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V diplomski nalogi je predstavljen projekt RCERO Ljubljana, Regijski center za ravnanje z odpadki, in sicer njegov ključni del: obrat mehansko-biološke obdelave odpadkov. Obrat je zgrajen za sprejem in predelavo gospodinjskih odpadkov, kosovnih odpadkov, biološko razgradljivih odpadkov ter odpadkov iz obrti, proizvodne in storitvene dejavnosti za Ljubljano in osrednjo Slovenijo. Predstavitev v diplomski nalogi obsega opis objektov in naprav v obratu. Prikazani so posamezni sklopi s postopki predelave odpadkov in povezave ter prepletenost postopkov predelave v takem obratu. Predelava odpadkov je potrebna in pomembna za zmanjšanje količine odloženih odpadkov in večanje izrabe obnovljivih virov, ki jih s predelavo pridobimo iz odpadkov. V obratu zato potekajo posamezni sklopi in podsklopi mehanske in biološke predelave odpadkov. Z mehanskimi predelavami odpadkov se z ločevanjem pridobijo uporabne frakcije za recikliranje in frakcije ki so surovine za pripravo sekundarnega goriva. Z biološkimi predelavami iz biološko razgradljivih odpadkov se s postopkom anaerobne fermentacije pridobi bioplin, ki se uporabi v procesih predelave odpadkov kot energent. V nadaljevanju diplomske naloge je s pomočjo analize postopkov in podatkov o predelavi odpadkov prikazana optimizacija predelovalnih procesov. Izdelana preglednica dnevnega plana predstavlja plan optimalnega izkoriščanja delovnega časa v odvisnosti od postopkov predelave odpadkov. Preglednica dnevnega plana dela predelave odpadkov se v obratu že uporablja za obdelavo podatkov in za analizo postopkov. This undergraduate thesis presents details of the RCERO Ljubljana project, the Regional Waste Management Centre with its most important part: the mechanical-biological treatment plant. The plant has been constructed for the reception and processing of household waste, bulky waste, biodegradable waste and waste from craft activities, manufacturing and service activities for the city of Ljubljana and the Central Slovenia region. The presentation covers a description of the facilities and installations at the plant. Individual groups of activities are presented, including waste processing procedures and the connections and interconnections between processing procedures at a plant of this type. Waste processing is necessary and important for reducing the quantities of waste placed in andfill and for increasing the use of renewable sources obtained from waste processing. Individual groups and sub- groups of mechanical and biological waste processing herefore take place at the plant. Waste fractions capable of being used for recycling and fractions serving as raw materials for the preparation of secondary fuels are obtained by means of the mechanical processing of waste with separation. In biological processing, biogas is obtained from biodegradable waste through a process of anaerobic fermentation. This gas is used as a fuel in waste processing procedures. Furthermore, the thesis addresses the optimisation of processing procedures via an analysis of waste processing procedures and data. The daily plan, in the form of a table, is a plan for the optimal use of working time, depending on the waste processing procedures involved. The daily plan table for waste processing has been already in use at the plant for the processing of waste and the analysis of procedures.

Glavni namen diplomskega dela je bil preučiti vpliv kemijskih in mineralnih dodatkov na reološke lastnosti sveže cementne malte, tako imenovane malte CEM. Recepture maltnih mešanic smo pripravili na podlagi betonskih mešanic, z uporabo metode betonu ekvivalentne malte (metoda CEM). Meritve smo izvajali v Konstrukcijsko-prometnem laboratoriju Fakultete za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani. Reološke parametre smo merili z reometrom ConTec Viscometer 5, ter z vzporednimi meritvami razleza malte na stresalni mizici. Zamešali in testirali smo 26 različnih mešanic, ki jih lahko razvrstimo v 8 skupin. Vse mešanice so vsebovale agregat, cement in vodo. Mešanice se razlikujejo po vsebnosti kemijskih in mineralnih dodatkov, vrsti cementa in vodocementnem razmerju. Mineralni dodatki, s katerimi smo zamenjali del cementa, so bili mikrosilika, tuf in mleta granulirana plavžna žlindra. Kemijska dodatka, ki smo ju uporabili v študiji, sta bila superplastifikator in aerant. Uporabili smo tudi dva različna cementa. Rezultate meritev smo prikazali v obliki reografov in grafikonov, ki prikazujejo odvisnost strižne napetosti na meji tečenja ali razleza malte od deleža posamezne sestavine, katere vpliv smo ugotavljali. Preiskave smo izvajali takoj po zamešanju malte ter po preteku 20 min, 40 min in 60 min. The main purpose of the thesis was study of influence of chemical admixtures and mineral additives on the rheological properties of fresh cement mortar, so called CEM mortar. Composition of particular mortar mixture was determined from composition of relevant concrete mixture, by concrete equivalent mortar method (CEM method). All the measurements were performed in laboratory of the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering of University of Ljubljana. The rheological parameters were measured using a rheometer ConTec Viscometer 5 and by parallel measurements of mortar flow value on flow table. Research on the concrete, comparison between concrete and mortar mixtures and evaluation of CEM method were carried out within the thesis and doctoral dissertation. 26 different mortar compositions, which can be classified into 8 groups, were mixed and tested. All mixtures contained aggregate, cement and water. The mixtures differ by the content of chemical admixtures and mineral additives, type of cement and water to cement ratio. Mineral additives, which replaced part of the cement, were microsilica, tuff and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Chemical admixtures used in the study were superplasticizer and air entraining agent. We used also two different type of cement. Test results are presented in reographs and graphs that show relationship between yield value or flow value and content of studied mortar constituent. The tests were carried out immediately after the mixing of mortar was completed and 20 min, 40 min and 60 min after the mixing completion.

