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Due to its encyclopedic nature, the Tesoro de la lengua castellana offers a good sample of the state of the various disciplines at the time of its writing. In this paper, we will systematically study how rhetorical matter is dealt with in Covarrubias’ work and how this treatment corresponds to the state of the art in the early 17th century. In this study we observe how the process of poeticization of rhetoric is evident in the special attention that Covarrubias dedicates to the elocutio, and we focus on Covarrubias’s sources, in order to show that – apart from being the classic Latin ones (mainly Cicero and Quintilian) – they are often mediated by the work of Ambrosio Calepino, as other scholars had already detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of medical studies, the topographic aspect (a study about the special circumstances that contributes to the beginning, develop, and ending of diseases belonging to a country) acquired particular significance in New Spain through the work of Diego Cisneros (1618). Juan de Melgarejo, professor, protophysician, priest, and author of two medical writings, continued with the work of Cisneros. The one that concerns us in this paper is called Parecer que ejecutó el Dr. D. Juan de Melgarejo por mandato de su Santidad y orden del Proto Medicato sobre la incorrupción del Ayate de María Santísima de Guadalupe, por los años de 1666. This text remained unpublished and it is closely related to the line of Melgarejo's works on the Virgin of Guadalupe. In this work he analyzes the ayate (cloak) of Juan Diego from a topographic perspective inserted in theoretical and experimental aspects of the hippocratical-galenic slope that prevailed in the medicine perspective of the Baroque New Spain. This research includes aspects on the university education of the author and regarding his tasks as protophysician, one of which was, precisely, the development of the Guadalupean manuscript. All the sources we have used are original. They come from México's General Archive of the Nation, and they all were interpreted by the author. They show the training given by doctors at the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico and the link between this and the tasks of the Royal Protomedicato Tribunal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the process of the visitation and demarcation of the village of Gueychiapa, in the province of Xilotepec (Mexico), during the stage prior to the elimination of the congregation and reduction of its numbers. It analyses the organization of the territory, the transfer of villages and their position within the congregational order. It also examines the disputes among cattle ranchers, landowners, and beneficiaries of land grants; the Indian villages adjacent to these properties; and the viceregal administration, which was inclined to return the lands in order to reduce the number of congregated villages on them. The documentation consulted provides a glimpse into both the Indigenous villagers' and Spanish and Creole farmers/ranchers' interests in the control and use of resources such as land and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the formation of the Research Group for the Study of Mining in Northwest Argentina (GEMINOA) a decade ago, we have been carrying out an interdisciplinary research that aims to address the mining activities developed in this region in the long-term. This paper synthesizes and expands our original depiction of colonial mining in the region, focusing on the jurisdictions of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, and La Rioja during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. With this aim in mind, it combines historical sources and archaeological data (from our own work or specialized literature). Moreover, it reflects on the concepts of hegemonic and non-hegemonic mining, considering the variables that defined them and their suitability for characterizing the colonial mining developed in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cuceb is one of the most mysterious texts in the Books of Chilam Balam written during the early Colonial Period. Previous scholars have commented that it recounts a fictitious katun and contains events from different epochs ranging from the 13th to the 17th centuries. The text itself incorporates allusions of historical and mythological stories with origins from the Postclassic and Classic Periods. In this paper I will examine some expressions and key parts of the Cuceb. I propose that these passages interconnect with other texts in the Books of Chilam Balam and Paris codex, which together point to the collapse of Mayapan, the last capital of the Northern Yucatan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small-scale image of the Virgin Mary that is known and venerated to this day under the name of "the Virgin of Socorro" [the Virgin of the Helpless] in Santiago (Chile) is also held to be the very first pious image to have landed on this pe-ripheral colonial city. From early on, it inspired a number of legends highlighting its alleged miraculous character, its role in the Foundation of Santiago and the first steps of the Franciscan Friars in the city. This paper delves into the key-paradoxes surrounding the image's supernatural origins and very common upon sacred Christian