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This paper will present the problem of virtuality from a philosophical perspective to think contemporary forms of understanding of the term related to technological developments in recent history. This perspective pretends to establish a thoughtful critique of the levity with which some concepts related to virtuality (such as "possibility", "potential", "reality", "actual", "cyberspace", "artificial intelligence", etc...) are taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two main purposes. First, I recall a relevant methodological reservation that concerns our reading of the Homeric poems (is it right to take one of our modern concepts, namely "body", as point of departure for our study of an ancient text?). Second, I try to explain how something like our common body-mind dualism could emerge from what originally was a single reality (in order to grasp the meaning of a Greek word like phrénes the modern reader would have to put his dualistic language aside in some way); nevertheless, it is also true that in the Homeric poems, especially in the Odyssey, phrénes seems to be one of the names for that peculiar space we would nowadays call "the innerness of the mind or thought". Finally, I suggest that this original single reality is related to Nietzsche's criticism of Metaphysics by means of the reference to the Ancient Greece. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of developing a theory of pleasure that incorporates elements from subsequent philosophical traditions, Damascius defends, in his Commentary on the Philebus, the Platonic conception of pleasure as a "process of filling". This paper aims to show that Damascius respects not only the letter of the Philebus, but also the spirit of Plato's understanding of the nature of pleasure and, in particular, that of intellectual pleasures. Having assumed the polarity between desire and its satisfaction, Damascius proposes to understand the experience of intellectual pleasure as the experience where desire is fully achieved, so that both the process and the result of knowing produce pleasure. Contrary to what one may initially expect, the exegesis of the Neoplatonic Philosopher allows to highlighting some of Plato's underlying assumptions about the nature of pleasure, namely: the connection between pleasure and the human experience of temporality, and the dependence of pleasure on the structure of desire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is consensus in disapproving the journalistic articles written by Foucault about the Iranian revolution. They are considered clear mistakes. Some say that this is so because the enthusiasm of Foucault towards the Islamic revolution moved him away from his true theoretical interests; others say that what those texts reveal is a totalitarian, naïve, and even misogynistic background of his philosophy. By doing this, commentators spear themselves a hermeneutical work on the incorporation of those texts into a work whose general bet remains the subject of academic discussion. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to the issue; one in which the texts are not considered a mistake but rather they are seen as part of a diagnosis that can get some light from the ideas of travel, radical journalism and heterotopology. These considered as fundamental elements of a philosophical bet on alterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the fourth century BC, Greek thinkers discussed about the limits and characteristics of philosophy in order to distinguish it from other practices. In this paper, I will focus on the portrait of sophists as diametrically opposed to philosophers. Specifically, I will discuss the platonic answer to the charge that Isocrates directed against all Socrates' disciples in the treatises Against the Sophists and Encomium of Helen. I will defend that Plato's strategy to avoid his critics was to develop, in the Euthydemus and the fifth definition of the Sophist, a character that combines the most significant attributes censured by Isocrates: the eristic sophist. I will argue that this figure does not refer to the Sophists of the fifth century BC., but to the Megaric group. They would have been those who, according to Plato, really deserved the Isocratic attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper two conceptualizations of labour in current capitalism are reconstructed and opposed. On the one hand, Habermas and Gorz understand that labor loses centrality in social life while it is crossed by instrumental and productive logics, whereupon they propose to expand other social spheres governed by principles other than those dominant in the productive space. On the other hand, the Italian Autonomism envisions a qualitative change in current production processes, which gradually abandon the instrumental logic to become governed by others more related to communication, cooperation and the search for autonomy. Here a comparison of those two lines will take place, trying to elucidate its theoretical assumptions, and according to the requirements of a critical theory that can study the present detecting both its fissures and its inherent possibilities for social and political transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the rate of adoption, frequency and uses of Social Media by young people in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. We report a crosssectional survey of 502 youngsters (16 to 28 years) enrolled to the National Learning Service or Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje (SENA). Findings show that the average adoption rate of Social Media was 68 %, being the most frequently used Facebook (69.4 %), Google+ (57.6 %), Instagram (45.6 %) and Twitter (42.6 %). Data revealed that the main uses of Social Media by young Colombians were to read news stories, followed by connecting with friends and relatives, and finding music and videos. This is the first study in Colombia with youngsters belonging to low-income families but with frequent access to Internet, which contributes to understand the importance of Social Media in this vulnerable group. Our findings might also help to identify useful possibilities of new media for young people. Finally, we discuss practical implications of the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the causes and effects of educational mismatch in the Ecuadorian labor market according to the microdata of the employment survey from 2007 to 2012 that implements a discrete