCl2, CdCl2H20, ZnCl2) pripravili dve stopnji kontaminacije tal za vsak posamezen element: Pb-1/2 (1000 mg/kg), Pb-2/2 (1500 mg/kg ), Cd-1/2 (50 mg/kg), Cd-2/2 (100 mg/kg), Zn-1/2 (2500 mg/kg) in Zn-2/2 (5000 mg/kg). Rastline smo gojili tudi v nadzorovanih neonesnaženih tleh. Rastline smo gojili v loncih volumna 3,5 L do botanične zrelosti. V vsakem loncu je bila posajena ena rastlina, za eno obravnavanje smo uporabili 10 loncev iste sorte,10 rastlin sorte 'Tisza' in 10 rastlin sorte 'Futura 75. Poskus je potekal v rastlinjaku med januarjem in julijem 2018. Žetev je potekala julija 2018, ko je bilo seme zrelo. Za določanje težkih kovin v različnih rastlinski delih smo vzorčili: korenine (ločeno za glavne in stranske), steblo (ločeno za stržen in povrhnjico) in socvetja. Največ Cd, Pb in Zn so rastline obeh sort privzele v stranske korenine, fitotoksične učinke je bilo opaziti samo, kjer smo v tla dodali ZnCl2, tam so rastline propadle zaradi prevelike koncentracije soli. Vsi rastlinski deli konoplje, ki je rastla v tleh onesnaženih s težkimi kovinami, vsebujejo težke kovine, zato je njihova uporaba omejena. In the thesis, we studied how hemp responds to extremely high concentrations of cadmium, lead and zinc in the soil and the effects of each given element on the growth and development of the plant. In a pot experiment, we tested the uptake of heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) into various parts of two hemp varieties ‘Tisza’ and ‘Futura 75’. For each element, two levels of soil contamination were prepared by adding heavy metals in chloride forms to non-contaminated soil: Pb-1/2 (1000 mg/kg), Pb-2/2 (1500 mg/kg), Cd-1/2 (50 mg/kg), Cd-2/2 (100 mg/kg), Zn-1/2 (2500 mg/kg) in Zn-2/2 (5000 mg/kg). The plants were grown in 3,5 L pots, one plant per pot, 10 plants of each variety in each combination, 70 plants together with control soil. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse between January and July 2018. The results were harvested in July 2018 when the seeds were ripe. To determine the presence of heavy metals in various parts of the plant, we sampled: roots (primary and lateral individually), the stem (fibres and hurds individually), and inflorescences. Both of the varieties showed the highest content of Cd, Pb, and Zn in the fibrous roots, while phytotoxic effects (the plants decayed) were observed only in combinations where ZnCl2 was added and it was a concesuence of a high salt concentration. All parts of hemp grown in the soil contaminated with heavy metals contain heavy metals, therefore their use is limited.

Človek z industrijo in z drugimi dejavnostmi obremenjuje okolje in vpliva na ekosisteme. Dolina dimnikov in okolica Žerjava je močno obremenjena s prekomernimi koncentracijami kovin v tleh. Glavni namen naloge je bil ugotoviti, kako različne vrste izbranih izolatov temnih septiranih endofitov DB146, DB148 in DB149, vplivajo na fiziološko stanje vrbe ive, ki raste na tleh s prekomernimi koncentracijami kovin, ter na njen privzem kovin. Z različnimi metodami smo ovrednotili koncentracije rastlinam dostopnih kovin, fosforja in organske snovi v substratu. Z meritvami koncentracij kovin in fotosinteznih pigmentov v listih smo ovrednotili privzem v rastline in fiziološko stanje ive. Ocenili smo uspešnost kolonizacije posameznih izolatov. Naši rezultati nakazujejo na močan stres, ki verjetno ni posledica prekomernih koncentracij kovin. Stres sta verjetno povečevala pomanjkanje vode ter nutrientov. Višji parametri kolonizacije izolatov DB146 in DB148 nakazujejo na boljšo toleranco teh izolatov na prekomerne koncentracije kovin in na uporabo veziklov za kopičenje in stabilizacijo kovin. Nižji parametri kolonizacije pri izolatu DB149 kažejo na drugačno biologijo in možen negativen vpliv drugih mikroorganizmov. Izsledki naše raziskave nakazujejo, da so izbrani izolati temnih septiranih endofitov, predvsem izolata DB146 in DB148, primerni za souporabo v bioremediaciji. Potrebne so nadaljnje raziskave, da bi dobro razumeli vpliv