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This paper seeks to systematize the opinions of seventeenth-century Spanish theologians and moralists on the torments suffered by souls in purgatory In order to do so, the most representative treatises published at the time, which are kept at the National Library of Madrid, have been analysed. Departing from the concepts of probity and piety, which God dictates for the provisional inhabitants of the «Third Place», the article first makes a sketch of how purgatorial penalties were treated from the earliest historical references to the council of Trent and Describes their evolution. The paper then focuses on the study of how the issue was addressed by Spanish authors. More particularly, it analysis the different types of punishments prescribed for souls in purgatory. Several categories have been found, of which some are internal to purgatory, while others are external. Among the latter, a distinction is made between penalties of damage and penalties of meaning. The paper ponders the question of why penalties of damage were considered more griefful than penalties of meaning. In so doing, it also recognizes the weight that was specifically attributed to fire, further nuancing the assessment of penalties. To finish, the article presents a catalogue of the different types of penalties described in the visions of different people and literary characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of Communication in Spain is analyzed, contextualizing Spanish output at a global and local level between the years 2000 and 2020. Based on a descriptive bibliometric analysis of the Communication category of the Social Sciences Citation Index database, part of Web of Science, the impact of the main countries is identified. The weight of the output in the Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) database between 2015 and 2020 is also studied. An analysis of the output by universities in Spain for the period 2010–2020 is also carried out, comparing it with the impact and the works in the first quartile. The results reveal that Spain has been the fourth country in terms of output in Communication in the last decade and that Austria stands out as the country whose works have the greatest impact. It is also observed that 67% of Spain’s works in Communication are published in journals that are indexed in ESCI. The impact of Spanish universities is very close to the world average. The Universitat Pompeu Fabra stands out, publishing the most articles and, furthermore, being the Spanish university with most papers in the first quartile of the JCR in Communication between 2010 and 2020. The study of the Shanghai Ranking by area includes eight Spanish universities, only three of which have output in Communication that comes mainly from professors in this area. The role of the Spanish journals Comunicar and Profesional de la información is notable, as they publish a large fraction of the output by Spanish universities in the Communication field. Finally, this paper presents the challenges of research in Communication, as well as those related to its bibliometric analysis, and a reflection on the problems that affect scientific production and research in this subject area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2006. Fifteen years later, an important procedural reform is carried out as a requirement of Article 12 of the Convention, which enshrines the principle of equal recognition of persons with disabilities before the law. This paper analyzes the most relevant amendments to the Civil Procedure Act and the Voluntary Jurisdiction Act that put an end to the system of substitution of the will of persons with disabilities in civil proceedings to make way for a system that guarantees the preferences of these persons. To this end, this paper reflects on whether the reform introduces the adjustments required to adapt to the Convention and achieve its main objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During their foundation, Spanish-American republics faced the problem of defining their borders in a precise manner. Remission to the Spanish Monarchy’s territorial divisions proved insufficient because they were imprecisely defined, according to modern standards. In resolving these territorial conflicts, Spain was in a favorable position to influence their outcomes and did so on some occasions. Yet the 1899 Paris Award that decided on the sovereignty of the almost 160.000 km² between Venezuela and the United Kingdom’s British Guyana was one of the few arbitrated by the United States, and one of the most controversial. The twofold purpose of this paper is to inquire the reasons behind Spain’s approach shift, and to assess the plausibility of the criticisms levelled against the Award. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of Catalonian nationalism has historically been a highly controversial subject in Spanish politics. Although relevant and debated for decades, we can observe significant changes in its dynamics throughout the years. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 laid out the current territorial organization of Spain as a «State of Autonomies», initially supported by the Catalonian nationalism movement. However, this support has gradually decreased to a blatant opposition. More recently, the Catalonian nationalism has evolved to a completely secessionist movement. An evident example of this is the referendum held on 10-1-17, as well as the protests and controversies surrounding it. This change of paradigm was not a sudden drift, but rather a gradual transition of the societal perception of the State of Autonomies and how the Spanish territorial administration affects Catalonia. This paper explores how the Constitutional Court ruling 31/2010 influenced this societal and political change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019 the Italian legislator introduced in the new art. 612- ter CP the so-called "revenge porn": the practice of disseminating sexually explicit images without the consent of the people depicted. Despite the fact that the formulation of the new crime seems to obey a hasty legislative process, the Italian law presents characteristics of undoubted interest from a comparative perspective. The Italian legislator has oriented itself to the criminalization model proposed by the Anglo-American countries based on the sexual nature of the images disseminated, unlike the European legal systems that have