choice model and human capital. The article is the first study on the exploration of this phenomenon in the Ecuadorian labor market, which also makes a temporal analysis of the phenomenon, to verify its structural nature. The educational maladjustment in the Ecuadorian labor market covers 35% of the labor mass where overeducation is the majority with 22% and under-education with 13%. There is a positive return for years of over-education and a penalty on wages in the case of under-education. The results show that the mismatch decreases as the size of the company and the individual's experience increases. These conclusions would show that the initiatives of the labor observatories for graduates are a first step to know the needs of the companies and the competences that develop the graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the profiles of constitutional prototypes derived from the French revolution and the independence of the United States, with the aim of identifying their matrix and guidance. One aspires to be a rule of political life, while the other is more ambitious and aims to be a plan for political life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper takes the idea that political theory should formulate their normative principles in a close connection to social facts as a starting point to analyze J. Habermas' proposal of a political constitution for the global society. The equilibrium between normative and factual aspects in his proposal appears evident through the restrictions that, in his model, the nature of social reality imposes to the formulation of political principles at the global level. This is particularly evident through the figure of a multilevel system. The paper frames the analysis in a critical discussion of N. Luhmann's concept of a global society and of the way some other approaches involve particular visions of what count as a global problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses 68 digital media in Venezuela, based on the results obtained in 2010 and framed on the project "Cyber media in Colombia and Latin America", which is supported by the Universidad del Norte and Universidad de los Andes (Venezuela). The goal of the research is to determine the adoption of cyber journalism features and web 2.0 in media of this region. The study uses the method proposed by Rodríguez-Martínez, Codina & Pedraza-Jiménez (2010), which has been tested in previous research by the authors of this paper. According to the results, the general data analyzed allow us to remark the low development of the digital media of Venezuela and the need of a deep debate and actions oriented to the advantage of the potentialities of the ICT from digital media in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the relationship that is present between the jurisprudence of the Colombian Constitutional Court (regarding the writ of tutela) during the twenty years that the Colombian Constitution has been in legal force, on the one hand, and the Coase theorem, proposed by the Nobel laureate Ronald H. Coase, on the other hand. The paper states that the Colombian Constitutional Court, although implicitly and without noticing, when considering efficiency as a criterion for deciding at least some of its cases and allocating rights that facilitates transactions between the parties to the lawsuit, has performed an analysis similar to the one that Coase explains in his paper "The Problem of Social Cost". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper results from a research in micromachining of biocompatible polymers are presented. The paper describes the fabrication process for biocompatible polymers components and shows the accuracy levels and the dimensional scales that can be achieved with a Kern Evo micromachining center. Furthermore the paper also shows the results obtained from a microcutting test using carbide end mills of 100 microns diameter on medical-grade PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate) specimens to determine the parameters that minimize the burrs size. To characterize the final surfaces state and the condition of the tools, optical and electronic microscopy techniques were used. The results for the first machining tests show that to control the dimensional characteristics of the component, aspects like the setting depth of cut, the selected fastening method and the alignment tolerance must be watched over; even the environmental conditions of the place where the machining center operates must be also controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to debate the new paradigms of international development aid, with a specific focus on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and their implementation within the context of Latin America. The paper will start drawing both the conceptual framework and the international environment, and afterwards will provide readers with an analysis of a success story occurred in the Department of Antioquia (Colombia). A further analytical approach will be proposed to appraise the potential of the North-South and South-South developmental co-operations. These may be linked one to each other with the first strengthening and widening up the second, thus creating innovative enabling environments for fruitful exchanges between local actors and organized civil societies of the North and the South of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel methodology to solve the problem of Optimal Reactive Power Flow (ORPF) in interconnected multi-area power systems. The main contribution of this paper is the use of a coordinated-decentralized strategy that allows keeping autonomy and confidentiality in the operating processes of each area. In the proposed model of multi-area ORPF the Transmission System Operators (TSOs) of each area operate independently, and do not need explicit information regarding neighbor areas, being only necessary to exchange border information related to the interconnection lines between areas. The proposed methodology is based on the application of Successive Linear Programming (SLP) and the decomposition scheme by areas is developed through the Dantzing-Wolfe method. To show the robustness and efficiency of the proposed approach a three-area system is used, in which each area corresponds to an IEEE118-bus test system. The problem is solved in a centralized and decentralized fashion obtaining identical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the three-echelon uncapacitated facility location problem (TUFLP), which consists on both defining the flow of products from manufacturing plants to clients via a set of warehouses and the location of such warehouses. The objective function is to minimize the total cost of warehouse location and production and distribution. Since the problem is NP-hard, this paper proposes a Greedy Randomized Search Procedure (GRASP) to solve the single-item case. Computational experiments are conducted using known instances from the literature. Results show that the proposed algorithm performs well obtaining very good solutions (and even optimal values) in less computational time than an exact method based on mixed-integer linear programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles different aspects of the concept of life in the work of Ortega y Gasset. For the Spanish philosopher, human life is a destitute existence compared with the sufficient being of the substance or the thing; that is why the man is an entity that makes itself. He is the cause of himself in two ways: first because he makes himself and second because he has the ability to decide what he wants to do and how to do it. Ortega argues that being free means avoiding wrong identifications with the world, being able to surpass oneself, fulfilling oneself vocation. This means that every human being must find his own self, his sameness, and clarify his sincere attitude toward everything. No matter if the attitude is stupid or intelligent. What is important is that every human being, in whatever situation, feels and thinks what he really feels and thinks. The paper shows the vulnerability of this existentialist position: the man is charged with the responsibility with regard to his convictions, but not because of his convictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the problem of supplying network design for a multinational Colombian company leader in designing, manufacturing and distributing clothes, knapsacks, backpacks, purses, briefcases and accessories, with more than 200 selling points in 15 countries. Because of the computational complexity and size of the supply network problem, this paper proposes a three-phase resolution approach based on the construction and resolution of linear programming models. Such approach is implemented using real-life data provided by the company under study, allowing the actual presentation of alternatives for an efficient and rational decision-making at the enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to discuss the ethical and political problems that we face when we think of transgenic art. The paper is articulated in three parts that seek, in the first place, to give readers the conceptual tools necessary to think of the transgenic art inserted within the panorama of contemporary aesthetics. In order to fulfill this purpose the paper presents two works by Eduardo Kac, leading exponent of the movement: Genesis and GFP Bunny. Later, visiting some ideas of Jacques Rancière, an ethical political reading of transgenic art is proposed and a path of discussion is opened to think the role of bioethics in a world where genetic manipulation and the upgrade of bodies is a reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper approaches the concept of "praxis" as stated by Ignacio Ellacuría, examining it in relation with the main concepts that Ellacuría presents in his work. This concept of "Praxis", fundamental at the moment of approaching the topic of historical reality, last and absolute object of the philosophy, needs to be supported by a series of elements that are rescued in this paper. For doing that we will consider some components of this "praxis", its conditions and its place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Max Scheler's idea of person and its meaning in terms of values organized according categories. The work of Scheler on ethics expands the solidarity of the person as cordis ordo by the construction of a hierarchical system of values. Therefore, the recognition of the realm of universal values, a sector of which forms the ethos of a given age, has to be supplemented by that of the order of the time with its individual values and claims. There are many lectures of values in axiological philosophy, as we explain in this paper according to material-values ethics, and they are very important in the revelation of the Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses 'Absolute knowing', the process whereby the experiences of consciousness reach their highest point, as Hegel discusses in the Phenomenology of Spirit. The objective is to analyze this concept both in its epistemological and Cartesian perspective, that is, as fundamental knowledge and in its religious meaning, that is, as knowledge of the absolute. With these two perspectives Hegel seeks to open the path towards speculative thinking where subject and object find their final identity and towards the 'sublating' (aufheben) of Religion into Philosophy in the threefold sense of suppressing, elevating and preserving it. This paper also deals with some of the main objections to the above mentioned twofold perspective in Phenomenology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to feature a theoretical discussion of competitiveness as an entry point for further empirical studies within the School of Business at the Universidad del Norte. The concept of competitiveness has been part of the debate among several "think tanks" at the international level. After the analysis of the theoretical foundations of competitiveness, the paper highlights some concepts to support those theories. In the scope of Colombia, the study explores the country's efforts addressed towards the application of competitiveness concepts. At the end of the paper a model is proposed as a basis for further studies. Moreover, a series of questions and recommendations are made considering the region as a unit of analysis, where competitiveness should be studied as a theoretical structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents two views regarding democracy and its relationship with liberal thought. Specifically, it shows the main features of radical democracy and how this one can make a proper contact between individual and social aspects and respects the minimum guarantees that must be given to all individuals in order to carry out its own conception of good. It fosters adequate conditions of participation and control over public affairs. So, the paper shows the visions of Hayek and Nozick confronted with the conception of radical