V diplomski nalogi opisujem lastnosti zidanih zgradb in načine sanacij le teh. Osredotočil sem se na stare zidane zgradbe iz kamenja in opeke. Opisal sem nekatere najpogostejše vzroke za propadanje. Pri načinih sanacije sem se osredotočil predvsem na konstrukcijsko utrditev, saj je ta ključna, da starim stavbam zagotovimo zadostno potresno varnost ter jih prilagodimo zahtevam sodobnega življenja. V drugem delu sem opravil analizo sanacije cerkve sv. Florjana v Fojani. Opisal sem začetno stanje objekta pred sanacijo in podrobno opisal potek vseh del, ki so bila izvedena v sklopu sanacije. Ker je bila sanacija izvedena na podlagi izkušenj, sem nekatere dele konstrukcije preveril s statičnim izračunom. The thesis is about describing the characteristics of masonry buildings and the ways of renovating them. I focused on old masonry buildings of stone and brick and I described some of the most frequent causes of deterioration. The ways of renovation are mainly focused on constructional reinforcement due to its importance to provide old buildings enough seismic protection and, at the same time, to adjust them to the needs of modern life. The second part deals with analysis of renovation of St. Florian's church in Fojana. I described the initial state of the building before the renovation. I gave a detailed description of all works which were carried out in the process of renovation. Due to the fact that the renovation has been done on the basis of my previous experience I verified some parts of the construction with the static calculation.

Zakonodaja se glede energetske učinkovitosti novih stavb vse bolj zaostruje, na drugi strani pa se bodo energenti dolgoročno dražili, zato se zdi investicija v skoraj nič energijsko zidano stavbo prava naložba. Poleg visokega bivalnega ugodje, so tudi stroški za ogrevanje in vzdrževanje skoraj nič energijske zidane stavbe nizki. V diplomski nalogi predstavim začetek in razvoj gradnje skoraj nič energijskih stavb, tehnologijo gradnje in detajle, ki so pomembni pri gradnji. V nadaljevanju diplomske naloge izvedem analizo stroškov gradnje in obratovanja skoraj nič energijske zidane stavbe in klasične zidane stavbe, ter jih med sabo primerjam. Po izvedeni primerjavi s pridobljenimi podatki izračunam dobo povračila naložbe v skoraj nič energijsko zidano stavbo. V diplomi predstavim tudi rezultate vprašalnika, ki so ga rešili investitorji skoraj nič energijskih zidanih stavb, ter priporočila bodočim investitorjem zidanih skoraj nič energijskih stavb. Legislation concerning the energy efficiency of new buildings is getting more and more strict, on the other hand, the price of the energy resources is in the long term gone continue to rise, so that is why it seems that an investment in the nearly zero-energy masonry building is a right investment. In addition to high living comfort, the costs for heating and maintenance of nearly zero-energy masonry buildings are low. In the graduation thesis I present the launch and the development of the construction of nearly zero-energy buildings, the building technology and the details that are important in the construction. In the continuation of the thesis I conduct an analysis of the costs of construction and operation of nearly zero-energy masonry buildings and classical masonry buildings and compare them. After the comparison I, using the obtained data, calculate the repayment period of the investment into the nearly zero-energy masonry building. In the thesis I also present the results of a questionnaire that the investors in the nearly zero-energy masonry buildings answered, as well as the recommendations for future investors in the nearly zero-energy masonry buildings.

