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Nowadays, it is widely accepted that experience can modify multiple aspects of the functioning and structure of the brain; however, there is still a long way to go to understand the mechanisms behind these modifications. In order to understand the relationship between experience and brain plasticity, models and paradigms have been adapted from cognitive neurosciences; one of them has been music training. In the last decades, this paradigm has strengthened because it allows us to understand the structural and functional modifications produced by training. It has been demonstrated that musicians compared to non-musicians present larger sizes of specific brain regions, in particular, the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with a better performance in executive functions tasks. In addition, long-term neuro-physiological changes have been identified in people who play an instrument. A relationship between playing an instrument and better performance in executive functions has been identified. However, the evidence of this effect is contradictory. Executive functions are a series of general control processes that help regulate thinking and behavior. Some research indicates that learning an instrument is associated with better performance in working memory, but not regarding tasks related to inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. However, other studies have revealed significant differences between musicians and non-musicians, both in working memory and tasks of cognitive flexibility as well as in inhibitory control. It is possible that the contradictory results are due to the methodological diversity through which this topic has been addressed, since some studies have carried out experimental and quasi-experimental designs, and others have developed correlational approaches. In addition, different theoretical models have been used to evaluate executive functions. For this study, we work with the theoretical model of Miyake et al. (2000), which is a solid theoretical-empirical proposal about three clearly differentiable executive functions: inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory. A meta-analysis was performed with the purpose of identifying the effect of playing an instrument on executive functions as well as identifying the moderator variables. By doing this, we wanted to clarify the problem in question and the controversial results; therefore, empirical studies comparing musicians against non-musicians were included. The comparison group should not have been exposed to musical training, the participants should not present motor or cognitive disabilities, and finally, studies should report means and standard deviations for the scores on executive functions tasks. We included papers published between January 2000 and July 2017. The moderator variables studied were: age in months at the time of evaluation, age at which training began, and total years of training. The coding strategy allowed us to identify a total of 42 294 articles. The titles and abstracts were analyzed and those that did not meet the inclusion criteria were eliminated. This procedure allowed the detection of 24 articles for future analysis, and 12 out of them were finally selected. These 12 articles contributed to 60 effect sizes and 513 participants. The results showed that musicians have a better performance in executive functions tasks when they are compared to non-musicians, d = .712, n = 60, IC95% = (.57; .85), p < .0001. Additionally, the analysis of moderating variables revealed that the practice of an instrument equally benefits all executive functions, and the most important benefit occurs in older adults and children. Results support the hypothesis that the high level of difficulty involved with learning to play an instrument can influence a better performance in executive functions tasks. Our study points out the need of designing research that allows the scientific community to investigate the effect of prolonged musical training over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how to teach and how to learn about the nature of the therapeutic relationship. This concept is the main content of the Pre-Practicum course which is a cumpulsory prerequisite for students before they begin their practicum as psychotherapists in the Master in Spirtuality and Psychotherapy degree program of Wilfrid Laurier University in the province of Ontario, Canada. The concept of therapeutic relationship is analyzed from the perspective of Piaget, Freire and Morin. This article is focused on the importance and the needs of reaching a good therapeutic relationship in order to implement the psychotherapy process and the changes that the client needs to achieve to improve his mental health. This work analyzes the concepts of transference, countertransference and therapeutic alliance from dynamic and cognitive perspectives. This article is supported by the principles of transdisciplinarity and complex thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a theoretical review of transference, analyst's desire and interpretation as a psychoanalytic concepts and analytic elements. The main question is how the analyst's desire, transference, and interpretation take place in psychoanalytic clinic? Transference and interpretation are the most important elements in analysis, however, the analyst's desire occur before the analytic situation, the analyst's desire and the transference create the atmosphere to the interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To develop, through the construction of a narrative of the analytic experience, the vicissitudes of the analyst-analysand. Development: Exposing the analytical process that took place, the transference and countertransference and the importance of neutrality and abstinence even in handling difficult cases considered for the psychoanalytic method and technique. Conclusions: The analyst must be able to protect and take care of the analytical process, to allow this to be an experience for analyzing, copper meaning a link that looks creative and hopeful