democracy proposed by other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the example of the Saint-Roch district in Quebec City (Canada), this paper is an analysis of the rhetoric of urban discourse which for the last decade or so has driven and justified the revitalization project of older urban areas in North American cities. The goal here is to add from a cultural geography perspective to the understanding of this so-called new urbanism which seems to have great success in both practice and public opinion. This paper will firstly demonstrate that this discourse is built essentially as a self-criticism, since its fundamental principle is to recognize the failure of post World War II urbanism which favoured the renewal of older urban areas through large scale demolition and systematic reconstruction. Next, this paper explains that on this basis a set of figures has emerged which have paradoxically been used to justify: (1) the protection of built heritage while at the same time allowing for innovative uses of this heritage; (2) the diversity of uses of urban heritage while at the same time actively excluding certain options; (3) the necessity for participatory urbanism while at the same time acknowledging the impossibility of including certain social categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from the statement by S. Critchley that psychoanalysis is the extension, deepening and complication of what he calls the tragic-heroic paradigm, this article aims to specify that tragedy is what makes psychoanalytic theory and experience inseparable from laughter and the phenomena linked to it. This point has been insufficiently studied. Following these arguments, the paper presents some comments about the kind of exhortation that says "back to the things themselves" so close to the Freudian method, to the "use" of what is tragic-heroic in Lacan, to the concept of "das Ding" (Thing) and to the contribution of Freud to humour. On the other hand and completely related to this, the paper highlights some Lacanian observations that consider the "body" as key in the experience of the comic. Finally, the paper examines the opposition Bergson -Freud- Lacan concerning laughter, the mechanical, and language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses current dynamics of the relationship between Colombia and the United States. The Free Trade Agreement negotiations, the atoned conflict in Colombia and the Plan Colombia have been central issues in bilateral relations. Recent political changes in the region promise to affect not only Colombia's bilateral relations with its neighbors, but have an effect on US.-Colombian relations. The paper evaluates the particularities of president Uribe's Democratic Security policy, and the state of U.S.-Colombia relations during the Uribe administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses current dynamics of the relationship between Colombia and the United States. The Free Trade Agreement negotiations, the armed conflict in Colombia and the Plan Colombia have been central issues in bilateral relations. Recent political changes in the region promise to affect not only Colombia's bilateral relations with its neighbors, but have an effect on US. - Colombian relations. The paper evaluates the particularities of president Uribe's Democratic Security policy, and the state of U.S. - Colombia relations during the Uribe administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many equipments that work the most part of their time in transient regime; therefore, in the design of their drive systems must be employed different methodologies to when, they work in stationary regime. In this paper is shown the application of two distinct methods to the design and selection of the components of an drive system for rapid movements. The Transient Power - Double Kinetic Energy Method and Torque - Time Constant Method were applied to select the drive system of a axis to linear guidance in a punch machine, this case was developed within a project founded by Colciencias. It was necessary to use MATLAB and information obtained from catalogs in order to carry out the required simulations in the evaluation process of the convenience of distinct drive kinds. Also, in this paper is analyzed the complementariness of the referenced methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly the border between the United States and Mexico is a territorial space of the greatest relevance in geopolitics in America. This article takes a look at this frontier from the perspective of imaginaries, the media and art, which complements the one focused on geopolitics, which is the way it has traditionally been studied. It investigates the perception of border citizens, particularly those who live in El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, with the aim of locating the imaginaries they have on this territory of separation and encounter simultaneously, and spatially on three objects that define this border: the wall, the Rio Grande and the desert. Likewise, various artistic and media productions are analyzed to broaden the perspective of configuration of border imaginary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the global market is a priority for economic growth in each country. If SMEs want to stay, grow and develop in a global and dynamic environment must propose strategies that enable them to achieve their business development. This paper explains the different concepts including business development as an inclusive concept, such as economic growth, business culture, leadership, knowledge management and innovation. In this article it is intended that the employer identifies the need for training in these concepts, current and detonating competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper comparatively analyzes syndromes Not-Invented-Here (NIH) and Not-Shared-Here (NSH) and their relationship with innovation performance (DI) and innovation capacities (CI) in business services and trade. In a cluster analysis methodology identified two groups of companies with similar characteristics: Innovative and Upset; an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was also performed to establish meaningful differences in means. As for results, the groups differed in the DI, NIH, NSH variables and only in the CI, construct customer orientation; although, the most important finding indicates that differences in NSH are more significant than in NIH, probably because of the lag in the development of IC Technology Focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine some uses of the concepts of "time" and "contemporary" in dance (Louppe, Pouillaude, Ginot, among others) based on a study about Cesena (2011), a piece by Anne Teresa De Keesmaeker created with musical director Björn Schmelzer. By focusing our analysis on several aspects - the singing, the link between the gestures and the light, the problem of the community, the reference to historic medieval past, the dramaturgy... - we intend to bring to the foreground some senses which this work produce as an scenic event: the alteration of the european concept of time, the poetics of waiting and the distancing from the requirements of speed - the "presentism" (Hartog) - of our present time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests differentiating the issues of cause and determination when thinking about the subject. The idea is to address a certain concern about the place of the human within the current discourse of science, which seeks to integrate it into the field of natural objects. Before this «biological prejudice», psychoanalysis proposes an innovative conception of causality, according to which the cause stems from the way the subject places itself in front of determinations, avoiding their imperative. Symptom appears as a resource of the subject and a way of understanding such avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the contrast between the Traditional Historical Novel and the New Historical Novel in the Colombian context of the second half of the XX century with reference to the representation of the national past and specifically referring to the estimation of the Other as far as time and space in the past is concerned. I will argue that Colombian writers of the New Historical Novel mark the presence of the Other, who is culturally different from the republican elite, the main subject, and thus these works become the cultural background of the Political Constitution of 1991, that recognizes the multicultural situation of the Colombian nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the presence of correspondances and allegory in Walter Benjamin's thoughts on the poetry of Charles Baudelaire. It compares these thoughts with other contemporary critical approaches and points up the relationship, which Benjamin considered essential, between the form of Baudelaire's work and the historical changes of the mid-nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was proposed in the framework of the epistemological foundations of the Guane (Systemic Thinking) and Cibercultura y Territorio (Studies in Science, Technology and Society) research topics belonged to the Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia and it is the result of a bibliographic review that was to search principal key, words preceded by cyber prefix. We exposed here an archaeology of the prefix "cyber" which is used to refer to everything that has something to do with the internet or automation process. Piedra (2011) attributed to Beer pointed out the overused of this prefix and stated that: "It's a shame that its popular use has taken the root to cover everything from the cyber-man and cyber-dogs, to cyber-cafes and even, cyberspace". We found that, from the archeology made, that homeostasis and feedback appear as fundamental principles of organization in nature, this fact allows a cybernetic view of the natural and artificial world; also we observed indiscriminate use of concepts related to cyber prefix, in common dialect as in academic discourse. In the first part of the text, we set out the founding principles of cybernetics, related to the biology and control theory; in the second part, we outline the idea of cybernetics and its different stages of development. We end with some applications of the prefix "cyber "to identify some apocryphal and authentic uses. We conclude with some considerations that allows the reader to ask him/herself about the use and abuse of this prefix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic growth experienced by Argentina since 2003 has had its counterpart in improving labor indicators. However, job insecurity has remained, after a significant decline until 2007, in very high values. Based on the central idea that casualization is for capital cost reductions, the aim of this paper is to account for the determinants of informality among salaried workers, establishing continuities and changes between 2003 and 2013. This we use a quantitative methodology with secondary sources of information, from which conducted two types of analysis, the first descriptive from which seeks to account for the characteristics of the Argentine labor market between 1990 and 2013 and the second performed by a binomial logistic regression approach that allows the determinants of precarious working conditions. In this regard, it was observed that between 2003 and 2013, a labor casualization, whose determinants failed substantially changed between the reference years was consolidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Colombian Constitution has a particular interest for the environmental issues. As part of it, the Constitutional framework includes the possibility to introduce international environmental norms to the Colombian legal system. As a general rule, the Constitution provides a process of ratification for international norms to make them part of Colombian legal system. But exceptionally, the Constitutional Court has recognized that some international norms could make part of the Constitution and at same normative level. This doctrine has been called as "block of constitutionality". In recent rulings, the Constitutional Court has held that some international environmental norms made also part of the Colombian Constitution and share the same legal hierarchy. This is precisely the case of the international environmental norm of the Precautionary Principle, for whom the Court has held expressly that it has a Constitutional status. Due to the implications of this recent holding to the Colombian and international environmental law, the present paper addresses the legal background of these jurisprudence, places it in a comparative perspective and suggests some perspectives from this seminal doctrine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the Colombian film Edipo alcalde (1996), for which starts with a summary of the film and exposes certain peculiarities of its technical information; then mentions his strengths and weaknesses to the critics; and