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The demanding promotion of university professors is being taken advantage of by international publishers to develop a fast business, that is framed in supposedly fraudulent activities of apparently scientific magazines, but without impact indexes that some experts already qualify as "epidemic" (García-Puente, 2019) and "plague" (Silva, 2016). This research uses the mystery client technique (Morena, 2013) to respond to an intentional sample of call for papers (CFP) submitted to researchers between January and April 2020, with a previously published article, that was intentionally altered to appear to be a scientific paper, but which violates the guidelines of originality and rigor: the order of the paragraphs is altered and translated into English with DeepL, without subsequent monitoring. During the period, 98 PICs were received and 38 submissions were made. The results are eloquent: none has been rejected, and within an average of 6 days 17 publication acceptances are confirmed. In all cases, payment is requested in advance. The article allows us to identify the profile of the journals, their recruitment strategies, the use of claims of: indexing, ethical standards and peer review and the naming strategies to simulate international prestige. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I claim that the distinction between "philosophy" and "spirituality" can be a key for understanding Foucault's work, assuming that his philosophy and historical thought do possess a "spiritual dimension." For this purpose, I analyze the figures of transgression and pensée du dehors of the archaeological period, the figures of resistance and criticism as reflexive indocility of the genealogical period, and the fold of the ethical period. I determine whether they can be considered a spiritual dimension that promotes être autrement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My aim in this paper is to examine some of the distinctive facets of human action in Spinoza's philosophy and show their intrinsic connection with each other. By analyzing in detail how Spinoza addresses different aspects of human action in his main work, the Ethics, it is possible to notice that for him free human agency implies two interrelated features: on the one hand, the adequate knowledge of the causes that determine it, and, on the other hand, a growing capacity to impact with greater power the scenarios in which it takes place. Thus, in contrast with quietist and passive readings, I show in the following that the two aforementioned characteristics are part of the Spinozian philosophical conception of agency as such. By pursuing this line of thought, it is also possible to establish a link--not always noticed in the secondary literature--with some of the central lines of thought contained in the Theological-Political Treatise. In discussing these theses, I advance the idea that the Spinozian conception of human agency involves a serious readjustment of the metaphysical vision of the agent, a change in her conduct and ethical practices, and an altogether different conception of politics and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the main ideas of Hannah Arendt's moral philosophy in the texts Some questions of moral philosophy, Thinking and Moral Considerations, Eichmann in Jerusalem, The Life of the Mind and Lectures on Kant's Political Philosophy. In the first place, the characterization of the moral collapse that occurred in the context of totalitarianism is exposed, then Arendt's appreciations about the moral discernment criteria of Socrates, Plato, Kant, etc., its links with the faculty of will, and its references to the loss of self as a widespread phenomenon in society are examined. Finally, the meaning of the faculty of judgment is evaluated and the value of exemplarity in contemporary ethics is based. This paper presents the conclusions of the first stage of the research project whose question is: How can Arendtian ideas about exemplary validity as a criterion of moral discernment contribute to the consolidation of ethical positions that respond to the existential situation of contemporary man? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to explore the literature on professional ethics in law. The research is twofold, descriptive and analytical, to offer an overview of how professional ethics is understood in this field; that is, the approaches and concerns of those who reflect on it. This exercise, in turn, aims at making a normative proposal to understand professional ethics in law and its implementation in learning and practicing legal professions. A mixed method is used for this purpose; the works from a search in Google Scholar and Mendeley databases are selected and analyzed. This paper is divided into five sections: The first presents the theoretical framework for approaching ethics and professional ethics in law; the second part explains the methodology followed; the third part shows the results; the fourth part discusses the results, and the last one proposes some lines of research concerning professional ethics in law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some characteristics of the individual who attends psychotherapy influence its outcomes, these variables being the main factor associated with change. A treatment that is tailored to each case will be much more effective than one that does not adapt to the uniqueness of each client. This paper focuses on one of the factors to take into account, the patient's preferences, a fundamental pillar of evidence-based practice in psychology. Available empirical evidence is reviewed, along with associated clinical implications and recommendations. This is followed by other ethical considerations, which lead to a discussion about the dilemmas that can arise when working with each person's preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the morality's