adopted a general concept of privacy, for example, Spain and Germany. In addition, the art. 612-ter CP.it provides original regulatory solutions: the responsibility of the "second distributors" of the images and the requirement of consent in dissemination (which seems to be inspired by the Anglo-American theories of "affirmative consent"). This paper also highlights the importance of abandoning the use of the English neologism to adopt the name "non-consensual pornography" and examines in detail the Italian crime, in constant dialogue with the solutions adopted by the legislators of other legal systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Court preparation programs are a resource that aims to reduce the discomfort produced in child victims; nevertheless, studies on their effectiveness are scarce. The aim of this paper is to offer a review of these programs in order to know if the objectives foreseen in their design are being fulfilled and if the effect they are producing is really the expected one. To this end, a systematic search was carried out in the main databases following the PRISMA guidelines. The six included studies show that participants in preparation programs, as well as their primary caregivers and legal professionals consider that these programs reduce anxiety and facilitate victims' testimony. There is a need to adapt and implement these programs in Spain to reduce secondary victimization of children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the communication strategy of the main Spanish political parties on TikTok after the embryonic phase of 2020. Through content analysis, it identifies in quantitative and qualitative terms the use of TikTok by the PP, PSOE, Podemos and Vox, by observing their rate of publication, engagement and type of interaction, predominant themes and adaptability to narrative and discursive techniques. The study, which covers the period from 1 January to 31 December 2021, consists of 562 units of analysis. The results show a settlement and consolidation on the platform and a clear dominance by the Partido Popular and Podemos, as well as the firm emergence of the PSOE, absent until now. A growth in engagement can be seen, although little use is made of the interaction that the social network can facilitate in order to contribute to debate and social participation. The confrontation between leaders, accusations against the governing party and controversial topics, which reflect polarisation and emotionality, are those that achieve the greatest interaction, which shows that the spectacularisation of current politics finds in TikTok a means of dissemination that is easy to viralise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing importance of railways in the global context, either as a means of transport or as a tourist product, this paper aims to provide an alternative to the closure of the Aranjuez-Cuenca-Utiel railway in Spain. From the point of view of sustainable tourism, it is intended to highlight the role of this railway as a backbone of territorial socioeconomic development. The recovery and enhancement of the Portuguese Duero line is presented as an example for the future of the Cuenca's Province railway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1691, after leaving the post of viceroy of Peru and during his return to Spain, Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull, Duke of La Palata, died in Portobelo. The news of his death was received in Lima with some poems against him written by the poet Juan del Valle y Caviedes. In these verses, using mainly the model of funeral poetry, a series of accusations are made against the duke in which his avarice and pride are criticized. In this paper I will comment a poetic epitaph, in the form of a sonnet, in which, in addition to moral accusations, echoes of political attacks against the ex-viceroy are also manifest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish scientific production and technology transfer that it entails are constantly growing, and consequently that of the Autonomous Communities as well. However, this does not mean that all the Autonomous Communities evolve in the same way, nor that they all implement the same policies. In this paper we present a comparison of investment in R&D&i, scientific production, and its transfer to the productive fabric of the seventeen Spanish Autonomous Communities in the period 2003-2020. The data used to carry out this work has been extracted from three of the platforms created by the SCImago group: SCImago Journal & Country Rank (SJ&CR), SCImago Institutions Rankings (SIR) and SCImago Patents Rank (SPR) (under development) based on information included in Elsevier's Scopus database and PATSTAT. In total, 1,276,914 primary documents published in the 2003-2020 period have been recovered, signed by authors affiliated to Spanish institutions that have been disaggregated at the level of Autonomous Communities. With them, a battery of indicators of scientific production (12), its technological impact (5) and technology transfer (5) has been generated, in addition to its variation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the multiple realizations of lower limit and of speakers from different Spanish speaking territories found in the extensive oral corpus FEC (Fonología del Español Contemporáneo). We present several acoustic criteria to assign the continuum between occlusive and approximant to different phonetic variants to enable quantitative analysis of the corpus. The results of the acoustic analysis confirm the different phases described in previous literature of the phenomenon in the different Spanish speaking territories. Additionally, they show that a) palatal fricative realizations [?] - the IPA symbol commonly used for the phoneme - is very rare in the corpus and b) that in territories that distinguish between/?