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Philosophical discussions on cognition (ranging from computational and representational approaches to the 4E framework), on the one hand, and those on sound and auditory perception, on the other, have hitherto remained apart. In this paper, the author addresses the concept of "auditory cognition". While committing to the conceptual analysis of the latter, the author introduces the discussion of modality-specific approaches. Since the contributions made so far in the domain of the philosophy of sound and auditory perception are prone to favor computational-representational approaches --e.g., the perceptual coherence model (Méndez-Martínez, 2022)--, the exploration of 4E possibilities will lay down a series of questions aimed to encourage future developers from that viewpoint. In that sense, the author explores conceptual entailments and connections between the genealogy of theories within the philosophy of sound and auditory perception, and the hypothesis of the extended cognition (EX). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an introduction to dynamic epistemic logic through some formal systems that allow to represent knowledge and beliefs of one or more agents, as well as epistemic actions that can modify them. Specifically, we present the public announcements logic, action models and plausibility models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of "logical pluralism" is usually understood as the idea that there are two or more correct logics. But in some areas of logical practice, such as the solution of semantic paradoxes, the notion of correctness does not play such a fundamental role. In this paper I describe a different version of logical pluralism, which can be more adequately applied to these problematic disputes. According to this approach, logic (as a science) establishes the rules for accepting logical theories, while logicians can contribute by offering new, original, and technically solid approaches. This can be seen as a Carnapian pluralism, where everyone is free to build their own logic, as far as it follows some methodological rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines two alleged limitations in the use of formal languages: on the one hand, the trade-offs between expressive and inferential power, and on the other, the phenomenon of system imprisonment. After reconceptualizing the issue, we consider the role played by modality in the understanding of certain aspects of mathematical structures, and argue for its centrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the conditions in which the categories prescribe laws of understanding and how they are conceived as existing in what is thought. Kant formulates the legal prescriptive character of the categories, their aprioristic character, and their status as a form of thought and a pure concept, opening the possibility of granting them general content as absolute concepts (Hegel) or as an expression of reality (Marx). Categories govern the empirical, magical-religious, artistic, or theoretical appropriation of objects and phenomena. Categorical thought stripped of concepts was formulated and called theoretical reason by Kant, Hegel longs to think with concepts, and Marx builds pure categorical theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach is described, and some criticisms against it are analysed with some level of depth. The main argument is that Martha Nussbaum’s capability approach remains influential and authoritative, among other reasons, because the most vigorous criticisms against it have not been uncontested, and because it draws important lessons as to how to understand philosophical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has the purpose of discussing the imaginary quality of the future. The dominant, residual, and emerging imaginaries of the future are analyzed as internalized control devices, as well as their functions. This configuration reflects, in the light of new ways of understanding, the impact that the future has on the present and the past. It provides reflective elements to deepen the understanding of the scope of the imaginary/device in our lives. And the coexistence of various imaginaries of the future that shape not only our future but also our present and the configuration of the past. Its relevance lies in the need to think about the future from sociocultural categories that allow us to understand its relationship with the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author approaches the issue of method as seen in the research of Michel Foucault, who creates a history of the present, articulates archeology with genealogy and develops a set of tools for his genealogical research. This paper discusses two of those tools: the dispositif and the focus of experience. The author concludes that: (1) the concept of dispositif, which includes discursive and non-discursive practices, is a powerful tool for the genealogist who writes the history of the present; (2) every dispositif has a strategic role, and (3) the concept of focus of experience makes it possible to analyze the problems of knowledge/truth, power and subjectivation in the various areas of problematization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze, from an inclusive epidemiological approach, the problem of current violence in our country and in Morelos, as a relational and multi-causal phenomenon that results in damage and death that are avoidable, processes that configure spaces of pain and suffering. From the analysis of two life narratives, official statistical data, journalistic notes and academic articles, some causes and effects associated with violence are identified, which have been made invisible and unattended by the authorities, evidencing the absence