psychic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contains the results of a study made with the purpose of getting close to the understanding of subjective aspects that underlay the frequent demand of medical appointments, by patients. The research design was qualitative, the methodology was case studies and the information recollection technique was the in depth semi-structured interview. Nine samples were taken from frequent medical consultants of a health institution in Medellin. The results suggest that there is a search for relief and control in the medical appointment made by the frequent consultants, motivated by the suffering they manifest and have. Aspects like the tie with the doctor, patient demand and the social representations constituted are decisive for the perception of control and relief of this suffering and the beginning and maintenance of the frequent medical consultant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A symptom constitutes a compromise between a demand of the jouissance drive and something that acts as a law, preventing its realization. These symptoms speak, but they don't solve anything by themselves; however, they do allow for an attainment of the first subjective positions, and then give transference an opportunity to appear. Their formal wrapping, made of symbolic and imaginary elements, shelters a jouissance that stays limited in this way. Addictions are presented as a rejection of this functionality, but they also raise the question: Is it just the functionality's failure or a new formal wrapping? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper is a reflexion about the difference between past and history, highlighted by Lacan. Development: Through reading some of Freud's basic texts about technique and analysing a clinical situation, the author reflects on the notions of symptom, interpretation and transference. Results and Conclusions: The symptom, for example, as a representative of the repressed, is shown here as an indispensable guide, because it contains the remains of the language that can link the missing history, and therefore, using the transfer may find ways for reconstruction. The concept of transference is explained by questioning its pathological vision. Finally, the paper ends considering the dynamics of transference, finding many interesting sequences on the way the psychoanalytic cure operates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Establish a critical reading of the text Models for thinking, Models for implementing, text written by Eduardo Laverde Rubio. Methods: Through the commentary methodology the author (Guillermo Sánchez Medina) contrasts his ideas with those of the reference text, the author then presents his views. Results and Conclusions: The author suggests the concept of complementary models, in this notion he take the contributions of the theory of complexity. The author criticizes the one-dimensional views. The investigation of the mind, of which psychoanalysis is an example, involves multiple models approach, the critical attitude and the presence of uncertainty. Finally, the author addresses the issue of technical, focusing on the analysis of the process transference-countertransference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work tries to approach different developments of the analyst's position in the transference. Firstly, Lacan's conceptualization of the analyst's position through his reading The Banquet by Plato will be studied. Then, the above mentioned position will be developed from the ego ideal concept. Finally, the analyst's position will be approached from the re-conceptualization of the analyst's wish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nature and function of interpretation are related to the clinical facts: the acting out of a vivid situation of life or the narrative of an experience. The vital fact needs to be transformed into a narration and its elements required to be entangled into the fabric of the transference's meanings. The narration, instead, needs to be transformed in a working through: the playing enhance the bunch of meanings and leads towards the realm of a major symbolization. Psychoanalysis is conceived like a dispositive that occasionally works with enigmas and in other times works with not symbolic raw experiences. The roles of the hero, the mourning and the paying are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors start addressing theories in a general way and giving some operational definitions of them with the purpose to make it clear to the reader the way we employ the terms. The relationship with the unconscious--both descriptive and dynamic--is also established, and with unconscious phantasies as introduced by the Object Relations theory as well. Two different kinds of implicit (also called private) theories are thus presented: on one hand those descriptively unconscious (preconscious); on the other those dynamically unconscious (unconscious) Finally, an epistemological examination of the concept of transference in Freud's work is made with the intentions to show some of these ideas put to work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conceptualizations of temporality in classic Greece and the Jewish tradition and the contributions of G Deleuze and G Agamben are developed, applying them to the comprehension of a non-chronological temporality in the psychoanalytic session. The story in the session, the words of the patient must not be thought of as the comment of what happened earlier, but the story is rather the event itself as currently developed in the session while being listened by the analyst who may interpret it and then may present it because something that happens during such analysis leads him to interrogate himself, questioning himself while waiting for a reader or a listener to come. Einstein revolutionized the idea of time relating it to the idea of space and movement thus relativizing the concept. Time is neither constant nor external to us; time stops as speed increases. Regarding time, this epistemological rupture in physics has had significant repercussions in the comprehension