izbranih glivnih izolatov na splošno fiziološko stanje in na privzem kovin. Industrial activies in Žerjav lead to high accumulation of metals, especially Pb, Cd and Zn) in soils. Our aim was to evaluate contribution of selected isolates of dark septate endophytes on metal accumulation in plants and physiological condition of Salix caprea L. cuttings. We measured bioavailable concentrations of metals, phosphorus and organic matter in substrate. To evaluate physiological condition and metals uptake of cuttings we measured metal concentrations and photosynthetic pigments in leaves. To assess success of colonisation of selected strains we evaluated parameters of colonisation. Goat willow cuttings exhibited strong stress symptoms, which were caused probably not by excessive metal concentrations in substrate. Strong stress factors could be water and nutrient deficiency. High colonisation parameters of isolates DB146 and DB148 are suggesting better tolerance of these isolates on high metal concentrations. Low colonisation parameters of isolate DB149 are suggesting different biology of selected isolate and possible negative effect on growth of native colonisators from substrate. To conclude, our findings suggest isolates, especially DB146 and DB148, are suitable for combined use with goat willows in bioremediation processes. For better understanding of contribution of selected strains on metal uptake and physiological condition of goat willow further research is needed.

V diplomskem delu smo preverili uspešnost sanacije/preplastitve otroškega igrišča Polena v Mežici, ki je bilo zaradi kritičnih imisijskih vrednosti Cd, Pb in Zn sanirano leta 2008. Z meritvami vsebnosti kovin smo preverili debelino pokrivnega sloja. Odvzem vzorcev smo izvedli z žlebasto sondo tako, da smo zajeli celotno površino igrišča. Ugotovili smo, da je plast zemlje različne debeline, od 10–90 cm, in na izgled heterogene sestave. Vrednosti koncentracij Cd, Pb in Zn smo na terenu izmerili z metodo rentgenske fluorscenčne spektrometrije (XRF). Z enako metodo smo izvedli tudi meritve suhih vzorcev v laboratoriju. Za primerjavo smo opravili tudi meritve kovin po kislinskem razklopu talnih vzorcev z zlatotopko. Izmerjeni povprečni koncentraciji Pb in Zn v vrhnjem sloju tal sta presegali kritično imisijsko vrednost, izmerjena povprečna koncentracija Cd pa je presegala opozorilno imisijsko vrednost. Izmerjene vrednosti koncentracije Cd na posameznih lokacijah odvzema vzorcev so se v vseh slojih gibale v velikem razponu (v sloju od 15–20 cm v razponu od 8 mg/kg do 223 mg/kg). V velikem razponu so se gibale tudi izmerjene vrednosti koncentracije Pb (v sloju od 25–30 cm v razponu od 296 mg/kg do 30.323 mg/kg) in Zn (v sloju od 15–20 cm v razponu od 549 mg/kg do 10.484 mg/kg). Potrdili smo veliko horizontalno variabilnost koncentracije kovin Cd, Pb in Zn, kar dokazuje neenakomerno izvedbo preplastitve. Rezultati neposrednih terenskih meritev koncentracije Cd, Pb in Zn v tleh z uporabo XRF metode so se statistično pomembno razlikovali od meritev suhih vzrorcev z XRF metodo v laboratoriju. Statistično značilno so se razlikovali tudi rezultati meritev koncentracije z uporabo XRF metode v laboratoriju z rezultati meritev po kislinskem razklopu tal. Večina rezultatov meritev po kislinskem razklopu je pokazala manjše vrednosti, največja razlika je bila pri meritvah koncentracije Pb. This diploma thesis examined the efficiency of the remediation of the children’s playground “Polena” in Mežica. Due to the critical immission values of Cd, Pb and Zn, this playground was restored in 2008 by replacement/overlaying surface soil layer. The thickness of the covering soil layer was determined by measuring the content of the metals. Soil samples were taken on 23 sites using the gouge auger. We found that the soil of the playground is very heterogeneous, the thickness varying from 10–90 cm. The concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn were measured on the field using portable X-ray fluorescent spectrometer (XRF). The