/and/j/, hybrid variants consisting of lateral + central that show a beginning delateralization are quite recurrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prison intervention/treatment actions are aimed at addressing the in/reintegration of convicted persons. However, there are few references and results of these actions. This paper aims to analyze the intervention programs in Spain and their relationship with the processes of female in/reinsertion and recidivism. A descriptive univariate and bivariate analysis was performed on a sample of 310 female inmates surveyed in open regime. The results indicate that employment education programs are most in demand, followed by life skills and gender-based violence programs. There is greater participation in the ordinary regime (between 50% and 60%), with repeat offenders standing out (75.3%), which questions the adequacy of their needs in professional actions. The findings show the importance of updating the penitentiary interventionaction from a socio-educational and gender perspective, adapted to the characteristics of women for their in/reinsertion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the representation of women in sodomy prosecutions. Based on the analysis of theological, moral, medical and legal literature, it aims to shed light on the different controversies surrounding "perfect" and "imperfect" sodomy that determined the understanding and suitability of women as moral and legal subjects in the face of supposedly unnatural acts. It also relates the two nefarious crimes in which a woman could be implicated, either as an active figure through sodomy between women, or as a victim of unnatural sexual violence carried out by a man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, sports journalism was regarded by universities as a "soft" specialisation. The picture began to change at the end of the 20th century, when schools were incorporating it into their programs. Nowadays, it's one of the most popular specializations among journalism students, who demand specific training in this field. This paper investigates the status of sports communication pedagogy at universities in Spain. For this purpose, an exploratory research is conducted to describe the presence of sport as an object of study in the teaching plans of the journalism degrees. The method used is content analysis. 38 curricula and 1748 syllabi of their courses are examined. Findings show that 58% of the universities offer a stand-alone course on sports communication, while 24% address the subject as part of a specialist journalism course. Other courses not related to sports journalism or specialist journalism (mainly those focused on radio, photojournalism, media law, press and television) also include sports in their syllabi in a shorter form. For 11% of universities, the latter is the only way in which the subject is addressed, and in one case an institution does not include any reference to sport. Therefore, most of Journalism degrees in Spain cover, to a greater or lesser extent, the demand for training in sports communication, although data indicates that this discipline is not yet fully established and that there is room for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The movement, named "Inclusive Education, Yes, Special Too" (Educación Inclusiva Sí, Especial También) originated in the publicly-subsidized private schools dedicated to special education. This article aims to analyze the discourse framework of this movement and to confront it with the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006), joined by Spain in 2008. Therefore, using Critical Discourse Analysis, we analyze the arguments and ideas expressed by their followers in the media, unions' publications, online audiovisual material and posts on Twitter. Our fndings show a discourse based on a misinterpretation of recent law projects and the concept of 'educative inclusion' of the United Nations and also the association of ordinary schools with competitiveness, hostility towards functional diversity and psychological discomfort. Consequently, the outcome of this paper indicates that there is a common discourse shared by this movement and the pro-inclusive movement based on the lack of inclusion in Spanish ordinary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission considers a priority endowing citizens the necessary information and knowledge to guarantee the success of the digital transition towards DTT in the member states. From this point, this article examines European and Spanish policies of transition and follows the citizen's behaviour towards DTT. In the last part of this work, an empirical research has been developed measuring DTT citizen's knowledge and perception from 2006 to 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of the Anthropocene as a geological epoch where Humankind has become a key influential force on Earth's biophysical dynamics addresses directly to Geography, which has historically defined itself as a science focused on the study of the interaction between Society and Nature. Although Anglo-American geography has already reflected on the implications for Geography of the acceptance of the Anthropocene thesis, there is little analysis of this issue in Spain. This paper argues that, in such anthropocenic context, it is no longer possible to consider that Society is subordinated to the rule of Nature, as it was assumed by classical Geography. On the contrary, social processes are nowadays an overarching factor in the construction of territory due to the technical capacity developed by Humankind to affect the behaviour of Earth systems. This new perspective has implications for the teaching, research and applied practice of Geography which are discussed in this paper, and which can be synthesised in the need to place territorial processes at the centre of teaching, of research, and of the design of intervention policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyzed the results obtained for the total count between 2007 and 2018 of (1) doctoral theses defended in the 55 universities with undergraduate and/or graduate studies in communication that offer doctoral degrees, (2) competitive projects in state calls in the social sciences and humanities areas where the object of study includes a socially significant dimension of "communication" practices, and (3) papers resulting from R&D projects published in reference journals in the area of communication. These documents are the most representative of the research activity of faculty, because they constitute the published results originating from research that is recognized and legitimized by academic life, without which such documents could not have been published. Thus, the articles collected here constitute a census of publications based on previous research, since all those articles whose object of study was not previous research were not selected, e.g., essays, or epistemological reviews of authors, schools, and/or theoretical or methodological trends. Papers presented at Asociación Española de Investigación