role in one of the most important promises professed by transhumanism, the promise of human immortality. This purpose will be carried out through the interpretation of the short tale: The Immortal by Jorge Luis Borges. This in order to unveil the close relationship that exists between the moral dimension of man - the question of what should I do - and the recognition of his finitude, of his becoming, as a being that forms his own narrative in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the first part of this paper, a "Habermas-way" diagnosis is made: uncertainty as the climate of an interconnected world without a common basis, the crisis of successful "Enlightened Reason", including its techno-scientific expression, and critical reason. In the second part, it discusses the paradoxical outcome of modernity and its unfulfilled promises, as well as the crisis of modern reason which, despite the postmodern reaction, addresses the search for the foundation of discourse ethics and the problem of presuppositions, demonstrably valid norms, the importance of language, communicative action and parliamentarism. The third section presents three final reflections, including the need to continue the struggle for emancipation, the complexity of putting this diagnosis into practice, and the criticism that Habermas has received for ignoring cultural differences and reducing communication to a linguistic exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the narration of Héctor Llaitul, a historical reference of the Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco, an organization of armed resistance associated with the Mapuche people of southern Chile, regarding the historical facts exposed in La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla. I establish a relationship between that epic text and Llaitul's principles and thoughts about the military and weichafe ethics in reference to Lautaro (Leftraru). There is an analysis about contradictions and political and identity complexities that Llaitul, along with Jorge Arrate, his co-author in Weichan who interviews him in prison, finds regarding the Araucanian-Mapuche legacy that is declared in the Chilean republican tradition and that actually comes from La Araucana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video games have an implicit system of penalties and rewards that already implies an ethical load. However, some games deploy a structured narrative capable of generating a complex context that proposes ethical dilemmas for the development of an emergent narrative. In this article we will focus on analysing the dramatic puzzle based on ethical dilemmas as a way of weaving narrative design and gameplay that enables the activation of complex situations that put the player in difficult ethical positions and promotes mental and emotional challenges. We will analyse the ludic and narrative strategies of Gods Will Be Watching (Deconstructeam, 2014), Papers, please (Lucas Pope, 2013) and This war of mine (11 Bit Studios, 2014) and the discourses they generate through the player's agency, which also allow us to reflect on controversial aspects of today's societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the ethical training of the psychoanalyst in regard to the role of transmission in psychoanalysis and the life of psychoanalytic institutions in this process. The metapsychological reformulations of Silvia Bleichmar are articulated, who views the construction of a psychotherapist as the construction of an ethical subject. The author contrasts the notion of an ethical subject to the idea of a disciplined subject and setting boundaries to construction of legalities. This paper establishes a differentiation between behaviors based on a normativity external to the subject and an intrinsic normativity, compatible with the ability to define, in the care of the other, the limits of violence itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The writings of Jean-Marie Schaeffer stand out among those of other French philosophers because they not only emphasize the relevance of the evolutionary approach within philosophical reflection, generally completely discredited in intellectual circles linked to continental philosophy, but because they introduce it into aesthetic research, which is even less frequent among philosophers in general. In Schaeffer's research, this approach makes explicit the existence of a meeting point between, on the one hand, the philosophical critique of anthropocentrism and animal ethics, and, on the other hand, aesthetic analysis. As I argue in this paper, in light of Shaeffer's reflections some important implications of the theory of biological evolution in the problematization of the assumption of a human moral superiority within philosophical aesthetics become evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the notion of moral sense in Hutcheson by proposing the thesis that its foundation rests on a plan designed by Providence, which has provided human beings with the capacity to approve moral good and evil. In this sense, we explain how moral approval consists in an internal perception of a sentimental character founded on the goodness of the divinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sheds light on an overlooked issue in economics, namely the social responsibility of central banks in a democracy. We consider central banks as institutions of power, and, as such, neither are they nor their policies neutral, in the sense that there are inevitable winners and losers. We explain why and how their power should be regulated and controlled by society. Specifically, we focus on the income distributive nature of monetary policy to demonstrate this assertion. From this, we explain that the time is ripe to build a new framework for central banking aiming at improving central banks' social responsibility consistent with the spirit of a democratic system, and resting