of effective public policies for solving this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines in-depth the root causes and consequences of Mexican forced displacement from a decolonial feminist perspective, emphasizing the intersections between the body and territory. The absence of quantitative and qualitative data on internal forced displacement in Mexico erases people and communities from the territory, making them invisible along the migratory routes and making them disappear on the map of contemporary geographies of terror. In this article, we focus on the embodied experiences of women, drawing upon extensive multi-sited binational research along the Mexico-US border. Their testimonies allow an understanding of forced displacement beyond passive and re-victimizing narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper explores the new narratives around the experience of illness, acording to the movement of people with disabling chronic illneses. This article is divided into four different moments. The first one presente a description of the disabling chronic illneses, the second one offers some notes about the moral and capitalistic assumptions that have shaped the experience of illness. The third section focuses on disability as a mechanism for the territorialization and entrapment of the experience of illness. The four and last moment exposes a quick panoramic of the starting points for ill movement. We conclude that ill militancy achieves to build a narrative and experience of illness that come together as part of an anticapitalistic and antiableist praxis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the reflections of a high school visual impairment student about his escolar experience through the Photo-Voice technique. It is a case study that analyzes four sessions where semi-structured interview scripts were used. The participant was a first-year regular high school student of an inland municipality from São Paulo in Brazil. The principal results show the effectiveness of the Photo-Voice technique to promote reflections and to motivate the participation of the students through their own stories; with them, the student shows interest in being changing's agents for himself and his community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks into the successive public and private interventions that have created the conditions for an incipient gentrification process in the 5th area of the urban trace of the failed Ex highway 3, located in Villa Urquiza neighborhood, in Buenos Aires city. It also delves into the more recent urban project for this area called Barrio Parque Donado Holmberg (law no. 3396) and it explores the territorial transformations that this regulation promotes. Thereby this paper gives attention to the ways in which a type of urban governance (urban entrepreneurialism) articulates itself with a kind of territory intervention (neoliberal urbanism) and -through certain policies-creates the conditions for a widespread phenomenon in current cities: gentrification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to explore the theme of the principles of the new juridical branch of Health Law, showing the philosophical and epistemological aspects. The theoretical framework is complex thought and -renewed- trialism, and the methodology is qualitative, with a predominance of philosophical, argumentative and documentary analysis. The main result is the historical contextualization, clarification of abstraction and systematization in the branch, achieved through the exposition of principles, with philosophical support, which constitutes an epistemological achievement, even more essential if the branch is in a consolidation period. This paper is closely related to another one where empirical support of the principles is provided, based on national laws and decisions of the highest Argentine Court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is presented a new simplified version the procedure called Pons asinorum (the bridge of the asses) using classical sources and rearrangement Hamblin´s (1976) proposal. The article provides a brief description of the Pons asinorum sense and describes in brief other attempts at syllogism automatization. In a second moment compares the texts of John of Saint Thomas and Aristotle to show the theoretical steps taken for the software development. The third section the paper proposes a software application for the purpose of teaching, which represents an enhanced version of the logical device by introducing technical and conceptual improvements that render useful logical applications. The paper shows why this type of software can be a new form to teach classical themes in Logic with new ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research paper is to present, on the one hand, the symbolic nature of formal logical reasoning and, on the other hand, its diagrammatic nature. Particularly, this research paper attempts to explain what means to know by means of diagrams and symbols and how this knowledge is linked to the formal nature of logic. As a concrete case of study, will be analyzed Venn diagrams as well as their teaching in the program of High School and College. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abolition of slavery in the Americas in the 19th century was understood as a "moral" and "civilizing" transformation of the nascent republics. Critical historiography shows that it was an economic mechanism that contributed to the accumulation of capital, which clandestinely maintained modalities of transatlantic traffic until the 20th century. Elements of work without freedom can be found today in the labor routes of migrants in Chile. Using qualitative methodologies, we show how the work of migrants is tied to obtaining and keeping "identity papers" and to the racialization of their labor relations. We conclude that unfree labor for migrants is defined by dependence, violence and racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focuse on the theoretical articulation between the pimp system and the basic structure of sexual slavery, and is the result from the research of rural pimps in Tlaxcala, Mexico. It starts with the Hegelian proposal of the master-slave dialectic to discuss with other theoretical perspectives, mainly feminist, to propose the concept of the basic structure of sexual slavery. The analysis will make it possible to identify the characteristics of the new slavery by understanding the pimping process that took place in the southern area of Tlaxcala. It is concluded that the sexual slavery system adapts to local cultural practices, such as bride theft, to transform them in benefit of the pimp system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to pose the current environmental crisis as a philosophical problem, an existential matter, a question of knowledge and ways of life. We explore the ideas of American biologist and philosopher Donna Haraway, who has analyzed the modern concept of nature, which defines it as an inert entity; instead, she suggests it is a biocultural articulation. Likewise, based on her proposal, we understand it is not a matter of fighting the crisis, but of taking responsibilities, in order to figure possible hopeful futures, as an alternative to the pessimism that distinguishes the Anthropocene/Capitalocene narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about democracy in Latin America from year 2000 to 2018. The data used is minimalist -from Freedom House's Freedom in The World-, as well as thick or wider -from The Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index- and even maximalist -from Índice de Desarrollo Democrático de Amé- rica Latina, IDD-Lat-. Findings confirm declining tendencies for most of the features measured. It also shows that some of the most enduring democracies in the region coexisted with a dictatorship from the Cold-War era, with a couple of new authoritarian regimes and that in between, there were diversity of fragile and vulnerable democracies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore under what specific circumstances post-truth undermines democratic legitimacy. First, I argue that post-truth and empirical truths coexist in a fragile epistemic balance. Second, I identify three situations from which post-truth can tip the balance to your advantage and thus dominate the public scene. Third, I point out that the loss of democratic legitimacy is greater when post-truth is associated with political conduct unconcerned by error. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I introduce two ways of conceptualizing Islam from the way in which two thinkers from the modern and contemporary Turkey, respectively, assume ethical and social values usually identified with the democratic culture: religious plurality, tolerance and nonviolence. Said Nursi and Fethullah Gülen conceive, in the face of the stereotype of an intolerant and violent Islam, a non-violent Islam, capable of recognizing other creeds and coexist with them. Despite the sociopolitical and religious tensions that both views have caused especially in Turkey, both could be understood as enemies of Islamic fundamentalism. From their respective positions, both thinkers face the epistemological problem discussed in this paper, that is, the tension between exclusivism and religious pluralism or religious diversity. Is it possible to harmonize distinct religions that assume themselves as true? By means of the historical-philosophical analysis of Nursi and Güllen an answer to this question will be offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes how Central American migrant girls and boys construct the translocal in their reality, making use of imagination and memory, in a transnational and contingent context such as the one they experience in their mobility process. An argument is outlined that privileges the voice of childhoods, their memories and projections, and examines the communication media, social and family networks, through which their imaginations are configured. Finally, an analytical approach is made that sees these subjective-objective constructions as a form of resistance to the conditions of vulnerability and violence they face in transit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper intends to answer some of the most fundamental questions that relate to deontic logic, due to deep misunderstandings regarding its nature and the way it differentiates itself from other types of logic. Some of the issues that have been addressed to in this work are: what do we understand when we talk about deontic logic? Which is its object of study? Is it the same as legal logic? Is it more accurate to define such discipline simply as duty logic? Is there any difference between norms and normative propositions? The answers to these questions will allow to arrive at a clearer notion of deontic logic and clarify its specific conceptual jurisdiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a vision of the perceived threat and prejudice that the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of the Valley of Mexico express in relation to undocumented Central American migration in transit through Mexico. For this objective, an instrument was developed and implemented, having as background the Theory of Subtle and Manifest Prejudice (Pettigrew and Meertens, 1995) and the Theory of Integrated Threat (Stephan and Stephan, 2000). The results support that there are differences according to educational level, the occupation of the participants, and the quality of contact with migrants. It is concluded