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This paper deals with the first study on the construct validity of the GRS 2 Rating Scale for Teachers in Spain, on a sample of 348 subjects. A confirmatory factorial study, CFA, was carried out using robust least squares estimation procedures (WLSMV). A sixfactor structure has been selected that explains 66% of the variance. The fit indices of the model are satisfactory (CFI, .93; TLI, .93). Convergent validity (AVE, .66) and composite reliability (between .87 and .96) are adequate. This scale is the first validated in Spain and provides a relevant measure for the identification of high ability students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of Universal Design for Learning (UDL) into Spanish educational legislation as a framework for addressing student diversity has been met with criticism. Three main objections can be identified. Firstly, the lack of evidence supporting its neuroscientific basis. Secondly, the scarcity of empirical data to demonstrate its efficacy for improving learning. Thirdly, the difficulty in operationalizing and implementing its framework in practice. Based on a thorough review of key literature on UDL, this paper delves into and discusses these limitations considering the theoretical and practical foundations of the model. Furthermore, research directions are pointed out to advance its development, exploring its potential as a framework for identifying barriers for learning in lesson plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the practice of photojournalism in Spain and, specifically, focuses on the study of the graphic archive of the EFE Agency (1939-) and its own production, developed within and outside its borders. The acquisition of funds has been taken into consideration as part of this process and, in the same way, it has also been necessary to consider the creation, in the year 2000, of the digital graphic archive: The Photo Library, inheritance of the thematic classification of analog and the nomenclature and, in this process, the documentation system used has been contributed as a result of the conclusions - through primary sources and direct observation - with emphasis on the thematic classification used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper points out the legal vulnerability to which doctors and other health agents are exposed as a result of the approval of the Spanish Organic Law 3/2021, of March 24, regulating euthanasia. The first part offers a comparative study of the various deontological oaths for physicians in ancient times and in the present. The essential principles of medical activity and the doctor-patient relationship are deduced from them, as well as the intrinsic relationship between medical work and the ethics of care; in the second part, the articles of the new law that seem to harm doctors and/or the exercise of their activity are analysed and counter-argued. The third part concludes with a reflection on the necessary measures that should guarantee the protection of the fundamental rights of health agents and their professional activity in accordance with the current legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the evolution of the memory of the conflict known as the Rif War (1921-1926), both in Spain and Morocco, contrasting the visions in both countries and making a special emphasis on its main milestones and protagonists, such as the episode of Annual and the figure of Abdelkrim. In the Spanish case, both the Franco dictatorship and the democratic period up to the present day will be covered, while the Moroccan case will be analyzed from independence in 1956 to 2021, the date on which the centenary of Annual was commemorated. Attention will be paid to the political and social uses of history through the politics of memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1691, after leaving the post of viceroy of Peru and during his return to Spain, Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, Duke of La Palata, died in Portobelo. The news of his death was received in Lima with some poems against him written by the poet Juan del Valle y Caviedes. In these verses, using mainly the model of funeral poetry, a series of accusations are made against the duke in which his avarice and pride are criticized. In this paper I will comment a poetic epitaph, in the form of a sonnet, in which, in addition to moral accusations, echoes of political attacks against the ex-viceroy are also manifest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years we have witnessed the emergence of new rights that affect such essential human rights as life and physical integrity. Examples of this can be seen in the current regulation of abortion, the attempts to regulate surrogate pregnancy or the recently approved right to euthanasia in Spain. These rights arise under laws that recognise the validity of express, informed and free consent to renounce physical integrity, the life of the unborn child or life itself. However, there are certain goods inherent to human dignity which cannot be disposed of in favour of third parties, even with the consent of their owner. Therefore, we must conclude that the simple individual will, expressed through informed consent, or the collective will, expressed in the text of a law, is not enough to constitute a right when it affects certain very personal property. This paper is a brief critique of the Organic Law regulating euthanasia from the thesis of the recently deceased Professor Javier Hervada, trying to distinguish between the concepts of euthanasia and death with dignity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Carrera de Indias has been one of the areas of study that has received the most attention in historiography, especially on the relationships between Spain and America throughout the colonial period. The traffic of ships, men and merchandise continues to appeal considerable treatment, since the phenomenon presents enormous research possibilities: nautical, emigration, trade; but it is also true that the economic and human aspect has prevailed, leaving aside other dimensions. And so, among the emigrants settled there and the families that remained here, a large correspondence was maintained throughout the centuries of Modernity. Multiple references were made in these letters to the new life they were beginning in the West Indies. Among these references there was no shortage of those corresponding to life on board. This research paper aims to analyze what were the foods shipped for the journey to America and what recommendations were contained in the letters in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: this paper studies the effects of full COVID-19 lockdown of Spanish families affected the following aspects: play and school tasks time, school counselling to families and priorities of families regarding play, school tasks, and extracurricular activities. Method: quantitative. Online questionnaire administered during full lockdown in Spain to 622 participants with underage children. Conclusions: playtime increased significantly and school tasks time grew moderately. Play counselling from schools increased during lockdown, although