same method (XRF spectrometry) was used in the laboratory for measurement of dry soil samples. Results were comparable with measurements after dissolution of soil samples in aqua regia. The measured average concentrations of Pb and Zn in the top soil layer were above the critical immission value, the measured average concentration of Cd was above the warning immission value according to the Slovenina legislation. We confirmed a great horizontal variability of the metal concentration, which proves an uneven overlayering. The concentration of Cd on individual sites varied considerably (in the layer from 15 to 20 cm, the range was from 8 mg/kg to 223 mg/kg). The concentration of Pb also varied considerably (in the layer from 25 to 30 cm, the range was from 296 mg/kg to 30.323 mg/kg). The concentration of Zn also varied noticeably (in the layer from 15 to 20 cm, the range was from 549 mg/kg to 10.484 mg/kg). The results of the measurements of Cd, Pb and Zn in the field (moist samples) by using XRF method were statistically different from the results obtained from measurements of dry samples in the laboratory. The concentration of metals determined after aqua regia dissolution was statistically different (mostly lower values) from the results of XRF method, the biggest difference occurring for the measurements of Pb.

V raziskavi smo analizirali prenos kovin iz gozdnih in travniških tal v male sesalce (rumenogrla miš, gozdna in poljska voluharica), veliko sinico in lisico, ki živijo na območju Velikega Vrha. Hkrati smo ocenili tveganje za te organizme na podlagi primerjave določenih vsebnosti v rastlinskih in živalskih tkivih s kritičnimi ter dopustnimi vsebnostmi in izračunom kvocienta tveganja (HQ) na podlagi vnosa kovin s prehrano. Izjema je bila velika sinica, ki smo jo pri izračunu HQ nadomestili s kosom, ki se pogosto prehranjuje z deževniki. Ugotovili smo, da so gozdni in travniški ekosistemi na območju Velikega Vrha, ki je bil zlasti v preteklosti izpostavljen velikim izpustom iz Termoelektrarne Šoštanj, zmerno obremenjeni s Pb (gozdna tla, živalska tkiva), Hg (gozdna tla, živalska tkiva) in Cd (travniška tla, korenine trav, detelj in zeli). Vendar tveganja za prostoživeče živali (navadna lisica, rumenogrla miš, poljska in gozdna voluharica) in deževnike nismo ugotovili, saj so bile določene vsebnosti Hg, Pb in Cd nižje od kritičnih (mali sesalci, lisica) oziroma letalnih (smrtnih) vsebnosti (deževniki). Obstaja pa verjetnost za tveganje zaradi vnosa Hg v lisico prek gozdne voluharice in zaradi vnosa Pb v kosa prek deževnikov, vendar samo v primeru, če bi ta prehranska vira sestavljala vsaj polovico diete omenjenih organizmov. We studied transfer of metals from soil to tissues of selected free-living animals: small mammals (Myodes glareolus, Microtus arvalis, Apodemus flavicollis), Parus major and red fox (Vulpes vulpes), inhabiting Veliki Vrh, Slovenia. At the same time, we assessed the risk for these organisms on the basis of comparison with metal levels in plant and animal tissues to effect concentrations for liver, critical levels of metals, defined in Slovene legislation and Hazard Quotient calculation. The exception was Parus major. This passerine bird was replaced with Turdus merula which feeds on earthworms. Our results show that meadow and forest ecosystems at Veliki Vrh, which was exposed (especially in the past) to high levels of pollutants (including metals) from thermal power plant, are moderately polluted with Pb (forest soil, animal tissues), Hg (forest soil, animal tissues) and Cd (meadow soil, roots of grass and clovers). Nevertheless, the risk for selected free-living animals was in general insignificant, since the levels of Hg, Pb and Cd were below critical (small mammals, red fox) and lethal levels (earthworms). However, there is a probability of risk due to the intake of mercury in red fox through Myodes glareolus and of Pb in Turdus merula through earthworms, if these food sources would constitute at least half of the diet of these organisms.