images: on the one hand, it was offered as a gift to reward the miraculous intervention of the Virgin Mary in the midst of a battle against the Indi-ans; on the other, some sources suggest that the image itself performed the supernatural feat. The image concentrates a host of key-features that are discussed below: (i) it helped shape a new imagery that came to define the Christian practice in these regions; (ii) it exemplifies the gradual usurpation of an originally Mercedarian topic to the profit of the Franciscan Order; (iii) it summarized the triumph of the Christian faith over the native rebel populations of Chile's central region; (iv) and it was also coopted as the preferred devotion by the political elites. The paper concludes by advancing a hypoth-esis about the image's iconography, which may stem from the appropriation of an alien typology (Saint Mary Magdalene), due to the scarcity of pious images in these peripheral regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the participation of officers of the Inquisition (inquisitors, prosecutors, secretaries, contador, receivers, alguacil mayor, etc.) in different lucrative activities revolving around the sugar mills of Gran Canaria during the early decades of the 17th century. This involvement led to jurisdictional conflicts and judicial confrontations with certain neighbours, as well as between the inquisitorial members themselves; all of this a far cry from the prevailing image of the Holy Office, or the one it projected about itself. Secondarily, the paper sheds light on different aspects and practices in the world of the sugar business, already in its final phase on the island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The speech by Juan Caramuel entitled Thanatosophia differs from devotional books on preparation for death. In order to treat this topic, the author followed the oratorial technique which he had read in De eloquentia sacra et prophana by Nicolas Caussin. This paper focuses on the function of the structural and stylistic elements chosen by Caramuel and analyses the intertextual references between these two works as a means of better understanding the Thanatosophia in its cultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes descriptively and comparatively the numerals recorded in the two historically documented languages pertaining to the Huarpean linguistic family: Allentiac from the south of San Juan and Millcayac from the north of Mendoza. Both languages are known, mainly, through two treatises published in the early seventeenth century by a Jesuit missionary, Father Luis (or Luys) de Valdivia. The work is part of a personal research project on the morphosyntactic characteristics, semantics, typology, possible origins, diachronic evolution and probable diffusion phenomena in the numeral systems of the indigenous languages from the Southern Cone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a detailed on-site analysis of the architecture built in the monastery of San Julián de Samos (Lugo, Spain) during the 17th and 18th centuries, this paper explores the variability of the structures used to cover the new monastic spaces and its clear lack of stylistic relation with the artistic mainstream and other coetaneous artworks, which were built during the same period in other Galician monasteries. Our last goal is to understand the reasons behind the use of old arched structures when new architectonical styles were being introduced. The role of the Brother Pedro Martínez, from the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña in Burgos, is revealed here as a key factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the links between the musician Giovanni Battista da Gagliano and the Compagnia di San Benedetto Bianco in Florence, a religious confraternity to which he belonged. Given that the confraternity's defining feature was a penitential form of spirituality, it seems plausible that the spiritual compositions included in Gagliano's Varie musiche (1623), about the death of Christ and the planctus Mariae were originally composed for this setting; or that Gagliano was inspired to write them by his association with it. In the seventeenth century, several paintings were made for the interiors of San Benedetto Bianco by prominent Florentine artists (many of whom were also members of the confraternity). The imagery in these paintings depicted the key events of the Passion, to inspire spiritual and corporeal mortification in the confraternity members; similarly, Gagliano's penitential pieces of music may have been intended to produce, through meditative lyrics and gloomy melodic lines, the same emotions felt by Christ or by the Virgin at the foot of the cross. With the support of various spiritual texts used at San Benedetto Bianco, and on the basis of some significant textual similarities and convergences between texts and imagery, the author theorises that there was a relationship between the musical dimension and the painted representations, attempting to understand if and how the aural component interacted with the visual one during ritual practices. This 'synaesthetic' fusion made such moments more impactful, by rendering them multi-sensory experiences in which both art forms contributed to increasing the confraternity members' sense of involvement and propensity for contemplation. Furthermore, several