de la Comunicación (AE-IC) congresses, which are also being studied as part of the MapCom project, could also have been included; however, they are only considered tangentially herein because only a minority of them are expressly linked to research results. This overview of the productivity of communication research in Spain over a decade analyzes documents grouped by universities, Autonomous Communities, author gender, and years. A total of 4,158 documents have been analyzed. The results reflect the influence of the scientific policies of the research quality assessment agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of the initial phase (O1) of the European Project LSP Teacher Training Summer School (TRAILs), made up of eight partners: teachers of Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP) from seven European Universities and a British consultancy firm specialized in the quality of education research (Arcola). The main objective of the project is the training of LSP teachers and the development of skills to promote an innovative and high-quality teaching, based on the identified gaps and the existing dysfunctions between the training required by these teachers and the actual offering of courses. This paper identifies and analyses the training courses for LSP teachers offered in countries from the European Higher Education Area, with special emphasis in Spain. A standardized questionnaire was designed to gather the information available in the training programs of more than 1000 higher education institutions and universities in 25 countries. The results show that the offer is quite scarce and very eclectic and heterogeneous regarding formats, teaching methodology, learning outcomes and evaluation methods. These results reinforce the need to create the standard European pilot program for teacher training in LSP that emerged from this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The journal Sustainability, published by MDPI, was the journal that published the most papers by researchers from Spanish institutions in 2020. This justifies a detailed examination of the Spanish scientific production in this journal. At the same time, the work of editing monographic issues in which papers with Spanish authors have been published is analyzed. For this purpose, we have identified whether each paper belongs to regular or to special issues of the journal, identifying whether the author of the paper is also editor of the monograph, or a university colleague. The nationality of the editors was also studied. The subject matter of the articles and their belonging to the area of the journal were analyzed. Most of the papers published by Spanish authors were published in special issues (81.6%), mainly edited by authors of the same nationality (63.1%). It is also found that there is an important production carried out by the same editor of the monograph, or by colleagues from the same institution. It is also found that a substantial number of works published in Sustainability (42.3%) have minimal or no relationship with the subject of sustainability. Finally, the implications of these findings are discussed under the light of the publication strategies of Spanish researchers and the science evaluation policies applied in Spain. The main controversial aspects identified have to do with the publication of papers on other subjects, the value of publishing in monographs, which in some cases could be considered as inbreeding, and the short editing times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the social structure of Spanish and Latin American communication researchers through the representation and analysis of three coauthorship networks at the national, institutional, and individual level. Such networks are built from papers indexed in the 'Communication' category by Web of Science and published between 2000 and 2019 by authors attached to a Spanish or Latin American institution (n = 5,040). The goal is to characterize the structural features of each network, identify the most central actors, and illustrate the most relevant relationships among nodes. The results show that the most central country is Spain, followed by the USA and other European nations. Among the Latin American states, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico are placed at the most relevant nodes. Latin American collaboration is preferentially addressed to the USA, especially since 2015. Regarding institutions, Spanish public universities in Madrid and Catalonia achieve the highest degrees of centrality. However, the most central Latin American institutions are private universities. The most relevant authors are Spanish researchers until 2015, when they are replaced at the top by Latin American scholars. Collaboration at both the individual and institutional levels shows a deep regional tendency, while the internationalization of researchers and universities is only more visible since 2015. This work identifies a tendency towards internal cohesion at different network levels as the number of connected nodes grows in each period. We conclude that a proper Spanish-Latin America community of communication researchers does not exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an up-to-date overview of how students in Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) in Spanish public schools, aged between 11 and 16, approach the media, how they inform themselves, the degree of journalistic discrimination they have, and how they deal with the news in times of an infodemic and disinformation. In addition, it explores the opinion of teachers on the media deficits they perceive in their students. The main research technique used in this study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey of 1,651 ESO students from all over Spain with a confidence level of <95% and a ±3% sampling error. In order to delve deeper into some of the main aspects pointed out by students, 77 in-depth interviews were conducted with teachers from all over Spain. The main results highlight that high school students are mainly informed through social networks, television, and their family or friendship groups; that they have difficulties in discriminating between information and opinion; and that, although they consider themselves capable of differentiating between news and hoaxes, more than half are unable to distinguish between fake and real news. According to the teachers in some of these schools, media consumption among students is non-critical, fuelled by the compulsive consumption of audiovisual and digital media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic nationalism or ethnonationalism is a fundamental feature of the ideology of the Spanish political party Vox. This connects it with the political thought of the populist radical right (as defined by Mudde) within the wider far right family. First, this paper examines what ethnic nationalism or ethnonationalism means, in theoretical terms, before going on to analyse a peculiar feature that distinguishes Vox's nativism from other European radical right parties: "ethnic Hispanicism". Finally, it studies Vox's connections with Latin America, investigating the specific conceptualisation and strategic features of the project the Spanish party calls the "Iberosphere". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at explaining the grammaticalization of igual (and lo mismo) as a reformulative and concessive marker based on a corpus of diachronic texts. The objectives are threefold: to find out the possible relation between the evolution of igual and that of lo mismo in this case, to investigate in what previous contexts the new functions were acquired and in which area they were originated. The corpus study reveals that the evolutions of both forms are related, but the change of formal preference (lo mismo > igual) caused that the grammaticalization of lo mismo as a connective failed and that of igual was successful. The exploration of the previous contexts reflects the link between the reformulative and concessive values. Finally, the process took place in Rio de la Plata area and from there it spread to the inside of Argentina and Chilean Spanish, where it became a popular form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the need to foster critical thinking skills through a gender perspective in the Translation and Interpretation curricula in Spain. Taking as an example the degree in Translation and Interlinguistic Mediation at the University of Valencia, the need to address translation education taking into account the gender bias present in texts, discourses and professional assignments of future translation graduates is examined. Through the VOICED innovation project, a classroom experience is presented focusing on the development of gender awareness in the translation classroom. The project addresses translators’ self-concept and enhances their ability to make conscious decisions about the linguistic and discursive strategies that may, or may not, perpetuate power asymmetries in society. The results of the project and the students’ perceptions are also presented, which show both the poor education they have received so far in the field of gender and their willingness to incorporate a gender perspective into translation education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the modifications in the Spanish legal regime for fresh start for natural debtors resulting from the implementation of the European Directive on preventive restructuring frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 2020, the European Commission agreed on an aid package, the so-called Recovery and Resilience Mechanism (RRM), for which Spain would receive no less than 140 billion. For its management, the government developed the Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan where, in addition, it would establish not only what investment project would be made but also the reforms to be applied. However, the recent experience of the Spanish administration revealed a significant difficulty in executing the European funds associated with the Multiannual Financial Framework 14-20. This difficulty, of which both the Spanish administration itself and the European Commission are aware, forces us to review the determinants of administrative capacity in our country as well as the possible necessary changes. In this paper we explore the relationship between administrative capacity and execution of funds as well as the necessary actions that must be carried out to improve the capacity and efficiency of administrations in the execution of funds that will be decisive for the future of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present the results of the documentation of a possible cattle hut located in Dehesa de Villargordo (Villafranca de los Barros, SW Spain) by an intensive archaeological survey. This site must have depended on the nearby settlement of Villargordo which, from a hill on the other hand of the Bonhabal stream and next to the Via de la Plata, would be controlling and exploiting this area of wooded pastureland between the Hight Roman Empire and the Early Middle Ages. The archaeological data obtained from our fieldwork has allowed us to carry out a kernel density estimation to specify the location of the hut withing the space of the extinct wooded pastureland. From this analysis we have been able to assess the rate of lateral displacement of artifacts caused by the action of the agricultural plow. Furthermore we have been able to discriminate artifacts by chronological and functional groups. These analyzes, combined with the study of diagnostic artifacts and with a historical approach to the the transformations of the landscape, has allowed us to interpret the archaeological site at a chronological, functional and economic level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este trabajo persigue dos objetivos. En primer lugar, estudiar el efecto potencial de la percepción del clima escolar por parte de los profesores y de las variables motivacionales de estos relacionadas con los estudiantes en la satisfacción de los profesores con la escuela y el clima motivacional del aula (CMC). En segundo lugar, validar una batería de cuestionarios para evaluar las diferentes variables motivacionales de los docentes relacionadas con los estudiantes: conocimiento motivacional, enfoque de los docentes en las calificaciones y necesidades emocionales de los estudiantes y expectativas. En total, 441 profesores y 5,380 estudiantes de España y Costa Rica participaron en el estudio. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios mostraron la adecuación de la estructura de cada cuestionario. Además, los resultados de los análisis de correlación y regresión mostraron, en primer lugar, que la percepción del clima escolar, junto con las expectativas de los profesores, son los principales factores que pueden influir en la satisfacción de los profesores con la escuela. En segundo lugar, que el CMC no depende de la satisfacción de los profesores, sino solo de dos componentes del clima escolar, el apoyo mutuo de los profesores y las actitudes de los estudiantes, y de las expectativas de autoeficacia. En ambos análisis de regresión, satisfacción y CMC, se encontraron diferencias transculturales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the features and practices of military command during a war of conquest, as exhibited by Castilian captains at the dawn of Iberian Atlantic expansion between the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age. Focusing on Castilian royal chronicles of military campaigns against the aboriginal people of the Canary Islands, such texts demonstrate continuities with the military discourse developed during the war against the Muslims in medieval Spain, as well as adaptation to a new geographical, social and cultural context, embodied in the experiences of the conquest of the Americas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the blurred boundaries between the historical narrative and the exemplum. After outlining the main links between the two and the fundamental role of rhetoric to each, the study turns to a specific case: the unexpected death of King John I of Castile. This event is captured in literary form in Alfonso Álvarez de Villasandino's poem Crónica de Ayala, as well as Diego Rodríguez de Almela's Crónica del Despensero and Valerio de las Estorias escolásticas e de España. Drawing from these examples, the article posits four basic principles that underpin the composition of the historical exemplum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 2020, the Procedure against disinformation was approved in Spain and it provoked an intense reaction on social networks and in the media about the repercussions it could trigger on freedom of expression. To analyze this case study and to observe the confluence of the concern of society and journalism about the informative disorders, a combined methodological approach was designed. First, a multi-stage sample of more than 35,000 tweets with the hashtag #Ministeriodelaverdad has been selected, from which a quantitative and qualitative analysis has been carried out. Second, a content analysis was carried out in the main media in Spain, both press and television (ABC, El Mundo, El País, El Confidencial, El Independiente, Eldiario.es, LaSexta, Telecinco y RTVE. We found that the hashtag was promoted by conservative and anonymous political accounts which - with a greater degree of polarization - led the debate and fed the echo chamber with opinions and audiovisual contents. In the media, the editorial bias determines the acceptance of this measure and the plurality. Little similarity is found between the political sources represented in the media, mainly belonging to the bipartisanship (PP y PSOE) and experts from different areas, and the network, where among those identified there is a total predominance of liberals and far-right. This paper allows us to observe the changes in the construction of the public sphere that social media are inducing and, in the matter of the fight against informative disorders, reflects on the importance of the information media leading the shaping of public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the informative coverage made by the newspapers El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia in their printed editions on the investiture session of Pedro Sánchez as President of the Spanish Government. For this purpose, all the text related to this issue published between Friday 3 and Wednesday 8 January 2020 were analyze through a content analysis (n=333), which consider variables such as the location, the type of the texts, the topic addressed and the prominence of headlines and graphics. The results show that this topic aroused a remarkable interest among the analyzed newspapers, which provided their coverage with a great opinion and interpretive value. Furthermore, other features that define the informative coverage of these newspapers are the moderate use of graphic elements, the predominant attention to PSOE and Unidas Podemos, and the configuration of the agenda setting around the same issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our legal system recognizes in Article 125 of the Constitution the right of citizens to exercise the popular action. Unlike what happens in the majority of States in the world, the Public Prosecutor's Office in Spain does not have a monopoly on prosecution. The question lies in determining whether it should really be admitted that citizens can promote the action of justice, since this same function is already entrusted to the Public Prosecutor's Office. That is why this paper aims to review the alleged purposes pursued by the popular action in criminal proceedings and which have been pointed out by our jurisprudence and doctrine. In this way it will be possible to determine if they are legitimate and if they really achieve the intended purpose. If not, it may be necessary to adopt the appropriate legislative decisions in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of these introductory remarks is to offer the frame of the monographic revision about the rights of the elderly population, which you will have the opportunity to read in this paper. There are two previous points we must take into account. First, that elder population has been permanently increasing all along last century. Moreover, according with the demographic previsions this tendency will persist within the next decades. Second, that we are talking about a colective that must be considered victime of this new form of agression named ageism. In addition to stereotypes and preiuices, age discrimination is an extended and badly recognized phenomenon. Elder rights have been emphasized by supranational institutions, like United Nations or the World Health Organization, through calls and oficial declarations along last years. In Spain many institutions and particular groups add its voices fighting for a better health and social education, that arrives to all members of our society, starting from all potential victims, until administrative rulemakers. who are the ones who make the norms that regulates our living in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to reconstruct and analyze the work, will and position of argentinian diplomatics during the central years of the government of general Primo de Rivera and in the interwar European context. The Exposición Iberoamericana de Sevilla, inaugurated in 1929, wich gave rise to numerous activities, official and cultural commitments in Spain, had special relevance for its performance. Through this analysis, we will investigate the institutional mechanisms and personal practices that these main characters, belonging to the diplomatic network, knew how to weave and resolve certain transnational conflicts as events unfolded, as would occur with the celebration of October 12th of that same year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