that the inhabitants of the ZMVM present low levels of prejudice and perception of threat in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the notion of frontier as an analytical category associated with the concepts of rural peripherization and urban extractivism. In the metropolitan foothills of Mendoza, Argentina it seeks to identify and understand the socio-territorial transformations, by analyzing the sequence of borders that have characterized the articulations between rural and urban spaces in border areas. This contribution provides a reading of the territorial and landscape transformations from a comprehensive view of rurality. It explains the dynamics of these territories in light of the processes of urban growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with the increasing emergence of new methodological approaches in the field of social science that stretch the dominant academic paradigm, this paper sets out to present some key analytical/methodological points that arose from a piece of militant research. In this case cartographic practice gave way to the implementation of narrative forms such as situated narratives and narrated interviews. The text offers a contribution to the development of these forms on the basis of analysis of a cooperative experiment in the context of Catalonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author addresses the notion of 'social pathology' that proliferates within the Frankfurt School with the aim of reconstruction of its underlying sociological analysis model and advance some notes for its operationalization. For this purpose, the paper goes through the history of the notion of 'social pathology' and points out some of its limitations (1-2); then formally reconstructs its underlying analysis model, namely, the one that aims to identify blockages of individual autonomy which are promoted by social structures by involuntarily undoing experimental prerequisites of self-reflection (3). As a corollary to such reconstruction, the article advances notes to address the singular case of social acceleration from the perspective of social pathologies (4-6). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest of this paper is to reflect on how archaeological knowledge is constructed from a philosophical point of view and particularly to observe the interpretative task of archeology from Gadamer's hermeneutical philosophy. The text brings together archeology and philosophy to foster a dialogue on the subject of interpretation and understanding, taking into account the overlapping linkage of archaeological evidence and the role of the archaeologist as an interpreter of the past. The article is also an example of an epistemological bridge between Archeology to the Philosophy of Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to point out how and why the same anti-democratic stance appears in different neo-populist, neo-liberal, or neo-conservative contexts. To do this, we enquire in what sense and why "neo-populism" is not democratic, what is "neo-populism," whether it is identical to "anti-politics," what is the meaning of anti-politics, and how it relates to neo-populism. Considering the defining elements of modern democracy, that is, what the term "democratic" means today, and why populist democracy is authoritarian, we clarify the causes for the overlap between neo-populism and anti-politics. By establishing the accurate meaning of these terms, we can define the specificity of the new populism, and consider the gravity of the challenges that anti-politics presents to democracy, as well as to the set of public policies required for human emancipation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement of indigenous persons with disabilities has chosen at the international level an intersectional strategy aiming at bridging discourses between the indigenous movement, the persons with disabilities movement and the women' movement has been put forward at the international level. This article analyses the effectiveness of this strategy for reducing structural inequality at the international, national and local levels. Trough interviews with indigenous activists with disabilities and international stakeholders this paper builds up a case study on the Indigenous Persons with disabilities Global Network. Findings show that the intersectional strategy for reducing inequality has been more useful at the international level, rather than at the national and community level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contestatory democracy entails a model for citizen participation that carries limited political potential to guarantee and promote non-domination as a communal value. This paper argues that the actual problem does not lie in institutional design but in the tensions between this model of democracy and the notion of freedom attempting to normatively guide such notion. Freedom as non-domination is a type of negative freedom. As such, it is indifferent to the subject's goals, it does not allow for justifying motivations beyond individual's interest. Due to this, disputation turns out to be a control mechanism that fails to achieve its main goal in public sphere decision-making: defending freedom in a republican sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outlining a minimal retrospective on the debate of community in the contemporary French philosophy, in which the names of Georges Bataille, Maurice Blanchot, Jean-Luc Nancy and Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe are enclosed, the paper intends to walk into a practically untraveled path in this debate, which is: the nexus between ethnography (specifically that of Pierre Clastres) and philosophy. This in order to glimpse the concepts of retreating and friendship, set on the questioning of the