on new rules, new types of inner organization and, more broadly, an ethics of responsibility of a new kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I will try to demonstrate how two fundamental notions in Levinas' ethics, the of idea God and responsibility, can be understood respectively as actual and potential infinity, according to the classic distinction suggested by Aristotle. In addition, I will show that both infinities can exist (something that classical metaphysics did not admit) as long as they are comprehended from an ethics of alterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyse Tommaso Greco's proposal regarding the relationship between Law and trust, focusing on some relevant points and showing its complex and multidimensional nature; and showing some consequences related to the concept of Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a critical approach to the question of evil and human suffering. Within the framework of Levinas's ethical thinking and from a new perspective on the current conception of language and human body, we intend to call into question every form of rationalism and metaphysical understanding regarding human pain and suffering. The purpose of this study thus consist of outlining a new sort of behavior concerning the question of evil and human weakness, seeking conceptual alternatives of clarifying this complex ethical problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The category of "insufficiency" is widely used in criticism that addresses César Vallejo's poetry; however, frameworks that deploy this category tend to omit that poetry's ethical dimensions. The genealogical method of this paper denaturalizes the concept of insufficiency to show a previously unacknowledged ethical critique of sacrificial history, which emerges through a negative order of perception. Drawing on Maria Zambrano's sociopolitical thought to describe active modes of insufficiency, I argue that the ethos of Vallejo's poetry sought to rehumanize political life by elevating the subject's indivisible constitution as protagonist and author of history, while proposing a responsible anagnorisis in response to the nightmare of tragedy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article delves into the classic controversy about whether Nazi rules were law. In contrast to the well-known positions that deny such condition due to substantive or formal defects, this paper proposes a different approach that refers to a contextual defect. Thus, after reviewing the characteristic features of the Nazi context, it can be concluded that the Nazi order was not law but a "normative chaos". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New ventures are part of the global reality, they are an alternative that drives the economy from various angles, being favorable to face adverse realities, such as that experienced by the COVID-19 pandemic. By virtue of the above, this paper, focused on the documentary research method, aims to analyze the figure of entrepreneurship, offering an interpretive and critical position. To achieve this end, the following aspects are considered: 1) The conceptual definition of entrepreneurship, which contemplates its economic meaning, its relevance for the social sciences and as mechanisms to establish relationships between entrepreneurs and the social conglomerate. 2) The ethical dimension of entrepreneurship, its link with social responsibility and with the obligations to the community, which makes us lean towards a definition of entrepreneurship linked to the strengthening of the productive economy and human relations. 3). The role of enterprises in the COVID-19 scenario, a moment characterized by the exacerbation of social asymmetries, the closure of companies, the sanitary confinement, but which also meant the promotion of various enterprises that kept society operational, offering goods, services and inputs in a novel way, supported by digital commerce and other alternative tools. It is concluded that new ventures are part of the current reality, they are a source of innovation, economic growth and effective mechanisms to face the logic of globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a conceptual approach to human relations, situated from the approaches of administrative/organizational thought. It contemplates how the private company has grown according to the guidelines imposed by globalization, leading to the excessive accumulation of profits, leaving aside the valuation of individuals as worthy beings, which represents a misrepresentation of what should be the sense of belonging to the company. For this reason, we reflect on the urgency of directing organizational activity towards the search for the common good, based on an ethic of coexistence, whose purpose is to integrate the social with the labor, promoting the development of a series of axiological qualities to define. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains what suffering-focused ethics are, and presents some of the main reasons in their support. It then discusses their implications for the moral consideration of animals. The paper argues that under according to these views, the harmful use as resources of animals should be rejected. It then examines those positions that accept the use of animals as long as it takes place in ways that reduce the harm inflicted by them. The paper presents several reasons why such positions can be challenged and why they conflict with what suffering-focused ethics imply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines critically the fact that it is not the tragedy with a plot that is generally unknown to the unspecialized reader, but the one that is part of the cultural heritage of the common reader, that poses the greatest problems of interpretation, since the prejudices and preconceptions of the reader are also greater. Assuming the fact that our reading of Euripides' Medea is