V diplomski nalogi je prikazan postopek statične analize in dimenzioniranje nosilnih elementov jeklene konstrukcije. Stavba je pravokotne tlorisne oblike, dimenzij 12,10 m in 32,20 m. Višina objekta je 9,50 m. Objekt ima dve etaži. V pritličju je predvidena proizvodnja in skladiščenje, v nadstropju so pisarne. Projekt je narejen v skladu z veljavnimi predpisi in standardi Evrokod ter pripadajočimi slovenskimi nacionalnimi dodatki. Dimenzioniranje na potresno projektno stanje je prikazano na dva načina in sicer, konstrukcije z majhnim sipanjem energije ter konstrukcije s sposobnostjo sipanja energije. Dimenzionirani so tudi štirje značilni spoji obravnavane jeklene konstrukcije. Fasada in streha je iz ognjeodpornih panelov. Dimenzioniranje temeljev ni vključeno v diplomsko nalogo. The Graduation Thesis shows the process of structural analysis and design of key elements of the steel structure. The building has a rectangular floor shape, dimensions of 12.10 m and 32.20 m. Building height is 9.50 m. Construction is a two storey facility. On the ground floor is planed production and storage unit, on the first floor there would be offices. The project is designed in accordance with the valid European standards Eurocodes and related Slovenian national annex. Design of structure for earthquake resistance is shown in two ways, constructions with low energy dissipation and constructions with ability of energy dissipation. In Thesis is also shown design of four typical connections. The facade and roof is made of fire resistant panels. Dimensioning of the foundations is not included in the Thesis.

V okviru diplomske naloge smo analizirali vpliv belega Portland cementa in njegovega deleža na lastnosti injekcijskih mešanic s kombiniranim apneno-cementnim vezivom. Kot polnilo je bila dodana kamena moka. Delež vode smo zmanjšali s pomočjo kemijskega dodatka (superlastifikator PPh). Preiskave smo opravili na svežih in strjenih mešanicah. Na svežih mešanicah smo preverjali pretočnost, izločanje vode, vodozadržnost in razlez. Na strjenih mešanicah smo merili krčenje in določili upogibno natezno trdnost in tlačno trdnost. Za preverjanje stopnje karbonatizacije smo uporabili fenolftaleinski indikator. Preiskave in meritve so bile izvedene v Konstrukcijsko prometnem laboratoriju Fakultete za gradbeništvo in geodezijo Univerze v Ljubljani. Within the scope of this diploma thesis we studied the influence of white Portland cement and its content on properties of injection grouts with binder composed of hydrated lime and white Portland cement. Powdered stone was used as filing material. Water content in the grouts was reduced with chemical admixture (PPh superplasticizer). The tests were performed on the fresh and hardened grouts. On fresh grouts mixture we have performed the test of fluidity and bleeding test and we also determined the water retentivity and the flow value. On hardened grout we have performed the measurement of shrinkage and we have determined flexural strength and compressive strength. The phenolphthalein test was also used to determine the level of carbonization. All the tests and measurements were carried out in the laboratory of the Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering of University of Ljubljana.

Diplomska naloga obravnava proces projektiranja javne železniške infrastrukture od pobude za zagon naložbe do pridobitve gradbenega dovoljenja oziroma pridobitve pravice za izvajanje del. Diplomska naloga obravnava zakonodajo s področja graditve objektov, s področja prostorskega načrtovanja, zaščite okolja in tudi s področja železniške infrastrukture. Podrobno so predstavljeni interdisciplinarnost projektantske dejavnosti in posebnosti procesa projektiranja objektov železniške infrastrukture. Prav tako so opisane razlike v procesu projektiranja glede na vrsto objekta ter vrsto gradnje, opisano pa je tudi, kako posebnosti določene lokacije lahko vplivajo na ta proces. Problematika je predstavljena na dveh vsebinsko izrazito različnih primerih procesa projektiranja novogradnje ter procesa projektiranja vzdrževalnih del v javno korist. The thesis considered the design process of the public railway infrastructure from the initiative to launch investment to obtain a building permit or acquiring the right for execution. The thesis taken into consideration related legislation in the field of construction works in the field of spatial planning, environmental protection, as well as in the field of railway infrastructure. It is presentation of interdisciplinarity of design profession and specifics of the design process for railway infrastructure. It also describes the differences in the design documentation according to the type of the facility and the type of construction, as well as the specifics of the location itself. The topic is also presented in two substantive different cases: the design process for newbuilding and design process for maintenance work of public benefit.