common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, will develop a critique of the resolution of the Inter-American Court, referring to Case Gelman vs Uruguay, from the point of view about John Rawls's Public Reason, as well as its extension to the use of this by the Courts. The above aims to highlight the democratic "tensions" that are present in this sentence if it viewed under a conception of political legitimacy. In this sense, the text examines the decision of the Court regarding the Uruguayan Expiry Law since, in it, a rule is declared invalid, despite being controversial, it serves as a legitimate manifestation of the Uruguayan People in democratic and constitutional terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the grounds of the Inter-American Court of Human Right decisions regarding freedom of speech. Particularly, it is focused on the relation among freedom of speech, democratic process and public sphere regulation. In doing so, we elaborate the two paradigms from which freedom of speech has been interpreted in the United States' academy and jurisprudence -the "free market of ideas" and the "wide-open public debate"-. Then, the Inter-American Court decisions are scrutinized in the light of these models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the use of euphemisms in discourses of the National Institute of Migration (INM) regarding its policy on migration in irregular transit through Mexican territory. To achieve this, a qualitative analysis of euphemisms is performed as conceptual metaphors in press releases of the INM and its purposes. We conclude that the use of euphemisms in the discourses of the INM implies the concealment and the misrepresentation of reality that constitute its migratory control actions to the detriment of migrants in transit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobilities inside South America shape a specific migratory system. When it comes to Bolivia and Brazil, migration flows adjust themselves to the ups and downs of São Paulo's fashion industry. Because of that, these are circular movements of people, which imply consecutive returns. Therefore, to debate return migration itself blurs the dynamic use of the space between El Alto and São Paulo. Drawn upon a Bolivian family´s trajectories, and making use of migratory circulation and reversibility as key concepts, this paper builds an analytical framework from which to fit return migration into a migration pattern marked by cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the way in which we have conceived up to now the teaching in logic for students of the philosophy degrees. We evaluate in a critical way the results obtained to date. We ended up elaborating an alternative proposal that radically reformulates our teaching and disciplinary objectives in order to find a better adjustment of the value of contemporary formal logic in the discipline of philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Theory of Definition has been traditionally considered as a part of Logic. Its objectives comprise the clarification of the nature of the definition, the providing of a consistent taxonomy of different types of definitions and the development of criteria for the assessment of definitions. My aim in this paper is to use some basic concepts of the Theory of Definitions to discuss the status of philosophical definitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine two conceptions of the application of logic and assess their comparative merits. The first is a platonist monist conception that characterizes the logical consequence relation as an abstract relation among propositions. We argue that this proposal, which insists on logic's topic neutrality, accommodates very well the objectivity of logic. From this perspective, there are no constraints from particular topics. As a result, we have the universality that allows us going through a wide scope of contexts where logic is applied. In contrast, a non-platonist pluralist conception is examined and it characterizes the variety of logical consequence relations as something concrete, context-dependent involved in particular cases, and topic dependent. As will become clear, this conception is particularly well suited to make room for the applications of logic. We conclude that, in order to solve the ontological debate about logic, we need to go beyond its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a historiographical excursus on some central issues of the Iberian and international historiographies in relation to the Spanish imperial system: extranjería, immigration, social processes of integration or rejection, slavery, black people, and Indians. Taken as an example the recent publication Represión, tolerancia e integración en España y América, this paper writes a historiographical analysis on the above arguments, from the pioneering work of the first decade of the twentieth century to today and, in specific cases, the article suggests some lines of interpretation alternatives to traditional bibliography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the need to understand the meaning of death in today’s digital culture. In particular, it attempts to highlight how many of the modern ideas of death still present nowadays (privatization, invisibilization and desocialization of death, or the overall simplification of funeral rites) are challenged with the advent of the Web 2.0 and its emphasis on visibility, connectivity and sociability. The paper concludes that these and other characteristics of the so-called “Social Web” connect death in the current digital era with a pre-modern or primitive conception of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present an outline of what Homer says about death in the Odyssey through a collation of the