determined (even materially) by how we have understood certain Greek words, the present study reconsiders some aspects of Medea's program of revenge, an issue which has been previously studied in other works by the author of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to provide an approach to the etho-aesthetic dimension in Marcuse's thought. The approach in this paper is built upon the following thesis: the etho-aesthetic dimension consists of the transformation of subjectivity based on artistic sensitivity and critical rationality from which social relations opposed to an advanced industrial society and its one-dimensional man are reconstructed materially and intellectually. The conclusion is the following: a Marcusian critical theory, inherited from Marx and Schiller, would be one capable of analyzing the potential qualitative changes of the subjects and social institutions to generate a higher level of rational development, equitable in the distribution of resources and in the generation of greater spaces of freedom. Its basis would be an etho-aesthetic attitude that does not take pleasure in squandering, but in the reflective experience of the sensible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kant's moral philosophy intends to be an articulated project between metaphysics of morals and practical anthropology. In the works in which he undertakes the task of grounding his metaphysics of morals, namely, The Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason, Kant insists that he borrows nothing from anthropology to support this grounding, whereas in his two other most important practical writings, the Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant applies his metaphysics of morals to anthropology. By discussing Kant's idea that empirical happiness is an essential end for every human being, and that his metaphysics of morals is just incoherent without denying rationality and freedom to every sensible incentive, this paper problematizes the possibility of the articulated project of Kant's moral philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to propose a scheme of conscious life that allows us to recognize three constitutive moments of the Levinasian subjectivation process: il y a, jouissance and éthique. Presenting such moments will provide an understanding of subjectivity as a development which is done based on its relationship with transcendence. It will be seen that this term (transcendence) means, firstly, a relationship with sensitive outward experience and, subsequently, a relationship with the Other or an ethics. When describing the different stages indicated, not only the elements of nonobjective processes will be presented--a general reading of Levinasian phenomenology will also be provided by describing different moments that occur within the conscious life and constitute it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine the issue of time, duration and eternity in Spinoza in the light of Deleuzian philosophy. In this regard, first, we will take a closer look at what the Ethics says on this subject, and then some observations Deleuze makes about Spinoza and duration will be expressed. In doing so, it will be observed that, although essences are eternal, they are not timeless, but that there is an internal dynamic with other essences of which it cannot be understood without reference to time. Finally, Deleuze's interpretations of essences in Spinoza will be analyzed in order to think of a Spinoza's theory of time and eternity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a method for the analysis of codes of ethics driven by the strategic interests of the organization. For the review of codes of ethics it is important understand your value structure. The first step consists in a statistical analysis of terms that denote values. The second step consists in a semantical network analysis of the code. This method is presented on the example of the code of ethics of the Fiscalía General de la Nación, Colombia (2008). The proposed method is able to detect, in a detailed manner, emphasis as well as biases in the values' structure of codes of ethics. Thus, it is possible to propose revisions of codes of ethics that are guided by the organization's strategic values. The proposed method fills a void in the literature in relation to general methods for the analysis of codes of ethics with strategic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper propose a recovery of the natural law category, from the contributions of feminist theology. The problem of the natural law that structures and bases the theological ethics of the Catholic magisterium, was interwoven in time and its great systematizer was Saint Thomas Aquinas. Feminist theology, arising from feminist theories, supports as a critical principle the promotion of the full humanity of women and assumes that the texts and traditions of the Christian community or the marks of their reception throughout history, function from of a misconception of women. This has established for them an ethos based on a static and essentialist vision of their nature. Feminist theology is aware of the need to reflect from an egalitarian anthropology that includes and makes women participate in the human good in the same way as men, and at the same time allows to visualize the different ways in which men and women experience their lives. This incarnated reflection on the goods to which we are directed and the discovery of the necessary means to achieve them integrates the understanding of natural law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to show the opposition between the Humanist cultural tradition and the main theses currently defended by Posthumanism. The structure of the paper is built upon the corresponding answers provided by both trends to the three main philosophical questions: How do we know reality? What are the world and life, and how are they