María Edilia Valero, a Venezuelan writer, arrived in Madrid at the end of the 1920s with the purpose of creating a Hispanic-American cultural center that encompassed multiple scope of action. This research paper approaches the institution she created, its foundation and directions, its statutes and activities during the years it was active in Spain and its closure with the declaration of the Spanish civil war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the career of the Uruguayan Benjamín Fernández y Medina, who represented his country in Spain as minister plenipotentiary between 1917 and 1930 before being transferred to Havana. Those of Fernández Medina's diplomatic activities that were strictly tied to bilateral relations, which here are only studied in a tangential sense, took on a transnational dimension as the Uruguayan began to represent his country in Portugal and at the Assembly of the League of Nations while still being based in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we perform an analysis about the effect of the perception of corruption in the activity of the credit insurance or CDS market in Spain during the period between 2008 and 2018. To measure the perception of corruption, we use Google Trends tool for the keyword “corrupcion”. On the other hand, to proxy the activity of the CDS market, we use the evolution of the 5-year CDSs. Subsequently, an empirical analysis is carried out through regression methodology and out-of-sample analysis to verify the predictive capacity of the model. The results show that perceived corruption impacts the evolution of CDSs, and its influence is greater in the years in which the country's economy does not face a crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines seven tourist places in the Spanish province of Alicante, where it is possible to identify a greater presence or agency of LGBTQ+ communities. They are also coastal enclaves highly appreciated by heteronormative society and thus crossed by spatial conflicts and exclusion policies that allow their reality to be approached from an intersectional perspective. Our study reveals that, in addition to the gradients of dispossession and discrimination that non-normative inhabitants suffer transversally in society, the queer condition, upon intersecting with the class factor, causes differentiated experiences in terms of segregation, harassment and homophobic violence. In each location, the idiosyncrasy of the physical and cultural geography suggests specific analytical methodologies, mostly qualitative, which, together with an effort of queer pedagogy, invite us to reflect on other ways of producing and sharing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze how Arturo Pérez-Reverte claims the legacy of the Enlightenment in his historical novel Hombres buenos (2015). The history of two members of the Real Academia Espartóla, in charge of travelling to Paris in the hopes of obtaining all the volumes of the Encyclopedia and bringing them to Spain, allows Pórez-Reverte to create an original account of eighteenth-century Spain. Pórez-Reverte belongs to an intellectual tradition that depicts the Hispanic Enlightenment as inexistent, incomplete, insufficient, or unoriginal. At the same time, however, he keeps his distance from such tradition, by questioning the consensual image of a civilized and enlightened France, and by showing that Spaniards also participated in the creation and dissemination of the Enlightenment. This paper also analyzes how the fictitious account of the eighteenth century is nor only a defense of enlightened Spaniards, but also a way to express desires for the twenty-first century, especially regarding the political and linguistic unity of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a civil and land registry implementation of smart real estate property in Spain, from a comparative perspective. To this end, the work proposes a legal theory and remedies for smart real estate property, evolving towards contract adaptation, guarantees execution and land registry blockchainization. A smart real estate property requires property Tokenization and its conveyancing, and Proptech implementation, in particular, the Internet of Things, in order to associate and control goods and their corresponding digital assets on blockchain. Finally, the paper argues for a land registry blockchainization, according to the Land Registry Interconnection and the IMOLA platform in the EU, and the Alastria Blockchain Ecosystem in Spain, to shape a smart real estate property. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the application of the transparency laws of Brazil and Spain in a comparative perspective, seeking to know what mechanisms housed in these websites facilitate the access of the citizens to the information and to check, at the same time, the degree of application of transparency laws. Therefore, the type of research chosen is descriptive with a comparative approach, and as a procedure used usability tests on the institutional transparency sites of Brazil and Spain. In these tests, were evaluated criteria such as technical usability, information, communication and services. We also used the bibliographic, with the documentary research method with the intention of provoking a reflection about the object studied. From the preliminary analysis of the basic bibliographies during this paper, it could be observed that there is a relationship between transparency and citizenship, and understanding this phenomenon is important to understand if the tools that facilitate transparency are capable of influencing the practices of good governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 50 years there have been significant changes in land cover and land use, mainly those classified as artificial. This process, and its generalisation on a global scale, affect directly the basic functions of the soil, increasing