V diplomski nalogi smo v lonĉnem poskusu ugotavljali razlike v akumulaciji kovin Cd, Pb in Zn pri solati, stroĉjem fiţolu, rdeĉi pesi, šalotki in kolerabici, ki smo jih gojili v tleh z razliĉno koncentracijo kovin. V poskusu smo imeli dve vrsti tal, v katerih smo gojili vrtnine: onesnaţena in neonesnaţena. Onesnaţna tla smo vzeli na obmoĉju stare Cinkarne, vsebnost kovin je presegala kritiĉno vrednost glede na Uredbo o mejnih, opozorilnih in kritiĉnih vrednosti v tleh (Uredba 68/1996): Cd = 46 mg/kg Pb = 4067 mg/kg Zn = 40166 mg/kg. Tla za kontrolno obravnavanje smo vzeli na obrobju Celja, vsebnost kovin pa je bila pod mejno vrednostjo: Cd = 1 mg/kg Pb = 34 mg/kg Zn = 138 mg/kg. Tla smo homogenizirali in napolnili 10 litrske lonce, za vsako vrsto vrtnin smo pripravili 5 loncev za vsako vrsto tal. V vsak lonec smo posadili po dve rastlini iste vrste, razen pri stroĉjem fiţolu smo imeli tri rastline. Vrtnine smo gojili do tehnološke zrelosti in nato izmerili vsebnost kovin v uţitnih delih rastlin. Ugotovili smo, da veĉja koncentracija kovin v zemlji vpliva na veĉje vsebnosti kovin v uţitnih delih rastlin. Sprejem kovin se je razlikoval med posameznimi vrstami vrtnin. Najmanj kovin je bilo v gomolju kolerabice in strokih stroĉjega fiţola, saj vsebnosti Cd in Pb nista presegali mejne vrednosti za ţivila. Vsebnost Cd in Pb je presegala mejno vrednost za ţivila v uţitnih delih solate, rdeĉe pese in šalotke, ki so rasle v onesnaţenih tleh. Velika koncentracija kovin v tleh je vplivala tudi na manjšo koliĉino pridelka pri rastlinah solate, stroĉjega fiţola, šalotke in kolerabice. Rdeĉa pesa pa je imela veĉji pridelek gomoljev v onesnaţenih tleh. In this diploma thesis differences in the accumulation of Cd, Pb and Zn in lettuce, green beans, red beet, shallot and kohlrabi in differently contaminated soil were evaluated. Two soil samples – with different contamination levels were collected in which different vegetables were grown. The contaminated soil was gathered in Celje, in the neighbourhood of a big industrial factory. Metals concentrations in contaminated soil exceeded critical values determined by regulation (Regulation, 68/1996): Cd = 46mg/kg Pb = 4067 mg/kg Zn = 40166 mg/kg. Soil that was used for control group was gathered in the suburban area of Celje, its metals concentrations were under the regulation limit values: Cd = 1 mg/kg Pb = 34 mg/kg Zn = 138 mg/kg. The soil was homogenized and put into 10 liter pots. Individual vegetable species was cultivated in five pots (repetition), for each group.The vegetable samples were taken when plant reached technological maturity. After the proper preparation of samples, the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in edible portions of vegetables were measured. The result showed that higher concentration of metals in soil was associated with higher concentration of metals in edible portions. The concentrations of accumulated metals from soil in edible portions depended on vegetable species. Green beans and kohlrabi showed lower levels of accumulation. None of their samples did not exceed the Cd and Pb concentration values determined by the regulation, not even in contaminated group. Lettuce, red beet and sallot appeared to be better metals accumulators. All the samples in contaminated group exceeded Cd and Pb concentration values determined by the regualation. Higher Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations in soil influance yield decreease in lettuce, green beans, shallot and kohlrabi.