Postavlja se vprašanje, ali dimenzionirati voziščno konstrukcijo za vsak posamezni primer ali iz kataloga standardiziranih voziščnih konstrukcij izbrati ustrezno voziščno konstrukcijo za merodajno prometno obremenitev. Sama se nagibam k temu, da je bolj praktičen in hitrejši način izbor ustrezne voziščne konstrukcije iz kataloga. Takšen način v Sloveniji še ne obstaja. V diplomskem delu sem se zato lotila izdelave kataloga predlaganih sestav asfaltnih voziščnih konstrukcij po vzoru nemških smernic. V prvem delu diplomskega dela sem podrobno predstavila metodo projektiranja asfaltnih voziščnih konstrukcij pri nas in v Nemčiji. V Sloveniji se dimenzioniranje asfaltnih voziščnih konstrukcij izvaja po postopku, ki je predpisan v Tehnični specifikaciji za ceste TSC 06.520 Projektiranje in dimenzioniranje novih asfaltnih voziščnih konstrukcij. V drugem delu diplomskega dela sem izdelala Katalog asfaltnih voziščnih konstrukcij, ki je pripravljen z upoštevanjem zahtev v Sloveniji veljavnih standardov, tehničnih smernic in pravilnikov. V katalogu podajam predlagane sestave asfaltnih voziščnih konstrukcij (tako dimenzije kot materiale) za posamezne razrede prometnih obremenitev. Katalog sem izdelala za strukturo asfaltne voziščne konstrukcije, ki je pri nas najpogosteje izvajana in sicer gre za asfaltno krovno plast, vgrajeno na nevezano nosilno plast iz kamnitega drobljenca, ta pa na kamnito posteljico. The question arises whether to design pavement structure for each individual case or to choose the adequate pavement structure for the relevant traffic load from the catalogue of standardized pavement structures. I incline to the fact that the choice of adequate pavement structure from the catalogue is more practical and faster way. In Slovenia such a way is still non-existent. This is the reason why the aim of my diploma work is to produce a catalogue of relevant asphalt pavement structures based on the model of German guidelines. In the first part of my thesis I detailed the method of designing asphalt pavement in our country and in Germany. In Slovenia designing asphalt pavement is carried out according to regulations in Technical specifications for public roads TSC 06.520 Design of new asphalt pavement. In the second part of my thesis I worked out the Catalogue of asphalt pavement considering the demands of standards, technical directives and regulations valuable in Slovenia. In the catalogue I present the suggested compositions of asphalt pavement (dimensions as well as materials) for separate traffic loads classes. The catalogue is elaborated for the structure of asphalt pavement mostly carried out in our country. It is about the asphalt surfacing built in on a crush rock base course and this one on a mineral capping layer.

V diplomski nalogi smo predstavili analizo izvedbe asfalterskih del, ki so bila večinska dela pri obnovi odseka severne ljubljanske obvoznice med izvozoma na Celovško in v Koseze, opravljena v letu 2012. Analizo smo opravili tako z vidika časovne izvedbe kot tudi z vidika stroškov, pri čemer smo primerjali ponudbene ocene s podatki dejanske izvedbe del. Vse podatke smo pridobili od izvajalca asfalterskih del, podjetja STRABAG d.o.o. Za analizo smo uporabili enaka računalniška orodja kot jih izvajalec uporablja v svojem delu. Na osnovi rezultatov analize smo v zaključku dela predlagali izboljšave pri pripravi bodočih ponudb izvajalca, izboljšave spremljave projektov izvajalca ter predlog sprememb razpisnih pogojev naročnika predmetnih del, družbe DARS. The essence of the graduation thesis is the analysis of asphalt works as the main works of the reconstruction of the part of the Ljubljana bypass between the Celovška and Koseze exits executed in 2012. Our analysis was done from the perspective of time needed for the execution and from the perspective of costs. We compared the tender estimates with the execution data in the analysis. Data needed for our analysis was obtained from the contractor of the analyzed asphalt works, company STRABAG Ltd Slovenia. We used the same IT tools for our analysis that the contractor uses in everyday work. The findings of our analysis were used in the conclusion to propose improvements in the preparation of future tender offers and project execution monitoring by the contractor as well as changes in some of the employer, DARS’s, future tender requirements.