it did not become widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the evidence of pedagogical leadership from the perspective of the main actors. The methodology was quantitative, through a cross-sectional study with a questionnaire. In this study, carried out in Spain, 2,184 participants evaluated the leadership of principals, directors of studies and teachers. The results, which are analyzed and discussed, show differences in the perceived evidence of leadership dimensions among actors, with higher scores for principals and directors of studies. Considering the type of the center, differences were found for the group of principals and teachers in some pedagogical leadership dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airbnb is the most outstanding example of P2P platform in the accommodation industry. The studies on this phenomenon have focused on its impact on the hotel industry; leaving aside the effect it produces on tourism intermediation, specifically travel agencies. This paper analyzes this impact in a sector that perceives how Airbnb's disruptive innovation displaces it from the traditional vacation apartment rental business and threatens to do so with activities. The discussion is about whether the travel agency industry has the need and even if it would be willing to work in a coopetitive1 system, similar to the one that has occurred recently with the implementation of Civitatis or Booking in the sales processes of travel agencies. It is concluded that the travel agency prioritizes strengthening its repositioning in this product, allying itself with the main market player despite the probable reduction in margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not uncommon to find many penitential brotherhoods in Spain which are officially named after an image of Our Father Jesus of Nazareth. This invocation could seem strange, especially in Theology. Is this some kind of Patripassianism revival? Actually, this does not seem to be the case. In this paper we aim to set the historical moment in which this Christological tittle begins to be used, in the 17th century, searching for it in spiritual authors and in sacred preaching both prior to this time as well as in contemporary dates. Finally, we offer some lines of interpretation of this peculiar Christological tittle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the Spanish public health care system on the one hand, and the pension system on the other, are hardly enough to serve elderly needs once they retire. The statistical data that I use in the first part of this paper may show it. Although family care still remains the main way to provide care to elderly people -traditionally, it was taken for granted that the family would take care of family members in need of care- it is now required to develop other alternatives at the private sector to serve their needs. However, despite the increasing interest in alternative investments, these kind of assets hardly represent a significant proportion in elderly budgets. At the same time we have to take into account that these instruments are designed to complement the public resources, not to replace them. Nevertheless, if private and public institutions work together it would be possible to provide a complete protection for their specific problems of adequate income, health, housing, culture and leisure, needs that the Spanish constitution refers to in its section 50. This paper intends to offer a brief description about the status of the elderly in our society and the solutions the public network and private market can offer them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The way teachers assess in classroom impact over cognitive and socio-affective development of the students. This paper aims to determine the relationship between the teacher's evaluation to their students, and the academic achievement of their students in four specific areas: Linguistic Competence, Mathematical Competence, Scientific Competence, and Social and Citizenship Competence. To reach our aim, this paper made a special analysis with the data of the Spanish General Diagnostic Evaluation -2009- to 28,708 students, and 1341 teachers of 887 schools. The use of Multilevel Model Analysis with three levels shows the impact of each evaluation strategy on the four competencies studied. Our study confirms those teachers who prepare exams after each lesson, give homework, review notebooks, and value the interest and participation of students in classroom do better. On the other side, we have found an inverse relationship between prepare quarterly exams and the skill development of the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 90s, Internet appeared in the Spanish tourist industry, fact that preoccupied most companies and business in it; specially travel agencies, which were at that moment overcoming a difficult situation due to the economic crisis, the saturation of the industry and the reduction of their commissions. Time has demonstrated that Internet is just a tool that, when properly used, can enhance the efficiency and benefits of the tourist companies. This last decade we have witnessed the digital transformation of this sector and, specifically, of the distribution chain. Traditional tourist intermediaries have adapted to this new era, incorporating technology to their everyday life when commercializing their products and services. At the same time, new agents have appeared online, that make us ask ourselves if they can be considered as intermediaries or not. The main goal of this paper is to analize the evolution of the intermediation activity since the 90s, with special attention to the birth of new business models in this area. The results will help us establish an updated classification of tourist intermediaries and their role in the tourism system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the level of coherence perceived by future primary teachers in Spain that participated in TEDS-M study between the learning acquired at University and those applied during the Prácticum, this paper analyzes from a multilevel analytical approach differences in this perception depending on aspects related to the planning, development and evaluation of Prácticum. Results show that variables associated with the development of Prácticum help to explain these differences. Especially, it is emphasized the role of the tutor, so this suggests the need for further research around this fi gure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the TIMSS 2011 study, an international survey that assesses the educational skills of students enrolled in primary education, highlight the gap between the level of Spanish students and the average of OECD countries, especially in mathematics. The aim of this paper is to analyze the main factors behind the Spanish student performance in this competence. For that purpose, we apply multilevel regression techniques, since the available data are nested at different levels (students, classes and schools). The results confirm some evidences found for secondary education as well as other specific aspects for the case of primary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]