manuscripts held at the small archive at San Benedetto Bianco, situated within the Parish Church of Santa Lucia sul Prato, Florence (the confraternity's final premises) were examined; they revealed that one of Gagliano's pieces included in the 1623 print, Ecco ch'io verso il sangue, was sung at the confraternity as part of a sort of theatrical performance on the evening of Good Friday, following the moment when the members usually carried out flagellation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose to discuss two texts: Cristóbal de Acuña’s “relation” (relación) entitled Nuevo descubrimiento del gran Río de las Amazonas (1641) and Pedro de Santo Eliseu’s epic poem Viagem (1746). These discussions are based on rhetorical and poetic precepts and on theological-political conceptions pertinent to the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Thus, it is intended to show that, in the travel report of the Spanish Jesuit priest Acuña and in the epic poem of the Portuguese Carmelite friar Eliseu, the “River of the Amazons” representations are made of history, poetry and politics, aiming at the concord between the members of Kingdom’s mystical body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an ethnohistoric approximation, supported by the theoretical fundamentals of anthropology, with which we look to provide an interpretive framework of sacrificial practices in the reche-mapuche culture during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Supported by an analysis of chronicles and unpublished documents, the objective of this paper is to understand the role that the diverse procedures played in giving a meaning to the sacrificial practice, but also the combination of symbolic systems that permitted the equivalencies and replacements of those beings (humans and animals) that would be sacrificed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I shall explore Cervantes' role as an "exemplary" model for the establishment of the aesthetics of Realism in France, which characterizes the modern novel in the 17th century. Through a comparative analysis, I shall highlight the influence of Don Quixote on the works of Charles Sorel and Paul Scarron (among others). By deploying strategies of parody and satire which are similar to Cervantes', their novels implied a critical reaction against the heroic and sentimental works by Madeleine de Scudéry and Honoré d'Urfé. At the same time, the authors studied here should be regarded as forerunners to the renewal of the picaresque genre led by Lesage and the moral tales by Marivaux and Diderot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the pamphlet printed by Juan de Mongastón in 1611 about Logroño's Auto de Fe (1610) and its special emphasis on the witches judged on 7 and 8 November. This paper maintains that this pamphlet, which is of undeniable historical interest, must be approached from a literary perspective, since, as will be shown, it is actually a literary text, although it has never been viewed from that perspective. To justify these claims we will rely on the connection established by Francisco Rico and José Miguel Barandiarán, and the current narrative interpretation of witchcraft (Dolan, Rowland, Rowlands, Gibson, Clark, Rushton, Gaskill, Purkiss and Gentilcore) as well as contributions by Caro Baroja, Henningsen, Dueso and Azurmendi about the “Zugarramurdi's Witches". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies some historical episodes of the travel narrative (1599-1607) by friar Diego de Ocaña as reconstructions recalled from the colonial Peruvian collective memory at the beginning of the Seventeenth century. It starts with some theoretical notions on the distinction between collective and cultural memory and formal historical discourse, and it also ponders on why these notions could be applied to Ocaña's manuscript. Then, passages of Friar Diego's account are analyzed, particularly those on the arrival to Tawantinsuyu of the Spaniards conquistadores and on the actions of the four Pizarro brothers, in order to determine their differences with the historiography on these same topics. Even more importantly, the paper aims to explain how those distinctions between formal historical discourse and Ocaña's narratives show the interaction and conflict of values and of social, political, and cultural interests at the time. This paper argues that the episodes on the Pizarro brothers disclose the necessity to eradicate from collective memory both Gonzalo Pizarro's blemish of sedition and the nefarious actions of the other brothers, Francisco, Hernando, and Juan, while Francisco Pizarro's image is extolled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sermón en lengua de Chile (1621) written by Spanish Jesuit Luis de Valdivia incorporates vocabulary from the Mapudungun language. Several terms in Mapudungun such as 'huecovoe', 'marepuante' and 'pillan', are explained as "equivalents" of Christian divinities. Based on ethnohistorical studies, in this paper we analyze the effective concept relationships and meaning in the Mapuche culture. The main findings suggest that these concepts have undergone a semantic change as a result of the writer's worldviews. Thus, a fallible discourse is generated in its argument effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the economic image of seventeenth-century Spain given by