explained? What is the best way to live one’s life? Gnoseology (or theory of knowledge), Ontology, and Deontology or Ethics have respectively tried to provide answers for such questions. Certain ambiguities of the Posthumanist dehumanizing project are also addressed. The paper concludes with an exposition of the arguments that justify the continuity of Humanist values, principles, and rights, updated according to the demands of our time. This paper aims to show the opposition between the Humanist cultural tradition and the main theses currently defended by Posthumanism. The structure of the paper is built upon the corresponding answers provided by both trends to the three main philosophical questions: How do we know reality? What are the world and life, and how are they explained? What is the best way to live one’s life? Gnoseology (or theory of knowledge), Ontology, and Deontology or Ethics have respectively tried to provide answers for such questions. Certain ambiguities of the Posthumanist dehumanizing project are also addressed. The paper concludes with an exposition of the arguments that justify the continuity of Humanist values, principles, and rights, updated according to the demands of our time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper puts forward a threefold proposal relating to the ethics exposed by Henry Thoreau in Walden: (1) the definition of his concept of luxury, in light of how the subject has been approached from various historical and philosophically relevant positions; (2) the recognition of poverty as a fundamental concept for Thoreau's ethical proposal in Walden and the aims of thoreauvian economy, and (3) a reading of Walden as a structured text that goes from the individual requirements of human life to social and cultural necessities. These three points will be connected through the critical practice of voluntary poverty that Thoreau argues for, in the sense of a pragmatic doubt about the habits and search for the necessary elements of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to clarify the fundamental reasons considered by G.E.M. Anscombe to defend the thesis according to which the development of a theory of intentional action is a conceptually prior task to that of ethics or moral philosophy. The clarification of this issue operates in the following stages: 1) The Anscombean thesis concerning the conceptual anteriority of the theory of action with respect to ethics and the systematic material that allows to make it intelligible are discussed. 2) The thesis of conceptual anteriority is interpreted according to the systematic material discussed and, therefore, the specificity with which this thesis is introduced is presented. 3) The way in which Anscombe's theory of action can satisfy the task it has set for itself is also presented as a way of giving an account of the thesis of conceptual anteriority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper invites an exercise of ontological reflection on Franz Hinkelammert's theoretical proposal. For this aim, it exposes some conceptual implications of his idea of subject and tries to show how, from it, ethics, epistemology and politics are organized in his work. Although Hinkelammert does not explicitly address an ontology in his writings, the review of his theoretical corpus based on a set of questions linked to the reflection of the ontological level allows us to suggest this dimension or aspect of his thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the adequacy of using the so-called perverted faculty argument (PFA) within the context of sexual morality. According to this argument, frustrating the reproductive faculty would be immoral. Professors García-Huidobro and Miranda think that this argument can be appropriately used only within the framework of the principle of totality. They argue that an unqualified use of the PFA would lead to the absurdities pointed out by the New Natural Law Theory. In order to see the PFA in a new light we demonstrate the importance of respecting the dialectical or contextual nature of Ethics. Thus, regarding temperance, and especially sexual inclinations, the PFA has a clear normative role. The principle of totality, instead, must be used when considering the problem of the moral limits of medical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the fundamental axes that currently converge for the needs of nature and humanity. The philosophical statements contained in this reflection become valid when it comes to articulating ethical codes with the advancement of science and, at the same time, educating through an axiological system that leads to sustainable human development. In this order of ideas, it is pointed out how Western progress has led to catastrophic events for life on the planet, coupled with the excessive use of science, without any ethical criteria to regulate their actions. However, as a result of the moral reflection of recent times, of the voices of various social groups, scientific improvements have been questioned and directed towards the production of knowledge that allows human activity to be deployed positively on nature and on society, taking into account that, to make this possible, it is necessary to combine ethics, science and education, to walk towards progress in terms of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the close similarities between Husserl's, Scheler's and Stein's concept of the person as an absolute value that exercises itself in position-takings. Ethics, for the classical phenomenologists, Husserl, Scheler, and Stein, concerns the whole person, including the affective and rational dimensions, intellect and the heart, as well as volition. Persons are distinctive for their free agency, capacity to recognize norms, and ability to interact responsibly with other personal agents in the context of the communal and historical life-world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary functional theories about morality assume that morality has been evolutionarily selected because it produces a cooperative and pro-social effect (selected effect functional theory, SE). This assumption wrongly implies that the trait which produces the selected effect is fully known. Furthermore, a SE theory does not seem to explain the peculiarities of moral thought, which are mostly synthesized in the features of moral judgment: its authoritative and inescapable character (practical clout). This paper provides an alternative SE explanation and argues that a causal role functional explanation (CR) is also necessary because this kind of explanation establishes the way the selected effect interacts with basic human evaluative propensities, which not only makes it possible to give an account of the practical clout of moral judgment, but of the phenomenon of moral ambivalence as well. However, the connection between reason and emotion and their influence on morality remains unexplained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a double reflection on the cognitive differences between humans and machines from ethics. In the first place, I will try to differentiate between human thought and machine processing through etymological, semantic and comparative methods that will reveal why it is not possible to attribute thinking capacities to artificial intelligences. On the other hand, these terms will be related to the praxis of representative democracy through various examples. This analysis is based on three aims: the need for mutual recognition through language; the commitment acquired through the word; and democracy as an expression of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking as a starting point the important critical exchange between John Rawls and Jürgen Habermas in The Journal of Philosophy in March 1995, the aim of this paper is to explore the place that consensus occupies in the foundation of the political thought of both authors. In such a way that the intersubjective character that underlies both Rawls' theory of justice and Habermasian discourse ethics can be highlighted. The above, in fact, implies a conceptual exercise that leads to the clarification of two argumentative paths, both heirs of an own interpretation of Kant, aimed at providing a solution to the foundation of moral principles in contemporary plural societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to clarify the fundamental reasons considered by G.E.M. Anscombe to defend the thesis according to which the development of a theory of intentional action is a conceptually prior task to that of ethics or moral philosophy. The clarification of this issue operates in the following stages: 1) The Anscombean thesis concerning the conceptual anteriority of the theory of action with respect to ethics and the systematic material that allows to make it intelligible are discussed. 2) The thesis of conceptual anteriority is interpreted according to the systematic material discussed and, therefore, the specificity with which this thesis is introduced is presented. 3) The way in which Anscombe's theory of action can satisfy the task it has set for itself is also presented as a way of giving an account of the thesis of conceptual anteriority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the idea that essay has a aesthetics, a literary style, but at the same time this aesthetics is a mental style that presupposes a ethics as ground. Therefore, we think the essay as philosophy. More precisely: in modernity, philosophy is essayistic. This essay's philosophy has five main characteristics that are inseparable from each other. Essay is based on lifeworld and in consequence is a experimental philosophy opposed to the rationalist system. This philosophy is a philosophy of finitude, anti-absolutist, that defends the philosophical relevance of the concrete and real subject. Finally, the essay understands critical reflection as a method of freedom. Essayistic philosophy contains a ethics that avoids both rationalist totalitarianism and aestheticist nihilism, and that concludes in a dialogical pluralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Altruistic tendencies and empathy, in most cases, are inherent in medical practice. Health professionals show these behaviors when they seek the well-being of the patient regardless of the personal cost they may suffer; the case of the provision of medical services in the health crisis caused by SARS-CoV-2, despite the risks, is a clear example of this. For decades there have been efforts to strengthen medical professionalism and the importance of humanistic behaviors. This paper addresses implications of altruism, empathy and professionalism in medical practice, key aspects in training of human resources in health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments have deployed different strategies for controlling corruption and to reinforce the ethical frameworks of public employees. Traditionally, a normative or "obedience" approach has been adopted, which highlights the importance of regulations to avoid unethical behaviors. The Chilean government, after an important corruption crisis, decided to implement a different approach, where the objective is to address this problem by an integrity approach centered on the values of public service. The purpose of this paper is to study how this strategy has unfolded, through a quantitative and qualitative analysis, which allows us to present different models of implementation of integrity systems. The article finalizes with ideas and thoughts that could be useful, both for Chile and Latin America, for a better implementation of strategies for curving corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has caused various changes in the public and private context, raising moral, legal, political and social challenges for the daily life of the society around the world. This paper offers