most significant concepts (thánatos, thanein, moira, kér, phónos). It distinguishes between dying, death and the way of dying as different rational realities, although they are intimately linked. In this way, the paper explores what Homer thought and what was thought at his time about death and the afterlife. In the end, some references made by the main characters of the Odyssey about dying and death are presented and it is suggested that death might not be the ultimate evil, but only one of the greatest and not the most frightening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to measure the level of knowledge, use of open data among citizens in that country, and identify factors that significantly affect the use of these in Colombia. The results obtained from a survey of one thousand 218 citizens, with 95% confidence and ee=+/- 2.8, show a very low level of knowledge and application of Open Data in that country; identifying a set of factors that significantly affect it (for example, using alternative media and civil platforms, among others); and the necessary participation of Colombian public and private stakeholders to increase the impact of Open Data movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes urban policy encompassing two districts originated as informal settlements -Villa 31-31 bis and Rodrigo Bueno- located in the coastal area of Retiro-Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires. The paper presents evidence on the ways in which "planning by means of projects" deploys a consistent "pro-market" strategic perspective based on great tactical flexibility; encourages simultaneous processes of "local production of the global" and revitalization of the informal housing market, both sustained in the privatization of public land; and reinforces inequalities at macro and micro scale. Research involved a mix of quantitative and qualitative methodological strategy, combining data from primary sources (25 semi-structured interviews with different actors, participation in technical boards, tenants survey) and secondary sources (census data and documentary sources). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the programs and social development actions that have been applied in Mexico during the period 2009 to 2016 with the purpose of comparing the number of programs and the level of existing linkage with the target population. It was identified that there is a decoupling of public policies aimed at social development, mainly on the issue of exclusion, inequity, approach, and some programs do not have the targeting of their target population. Family agriculture should be considered as the axis for the articulation of public policies and should be inclusive of all types of family farmers that exist in the Mexican countryside. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the historiographical complexity implied in the analysis of contemporary phenomena from our own temporal and spatial contemporaneity. Particularly, the paper examines new media art practices, which are situated between the evasive instant of the present and the past that is continuously being left behind. As a result, new media art has turned into an in-between zone, since it surpasses the boundaries imposed by "guardians of frontiers" and "historians with time phobia". After inspecting eight philosophical notions referred to the untimely occurrences that interrupt the continuum of the history, the article concludes by stating that the extemporaneity embodied by those in-between zones is paradoxically the most suitable strategy to tackle contemporaneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the epistemological tensions generated due to the search for legitimization of scientific knowledge. It stems from the discussion about science seen through "nomothetic" and "ideographic" standpoints, coming to the conclusion that there is a tendency to theorize from a vision that comes from an organizational order, putting on the back burner, to a large extent, the legitimizer tension that occurs in the socialization of scientific knowledge. The paper also values possibilities to analyze social sciences from Bourdieu's scientific field concept, who breaks up certain inertias about the official positions that theorize about science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes religious organizations in the context of the situation in which religion is situated in modern societies. The paper critically discusses the main perspectives on secularization in two dimensions: how they explain the condition of religion in society and, consequently, how these perspectives understand organizations. For the most influential perspectives about secularization, religious organizations lose social relevance as they entail a debacle, individualization and worldliness of religion. Drawing from Niklas Luhmann's theory, this paper considers religious organizations as a dimension of religion with social and analytic relevance. Finally, following Luhmann's theory, the paper proposes an analytic framework to study religious organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to show how the Andean-borderland communities (Peru, Bolivia and Chile), which were considered through the nineteenth and part of the twentieth century, by the diplomatic and central-state institutions, as heterological, marginal and diplomatically negotiable territories, have reached, since the late twentieth century, a "strategic position" at local, regional, national and international levels, especially on transfrontier scaling. This position has been reached due to emerging processes such as globalization and glocalization. The Andean-highland communities of Ancomarca, Charaña and Visviri are discussed in the scope of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]