of historical time that may no longer be thought of as mere chronology. There is a genetic temporality and a non-genetic temporality, nonsuccessive, non-numerable but rather intensive. Differences are presented between the chronology of the medical act and the intensive temporality of the analytical listening, which intensive temporality cannot be transmitted by a technological verifiable record. The resemblances between game, work of art and historicity of the living being are affirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows a metapsychological re-creation of transference from a conceptualization of representations as the units of psychism. Transference has its origins in the effort of an unsatisfied libidinal investiture that continues to be active in the Unconscious, and which allows the primary process to inadvertently filter into the secondary process through a "false link". Therefore, a current perception becomes identified with the expectative representation, which makes the individual believe that this new person will satisfy the aforementioned investiture. Transference neurosis is a psychoanalytic pillar, since only through it may one consciously and currently have access the repressed unconscious drives, a feature of childhood sexuality, and restart the psychosexual development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychoanalytic therapy of couples is defined as a treatment where the therapeutic goal is to promote insight into the own psychic reality, into the partner's psychic functioning and into their reciprocal feedbacks. It aims at producing insight into the inter-subjective functioning that characterize the consulting couple, and not at saving marriages or at harmonizing them according to social norms. Some concepts are proposed, necessary to build up the theoretical framework that a psychoanalytically oriented couple treatment needs: intrasubjectivity, inter-subjectivity, multi-directionality, unconscious alliances, intra-couple transference, narrative in common, vinculum intervention. The prescription would be dependent on the importance that the inter-subjective specific mechanisms have in the couple's conflicts. A fragment of a session is reported in order to illustrate the vinculum intervention, the specific modality of therapeutic intervention. As to the process of psychic change, the paper proposes that it depends on analyzing the transferences between the partners (intra-couple transferences), in order to promote, within the couple tie, a mental functioning closer to reality principle, that is to say, a functioning that differs from idealizations and reproaches that usually prevail in crises or conflicts of couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychoanalytical 'teamwork' may be recommended for dealing with a particular kind of transference that characteristically occurs during the institutional treatment of young patients presenting psychotic or behavioral symptoms. In such cases, the degree of alienation is such that repetition is usually induced in other people (the therapists), filling in for fantasy construction that seems to be lacking in the patient's psyche. A case like that of 'Angel' can give some idea of this phenomenon, wherein several caragivers have to harbour fragmented and incompatible elements of the case's particular history, which are in need of more mental representation. Any subjective restitution and appropriation of these elements by the patient would require a sort of detour (often a trying one!) by way of the psychical space of caregivers whose initial task will be to 'work it through' among themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of manipulating the type and order of presentation of transference tests. Twenty eight undergraduate students divided in 4 groups were exposed to a second order matching to sample procedure. The conditions of exposition were: ascending difficulty/complexity order of the tests, descending order and two randomly assigned orders. Results are discussed in terms of percentages of effectiveness; additionally, the latency is proposed as an alternative measure sensitive to the level of difficulty of this kind of tasks. Findings showed heterogeneity in the velocity of acquisition of the conditional discriminations during the training phase, even though the conditions of the task were equal for all the subjects. The exposition to the ascending and descending order seemed to affect negatively the effective behavioral adjustment, whereas one of the randomly assigned sequences seemed to be the best condition. The order of exposition to transference tests, in interaction with a history of early acquisition in the training phase, served to understand the findings of this study and to discuss the necessity of a systematical evaluation of the factors implied in the transference tests. It is suggested to assess the validity of different kind of transference tests and the convenience of some of them to be use in the investigation of the phenomena related to the effective and variable behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drawings made by the analyst --as a countertransferencial response to a prolonged period in which the patient slept in the sessions--resulted in a sustancial change in the evolution of the analysis. In this paper the author describes the analytic process of a 4 years old girl with progressive loss of sight due to uveitis, as the sole symptom of a rheumatic fever. One of the main aims of the analytic work consisted in revealing the repetition in the transference of early events. This events, considered as "psychocnalytic facts", marked a before and after in the process and evolution of treatment. A peak moment in the transference is described: primitive situations lived by the patient appeared in the analysis, doing possible to recreate the inner core of the conflict. The observation of the drawings by the patient allowed to illuminate the unconscious conflict, at the same time there was an improvement of the ocular pathology with complete recovery of vision by the end of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]