Kadmij (Cd), živo srebro (Hg), svinec (Pb) in arzen (As) so kovine, ki se naravno ali kot posledica človekove dejavnosti pojavljajo v okolju, tudi v gozdni krajini, kjer so rastišča številnih evropskih vrst gliv. Namen članka je bil pripraviti pregled vrst in količin izbranih kovin v trosnjakih gliv terprimerjati lastne raziskave, opravljene v različno onesnaženih območjih v Sloveniji (Zgornja Mežiška, Šaleška in Poljanska dolina), s podatki evropskih raziskav. Vsebnosti kovin v trosnjakih gliv iz neonesnaženih območij pravilomanajdemo v naslednjih intervalih

Lichens are often used as bioindicators of air pollution due to their biology.Their thallus is without any true tissues and organs, the cuticle and roots are not developed. They get all needed substances from the air. Epiphytic lichens are used (1) for following the heavy metal input into the environment, since they accumulate them, and (2) for the assessment of generalpollution, since they start to decay in polluted areas. In the Šalek Valley area, the input of metals Pb, As, Zn, and Cd into the environment was assessed with the active monitoring method. The epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes was transplanted from reference site (Rogla, Pohorje Mts) to the influential region of the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant for the period of 6 months. The heavy metal content increased in transplanted lichens in comparison with content in lichens from Rogla. General air pollution was assessed on the basis of present lichen species. Three different methods for mapping epiphytic lichens were used: German (VDI), European (EU) and Slovenian(SI). The assessment of air quality with VDI and EU method is based on presence of different epiphytic lichen species, whereas the air quality assessment according to SI method is based on assessment of frequency and cover of three major thalli types of epiphytic lichens. Lišaje zaradi njihove specifične biologije pogosto uporabljamo kot bioindikatorje kvalitete zraka. Njihova steljka je brez pravih tkiv in organov, nimajo razvite kutikule in korenin. Vse, kar potrebujejo za svojo rast in razvoj, črpajo iz zraka. Epifitske lišaje uporabljamo za (1) sledenje vnosa težkih kovin v okolje, saj se težke kovine v njih kopičijo, ter (2) za sledenje splošne onesnaženosti zraka, saj lišaji na območjih večjega onesnaženja začnejo propadati. Na območju Šaleške doline smo ugotavljali vnos kovin Pb, As, Zn in Cd v okolje z metodo aktivnega monitoringa, presaditvijo epifitskega lišaja vrste Hypogymnia physodes iz referenčnega območja (Rogla, Pohorje) na vplivno območje TEŠ za obdobje 6 mesecev. Ugotovili smo, da se težke kovine v lišajih kopičijo in da so se vsebnosti v primerjavi z začetnimivsebnostmi v lišajih z Rogle povečale. S pomočjo nemške (VDI), evropske (EU) in slovenske (SI) metode popisovanja lišajske flore smo ugotavljali tudi splošno onesnaženost ozračja. Ocena kakovosti zraka po VDI inEU metodi temelji na popisu prisotnih vrst epifitskih lišajev, medtem ko določitev kvalitete zraka po SI metodi temelji na popisu številčnosti in pokrovnosti posameznih tipov steljk epifitskih lišajev.

Vsebnosti Cd, Pb, Hg in As smo izmerili v trosnjakih različnih vrst gliv iz okolice nekdanje topilnice svinca (Zgornja Mežiška dolina) in največjega termoenergetskega objekta v Sloveniji (Šaleška dolina) z namenom, da napravimo primerjavo med obema območjema ter drugimi evropskimi raziskavami in ocenimo tveganje za zdravje ljudi zaradi prehranjevanja s trosnjaki užitnih vrst gliv. V Šaleški dolini odsvetujemo uživanje poljskega in hostnega kukmaka, poletnega gobana ter vijoličaste bledivke, v Zgornji Mežiški dolini pa jesenskega gobana, betičaste prašnice, brezovega turka, sivorumene mraznice in orjaškega dežnika. Za nekatere vrste gliv predlagamo omejitve pri njihovem uživanju. Med analiziranimi kovinami je Cd najbolj problematičen v obeh raziskovalnih območjih, saj ravno vsebnost Cd največkrat zmanjšuje dopustno količino zaužitih trosnjakov gliv. Zaradi prepoznanega tveganja za zdravje ljudi predlagamo vzpostavitev biomonitoringa v degradiranih območjih v Sloveniji, kjer podobnih raziskav še ni bilo (Jesenice, Celjska kotlina), in v tradicionalno nabiralniških območjih (Pokljuka, Smrekovec).