foreign travellers with that offered by the arbitristas, examining the principal similarities and differences. Specifically, it analyses the following issues: the consideration of the natural resources base, the vision of national character and its relation to productive activities, and the perception of the economic situation and the causes of backwardness. The aim is to contrast the views of those who were thinking 'from the inside' about the causes of the evident decline of the country, with the free and uncensored gaze of foreign visitors, who, despite the obvious constraints and limitations, tended to focus on the most striking and different aspects they found compared to the reality of their own countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jose Osorio Espinosa de los Monteros, who became Judge of the Royal Court of Mexico, attained a degree in Civil Law from the Royal University of Mexico with a thesis published in 1668, and now preserved at the Nation's General Archive (agn). The purpose of this paper is to present said thesis along with its paleographic transcription and his translation, as well as a philological and historical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "Capella Stenoniana" (Niels Stensen chapel) situated in the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence is the tomb of the anatomist and founder of modern geology Niels Stensen (1638---1686). It displays commemorative plaques and contains a sarcophagus with Stensen's mortal remains. The tomb of Blessed Stensen, whose canonization process is under way, is always covered with papers with requests for intercession, prayers and thanks written by pilgrims from throughout the world, among them pupils, students, professors and other academics. They come to the tomb to seek Stensen's intercession to obtain God's graces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jean Saulnier wrote his Introduction en la langue espagnolle (1608) and Nouvelle grammaire italienne et espagnole (1624) in order to promote the learning of Spanish and Italian as foreign languages in France in the first quarter of the seventeenth century. This paper analyses the formal characteristics of these handbooks and the distinctive features of the parts of speech as presented in both of Saulnier's learner's grammars. At the same time, it presents common traits with the grammars that served Saulnier as models: Donatus's Ars minor (fourth century A.D.), Antonio de Nebrija's Gramática de la lengua castellana (1492), Louis Meigret's Trętté de la grammęre françoęze (1550), Giovanni Miranda's Osservationi della lingua castigliana ([1566] 1569) and César Oudin's Grammaire espagnolle ([1597] 21604.). The comparison reveals not only the traditional lines in common but Saulnier's innovations too, which are particularly remarkable in his analysis of articles, verb tenses, conditional clauses and nominal case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of library inventories of the Golden Age is of great interest to those who study the culture of this period, as it reveals much about their owners, and also about readings, plays, copies, etc. about which otherwise we would not know. One of the most important libraries of the seventeenth century was that of Don Lorenzo Ramirez de Prado, erudite and bibliophile, who collected in his Madrid home at least 8,951 volumes. Don Lorenzo was godson of the humanist Pedro de Valencia, chronicler of the indies, he was Counselor of the indies from 1626 until his death, as was his brother Alonso; another brother, Marcos, was Bishop of Michoacan. Perhaps the special relationship that Don Lorenzo had with America throughout his life was the reason that among the volumes of his library are the major works on the subject of the Americas, some of them published in the New World. in the present paper, after a thorough examination of the inventory, we strive to provide a list of records about the subject of America or printed in America that were in the library at the time it was inventoried, followed by analysis and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why should we ask ourselves about Baroque's meaning? In fact, ¿can we define it? During the 20th century -and specially for the last thirty years- Baroque has been one of the most studied and discussed issues. It remains an inevitable topic when thinking about Latin-American literary and critical history. Two questions have driven, mainly but unequally, its interest: one referred to its concept, the other to its corpus. Thus, the relations between concept and corpus -be they understated or self-evident- remain frequently unattended or implicit. This paper aims to reexamine and clarify the concept of Baroque following its critical drifts, specially the literary ones and mostly for Latin America. It also aims to thoughtfully analyze several excerpts from the work of sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (Mexico, 1648-1695) and from Juan de Espinosa Medrano (Peru, ¿1630?