Za slovensko ozemlje sta značilni raznolika geološka in geomorfološka zgradba ter tektonska aktivnost. Zato je treba pri načrtovanju in gradnji objektov posebno pozornost nameniti geološko pogojenim dejavnikom tveganja, kot so plazovi, kraški udori, poplave podzemne in površinske vode, tektonske cone ter mehka, zelo stisljiva tla. Pri načrtovanju velikih infrastrukturnih objektov so geološko geotehnične raziskave pomemben sestavni del načrtovanja del v zgodnjih fazah projektiranja in med gradnjo. Pri načrtovanju in gradnji individualnih hiš ter lokalnih prometnic pa so geološko geotehnične raziskave pogosto prezrte, bodisi zaradi nevednosti in kratkovidnosti investitorjev bodisi zaradi prihrankov na kratek rok. Zato ni naključje, da se iz leta v leto srečujemo z velikansko škodo, ki jo na stanovanjskih objektih in lokalnih cestah povzročajo plazovi, poplave in neenakomerni posedki. Pomembno vlogo pri tem ima tudi dejstvo, da z gradnjami vse bolj posegamo na območja, ki so se jim naši predniki izogibali, pa tudi vse pogostejši vremenski ekstremi. V diplomski nalogi sem predstavila najbolj pogoste geološko pogojene dejavnike tveganja v Sloveniji in posledice le-teh na individualne stanovanjske objekte. Z geološko geotehničnega vidika sem analizirala in primerjala dve lokaciji v okolici Brezovice za gradnjo stanovanjskega objekta. Predstavljene so prednosti in slabosti obeh lokacij za gradnjo. Slovenian territory is characterized by diverse geological and geomorphological structure and tectonic activity. In designing and construction of objects it is therefore necessary to pay special attention to geologically caused risk factors, namely landslides, karst collapses, flooding of groundwater and surface water, tectonic zones, and soft and very compressible ground. In designing of large infrastructure objects, geological and geotechnical researches are an important integral part of planning of work in early stages of design and during construction. In designing and construction of individual houses and local traffic roads, geological and geotechnical researches are often overlooked either due to ignorance and short-sightedness of investors or savings in short term. Therefore, it is not coincidence that from year to year we face enormous damage on residential objects caused by landslides, floods, and uneven subsiding. An important role is also played by the fact that with constructions we increasingly interfere with the areas that our ancestries avoided, and also by more frequent weather extremes. In the graduation thesis, I presented the most common geologically caused risk factors in Slovenia, and their consequences on individual residential objects. From the geotechnical perspective I analysed and compared two locations for construction of residential object in the vicinity of Brezovica. Advantages and disadvantages of both locations for construction are presented.

V sklopu diplomske naloge smo obravnavali postopek izdelave in postavitve jeklene šotorske konstrukcije. Predstavili smo glavne sestavne dele objekta in njegove prednosti v primerjavi s klasično grajenimi objekti. Kljub temu, da je v Sloveniji postavljenih veliko takšnih objektov se še vedno pojavljajo predsodki glede šotorskih konstrukcij. Predvsem se pojavljajo dvomi glede nosilnosti konstrukcije in trajnosti membranskega prekritja, kar pa je pri izbiri kvalitetnega proizvajalca povsem odveč. Namembnost takšnih objektov je iz dneva v dan večja, kar lahko pripisujemo kvalitetni izvedbi in nenehnemu razvoju konstrukcij ter membranskih prekritij. Skozi predstavljene in opisane faze je našteta tudi mehanizacija in ostala oprema, ki je potrebna za uspešno izvedbo in montažo. Veliko prednost jeklenih šotorskih konstrukcij predstavlja enostavno temeljenje, ki se ga lahko uporablja pri relativno velikih razponih konstrukcije. Membransko prekritje z ustrezno izbranimi barvami zagotavlja dobro osvetljenost v prostoru, hkrati pa dobra barvna kombinacija naredi objekt vizualno atraktiven. V nalogi je na kratko predstavljen tudi material membrane in postopki krojenja oziroma varjenja posameznih trakov. Within this thesis we discussed the process of manufacture and installation of a steel membrane structure. We presented the main components of the facility and its advantages compared with conventional engineering structures. Although in Slovenia a number of such facilities have been placed, prejudices regarding membrane structures still occur. Above all, doubts about the load-bearing capacity and the durability of membrane covers occur, which is completely superfluous when choosing a high-quality manufacturer. The intended use of such structures is increasing day by day, which can be attributed to a quality implementation and a constant development of structures and membrane covers. Through the presented and described phases, also the machinery and other equipment that is necessary for a successful implementation and installation, is listed. A great advantage of steel membrane structures is represented by a simple foundation, which can be used at relatively large spans of the structure. A membrane cover with appropriately selected colours provides a good illumination of the place, while a good colour combination makes the facility visually attractive. The thesis also represents a brief overview of the membrane material and the procedures of cutting out and welding of individual strips.