Lišaje zaradi njihove specifične biologije pogosto uporabljamo kot bioindikatorje kvalitete zraka. Njihova steljka je brez pravih tkiv in organov, nimajo razvite kutikule in korenin. Vse, kar potrebujejo za svojo rast in razvoj, črpajo iz zraka. Epifitske lišaje uporabljamo za (1) sledenje vnosa težkih kovin v okolje, saj se težke kovine v njih kopičijo, ter (2) za sledenje splošne onesnaženosti zraka, saj lišaji na območjih večjega onesnaženja začnejo propadati. Na območju Šaleške doline smo ugotavljali vnos kovin Pb, As, Zn in Cd v okolje z metodo aktivnega monitoringa, presaditvijo epifitskega lišaja vrste Hypogymnia physodes iz referenčnega območja (Rogla, Pohorje) na vplivno območje TEŠ za obdobje 6 mesecev. Ugotovili smo, da se težke kovine v lišajih kopičijo in da so se vsebnosti v primerjavi z začetnimivsebnostmi v lišajih z Rogle povečale. S pomočjo nemške (VDI), evropske (EU) in slovenske (SI) metode popisovanja lišajske flore smo ugotavljali tudi splošno onesnaženost ozračja. Ocena kakovosti zraka po VDI inEU metodi temelji na popisu prisotnih vrst epifitskih lišajev, medtem ko določitev kvalitete zraka po SI metodi temelji na popisu številčnosti in pokrovnosti posameznih tipov steljk epifitskih lišajev. Lichens are often used as bioindicators of air pollution due to their biology.Their thallus is without any true tissues and organs, the cuticle and roots are not developed. They get all needed substances from the air. Epiphytic lichens are used (1) for following the heavy metal input into the environment, since they accumulate them, and (2) for the assessment of generalpollution, since they start to decay in polluted areas. In the Šalek Valley area, the input of metals Pb, As, Zn, and Cd into the environment was assessed with the active monitoring method. The epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes was transplanted from reference site (Rogla, Pohorje Mts) to the influential region of the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant for the period of 6 months. The heavy metal content increased in transplanted lichens in comparison with content in lichens from Rogla. General air pollution was assessed on the basis of present lichen species. Three different methods for mapping epiphytic lichens were used: German (VDI), European (EU) and Slovenian(SI). The assessment of air quality with VDI and EU method is based on presence of different epiphytic lichen species, whereas the air quality assessment according to SI method is based on assessment of frequency and cover of three major thalli types of epiphytic lichens.

Pri prireji mleka se srečujemo z neprestanimi nihanji cen produktov v našem primeru mleka in nihanjem cen krmnih surovin, hkrati pa se soočamo z vedno ostrejšimi predpisi in zahtevami. V okolju zaostrene konkurence se morajo tudi kmetijski obrati povsem prilagoditi tržnim razmeram in konkurenci, da pa smo lahko konkurenčni, moramo proizvajati kvalitetne izdelke za najnižjo ceno. Namen diplomskega delaje predstaviti enega izmed načinov kako pripraviti najugodnejši krmni obrok za krave molznice z pokritimi potrebami. Praktično bomo prikazali dva primera obrokov in sicer enega z ročnim vnašanjem surovin in drugega z uporabo razvitega modela za optiminizacijo krmnih obrokov pri kravah molznicah. Za vrednotenje beljakovin uporabljamo presnovljive beljakovine in za vrednotenje energije pa NEL – e . Model je razvit v Excel - ovem okolju za reševanje pa uporabljamo dodatek (WB!9). There is constantly product price fluctuation - in our case milk price fluctuation - and fodder price fluctuation in milk production. At the same time we are facing with stricter regulations and demands. In intensified competition environment the agricultural plant has to adjust completely to the market conditions and to the competition. To be competitive, we have to produce quality products for lower price. The intention of the degree paper is to present one of the manners how to prepared cheapest fodder meal for dairy cows with covered needs. We will practically show two examples of meals for dairy cows. One of the examples is entering raw material by hand and the second one with using developed model for optimisation fodder meals for dairy cows. For the evaluation of proteins are used metabolic proteins and for the evaluation of energy is used NEL – e. The model is developed in Excel, for solving is used file (WB!9).