-1688) that makes it possible to properly analyze the relationship between concept and corpus. Finally, it aims to clarify this relationship and the critical conditions in which it emerged in order to think a possible distinction between the seventeenth Baroque and the twentieth (Neo)Baroque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will focus on the role slaves played in the city of Cartagena de Indias in the seventeenth century. It will also focus on how the city became a slave warehouse and the role they played in shaping this colonial society. Their jobs, dances, sociability and ethnic origin are presented as main characters in the shaping of this city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is based on a review of three of the main criteria used to classify Hispanic preaching in genres (types of sermons). These criteria have also been used to classify panegyric as a genre of sacred oratory. Establishing differences between classical rhetoric and sacred oratory, this paper will try to deine the place of the panegyric in preaching, thus determining in which ways it is possible to speak about genres of the sermon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of a requisite, inherited from the Scholastic tradition, plays a key role in Leibniz's epistemology and ontology. In this paper I analyze the theory of requisites developed by Leibniz between 1669-1679 and 1679-1689. In the first period, the notion of a requisite is linked to the notions of reason and cause. Leibniz develops these ideas in order to distance himself from the Cartesian and Spinozian conceptions of cause and the theory of God as causa sui. In the second period, Leibniz re-states his theory of requisites to fit in with his views on real definition and in order to distance himself both from the Cartesian method of ideas and from Hobessian nominalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the formation and consolidation of the regular army bodies established in the Intendancy of Concepcion in the late colonial period, with particular emphasis, as much to the frontier character of the region as the different strategies implemented by local elites in order to coopt the military institutionality. First, and using the prosopographic method, we build a profile of the frontier's soldiers, analyzing its composition and evolution of those cadres early nineteenth century. Subsequently, we focus on the relational field of the officers, through the analysis of family networks, their relationships, and the performance of their members in the different areas of local government, in the face of the crash of the monarchy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we focus on Deleuze's interpretation of small perceptions in Leibniz's thought, as well as on the supposed abandon of this notion in Kant. In connection with the two issues we contend that the way both authors deal with them makes sense within the framework of the Enlightenment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops an outline of the close connection that, according to Leibniz's view, obtains between ontology and logic to the extent that the latter can be conceived as a replacement for the former. At the same time, the leibnizian views on logic as ontology is interpreted in the context of the 17th Century discussion about the status and structure of metaphysics as a philosophical discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In West Indies during the 17th century the Spanish Crown had to face the problem of the foreign incursions of the Dutch Republic, England and France, countries which aspired to raise their establishments in America. This paper will present three different military actions carried out in San Martin, Jamaica and the Espanola. Also, the article will demonstrate the information about the Spanish defensive system in the New World and how Spain faced each of the invasions in his Ultramarine territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the meaning of some technical words used by Quevedo in his works. These terms are studied looking them up in dictionaries or books of the period. The analysed words are: hidropesía; hígado; hipocrás; metales, producto del sol; mitridático; Mizaldo; moco, superfluidad del cerebro; muelas de difuntos; muermo; muerte repentina; zarza and zurdo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various efforts have been made during the last one hundred years or so to edit the poetry of Diego de Silva y Mendoza, Count of Salinas and Marquis of Alenquer (to give him his poetic titles), but all have come to naught due, principally, to the sheer complexity and size of the task that awaits the would-be editor. Buceta, Rosales and Glaser all expressed a desire to edit properly the poetry of one of the most lyrical voices of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in Spain, but each in the end failed to do so. The principal complexity is the simple fact that there is no printed edition of Salinas's work nor an autograph manuscript to fall back on: his poetry is to be found in dozens of anonymous manuscripts all over Spain, Portugal. the USA, and most major libraries in Europe. In this paper I make the first attempt to introduce some clarity and logic into the editing of Salinas's poetry, by showing how a canon of his work can be created out of the morass of manuscript versions, and from there how an edition of his poetry that is reasonably correct and close to the author's originals can be achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the way in which the jesuit missionaries used to report on the progress of their work in the Marañón region starting in the XVII century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]