some reflections on the ethics and care for life, in a time when sudden changes were associated with the challenge of survival viability and the importance of relational care in the context of the pandemic. In view of the mandate for social isolation and distancing, protection strategies were sought for a social continuum. In this context, the care framework was built around the notion of salutogenesis and self-preservation, which underlies a value system incorporating knowledge related to health, quality of life and well-being. In a systemic view, through public policies and humanitarian aid, there is the assumption that new principles and values will guide the future experience focusing on the preservation of human life, ethical health care and planetary preservation for the good living of humanity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of three Asian conceptions of virtues, such as the Taoist, Confucian and Buddhist virtues. Each one presents the general framework of every tradition, the way of understanding the virtues and the middle ground. Thus, the virtues of compassion, moderation and humility stand out in Taoism. In Confucianism the virtues of humanity, justice, rites, wisdom and honesty are studied. In Buddhism the virtues of loving-kindness, compassion, altruistic joy, and equanimity are presented. In each one of these traditions there are references to the middle right or middle path. This understanding of the Asian virtues may allow a wider idea of virtues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the fraught chapter (V.7) of the Nicomachean Ethics concerning natural justice. It argues that the main tradition of commentary on the chapter has strayed onto a wrong path by misconstruing two quite precise junctures in the argument. When those two errors are corrected, there emerges an Aristotle who, far from being a champion of natural law theory in ethics, holds that the moral principles with which humans are naturally endowed are variable, and that in two senses. Not only do these moral principles vary across space and time, but also they can be deliberately modified by habituation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to reflect on the possible links between aesthetics, politics and ethics in Scholastique Mukasonga's The Barefoot Woman (2018), in regards to its elaboration on a claim for recognition. We make use of Jacques Rancière's concept of politics to analyze the unfolding of the author's narrative, which shuffles the terms of the distribution of the sensible as it makes an account of and thus humanizes a dispossessed and silenced people. We also investigate the relationship between the status given to Tutsis as subjects liable to systematic violence and state-sanctioned extermination, and the ethical urgency of the account given by Mukasonga's narrator through her mother's story, which embraces its own opacities and limits, assuming since the beginning its vulnerability and dependence on a primary sociability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper carries out a comparative study between the legal questions that surrogate pregnancy raises in Spain and in Brazil. Surrogate motherhood is a reality achieved thanks to the advances in biomedicine and that undoubtedly requires a response from legal science. In the world scene, this technique receives different legal treatments: some countries authorize it without restrictions, others prohibit it, in others it is allowed with restrictions and in others there is a legislative vacuum. The importance of studying the two systems, the Spanish and the Brazilian, lies in confronting totally different realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports and problematizes three findings from multiple texts on the science-technology-society triad that refer to the knowledge and practices of biotechnology and synthetic biology, two fields that aim to optimize what is alive and life. Said findings reveal the modes of operation of biology and biotechnology as life technologies. For that purpose, this paper used the methodological notions of government and counter-conducts taken from Foucault's toolbox because they focus on finding solutions that maximize human performance by accepting practices related to the transformation of vitality. The first finding questions the applications of biotechnology; the second one reveals the positioning of synthetic biology in the industrial sector; and the third one, related to bioart, problematizes the implications of the government of that what is alive and life from an economic perspective. Therefore, this article stimulates a reflection on biotechnology and synthetic biology as part of our daily life, which encourages us to be concerned about the acceptance of well-established practices regarding human and environmental wellbeing, question the truths that constitute us, and express ourselves based on personal choices that reveal our ethical position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does environmental ethics have to say about the urban context? Is the city an environment that has only negative value or is it possible, and in fact necessary, to develop ethical recommendations about how to design it? In this paper, I argue for the second of these disjuncts and sketch some ideas for an environmental city ethics. I try to show that the most important principle of such an ethics is procedural: anyone affected by a decision about the urban environment must have the possibility to participate in the process of making it. This principle has certain preconditions and there are also limitations on its applicability. For example, it is plausible that there are certain ecocentric ethical obligations, which are valid independently of the implementation of the principle. I sketch an idea for how a city's green areas can help to raise citizens' awareness of these obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]