other problems such as the loss of biodiversity, pollution, soil degradation, flooding and the effects of climate change. In the study area (Mazarrón, Region of Murcia) this problem is exemplary: the binomial urban development associated with the increase of beach tourism and intensive agriculture (under greenhouses) alter drastically the nature of the soil. The aim of this paper is twofold: to establish a supervised classification model that distinguishes, with an assumable error, the different classes established, highlighting those considered as sealed surfaces and, in addition, to make a comparison with the latest Corine Land Cover available information (2018). For this purpose, Sentinel 2A satellite images were selected and a maximum likelihood classification was performed. To validate the results, a confusion matrix was developed and an overall accuracy of 89% was obtained. Finally, a significantly underestimation by the Corine Land Cover of 75% of the sealed surfaces was observed, mainly due to its resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the evolution and current situation of the topic Journalistic Production in the training of journalists when fifty years of university studies in Spain are marked with the creation of the first Faculties of Information Sciences. From the research field and from the university training field, a delimitation of Journalistic Production with respect to other areas has not been conducted yet. Our main goal is to know the representation of the subject Journalistic Production in the training proposal of Spanish public universities within the framework of the European Higher Education Area. We carry out a content analysis of the lecturing guides of 282 courses belonging to the study plans of the degrees and double degrees in Journalism of 22 Spanish public universities, where we quantitatively observe the offer of specific contents of Journalistic Production by kind of subjects, credits, courses and knowledge areas and, also, qualitatively the jargon of the subjects and the specificity degree in the treatment of the contents. We conclude that there is a stable presence of contents on Journalistic Production, although they are perceived as fragmented and scattered in varied courses, as well as a lack of recognition in the terminology of subjects and a low or very low level of specificity in the contents lectured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the use of Twitter by the candidates for the presidency of the Government of Spain of the five main parties at the national level -PSOE, PP, Vox, Podemos and Ciudadanos- of the general elections campaigns held in April and November 2019. The main purpose of our study is to determine the strategies used of the microblogging network by the leaders, both in terms of activity, interaction and notoriety and in terms of topics and discursive development, as well as their similarities and differences. The secondary objective is to study the evolution of these strategies both between the two campaigns and with respect to previous elections. To this end, the research is based on a content analysis methodology that studies quantitative, qualitative and discursive elements. The results reveal an uneven use of Twitter in terms of the frequency of updates, but similar in terms of its unidirectionality, with scarce interaction with other users and a predominance of tweets with their own content over retweets. The dissemination of other people's content was used almost entirely to promote the candidate's political party and, to a lesser extent, to interact with journalists. Dialogue with citizens was almost always residual, both in retweets and in responses. This utilitarian conception of the microblogging network was accompanied by a polarizing thematic selection, with an almost general preponderance of political issues over policy issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the evolution of the electoral use of Instagram in Spain, from its origins as a political communication channel to its current consolidation. A content analysis of eleven variables is applied to the formal, spatial, personal, thematic-discursive and interactive dimensions of the activity carried out on this social network by the candidates for the presidency of the Spanish Government of the parties that ran with the highest vote expectations in the General Elections of December 2015, June 2016 and April and November 2019 (571 posts). The results show the consolidation of Instagram as a political communication tool and the growing interest of the parties in it, as well as the increasing importance of short videos as a format. The electoral use of this social network is carried out with an increasingly mobilising intention, as evidenced both by the themes chosen and, above all, by the purpose of the publications, the spatial context represented and the hashtags used. The growing characterisation of candidates as leaders of the masses is also evidence of the personalisation of political leadership that occurs in this medium during electoral campaigns. Finally, the phenomenon of polarisation and the presence of populist stylistic traits are also beginning to be noticeable, as reflected in the increase in political issues and negative emotional appeals in the messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an update of the existing nuclear heritage in southern Spain. Old uranium mines, nuclear fuel factories, nuclear waste warehouses or places affected by nuclear accidents have a set of possibilities beyond their relation to uranium activity. The state of existing nuclear facilities in southern Spain, which form a heritage complex that deserves institutional attention and may have opportunities for its transformation into a resource for educational or tourist use, is analyzed and valued. From the detailed analysis of each element to the object of study, the diagram of strengths and weaknesses of the whole has been established. This suffers a certain stigmatization that should be reverted in a series of actions conducive in a sustainable way to comprehensiveness in their regional environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seven new interesting records for the flora of Almería and Granada (Spain) are listed in this paper. Among them, Ferulago ternatifolia and Teucrium spinosum would be the most relevant cited species due to their rarity or their particular distribution areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]