continues to explicate the virtues that this films offers like a teaching medium for understanding several important phenomena for the humanities in general, and the philosophy of law, particularly. It also puts in evidence a wrong point of view form the traditional philosophy of law, with which Greek tragedies usually are interpreted, mainly Antigone and Oedipus Rex. This bias is very clear when it states, without more, that these two tragedies are the base of the modern philosophy of law, the one hand, and the support of the natural law, on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflection paper is the result of research carried out in the Group of Studies in General Public Law of the University of Tolima in the research State, Society and Law, in order to establish the differences in wage factors recognized in the Colombian legislation for public employees of the National and Territorial order and the possible extension of the wage system introduced for the second group of public employees who do not belong to the central part of the executive branch, pursuant to equality in employment relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a scientific research that aims to demonstrate the role that taxes can play against the risks and ecological damages linked with petroleum activities. The work was essentially planned from a dogmatic legal vision. Thus, the goals were first to understand and then to explain the meaning of the current positive regulation on ecological taxes. The main conclusion asserts that if we need to prevent and mitigate is desirable to regulate ecological taxes whose fiscal burden do not be insignificant for subjects linked to petroleum activities. If we need to get funds to clean, rebuild or compensate is desirable to impose taxes that, beyond the degree of their fiscal burden, affect all subjects linked to any oil activity and allocate all or most of their collection to clean, restructure or compensate damages derived from petroleum pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently there is a need for effective legal protection for people with disabilities. From this perspective, in this research paper examines whether there is an adequate labor protection to the disabled person from physical, mental or sensory impairment in the Colombian legal system and whether the constitutional and legal provisions that mandate the protection of persons with limitations in their health, ensure the effective enjoyment of a decent life in the workplace. In this measure, a description of the concept disability, a study of the regulation that protects workers with limitations (as it has been called the norm to not be fired) and an interpretation of the positions on job stability assumes the case was made Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court, with respect to his health condition are at a clear disadvantage. It is concluded that the concept of physical, mental or sensory limitation should be understood in its broadest sense and not restricted to the concept of disability, which in the workplace involves a constitutional protection to all cases in which the worker is engaged or has a disease that prevents the normal course of their activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elicitation is an activity of requirements engineering that retrieves relevant information about the problem domain and stakeholder's needs to form the software product requirements. to evaluate the elicitation effectiveness is necessary to know and model the influence of the context in which this process is carried out. this paper presents the state of art about the requirements elicitation process, especially on how contextual factors and participants are represented or modeled. to do this, we conducted a systematic mapping of research articles and related books on any methodology or elicitation process model. The study identified thirteen proposals presenting little empirical validation. In general, these works do not include contextual aspects such as characteristics, needs and expectations of stakeholders, characteristics of the problem and solution domain, organizational culture and domain experience of analysts. This situation prompts the authors to develop, as future work, a unified model to address these issues in the elicitation and guide to requirements engineers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a fault diagnosis for opening phase in the stator of a synchronous permanent magnet motor (MSIP) using the finite element method (FEM) in 2D. The analysis was based on the behavior of the responses of the motor variables in steady state under normal operation of the machine, as well as their behavior in transitional and post-failure state. This analysis is done with the aim of categorizing the type of fault according to the content of harmonics in the currents of the stator. Five diagnostic methods known in the literature were used to determine the type of fault just observing the content of harmonics in the stator currents. The diagnostic methods used were: 1-Fast Fourier Transform, 2-Geometric place of the Park Vector, 3-spectral density of energy, 4- Multiple Signal Classification and 5-Method of the Impedance of Reverse Sequence. The results found were consistent for the same fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the identification parameter for a human migration model among five Colombian regions. For the identification of parameters an optimization approach is employed where we propose two objective functions. The results obtained with the objective functions are statistically analyzed. The methodology for data analysis employs parametric or non-parametric tests depending on the fulfillment of the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity (equal variance). To adjust the model, two approaches to the objective function are used. The first considers the total number of population and the second uses the number of inhabitants in each region. By carrying out statistical analyzes, a better adjustment model is observed when considering the number of inhabitants in each region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a group of neurological disorders caused by a deficiency of dopamine in a brain structure called substance nigra reticulata (SNr). Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of subthalamic nucleus has proved to be a successful treatment for this pathology. DBS modulates the neuronal activity with electrical fields. However, the distribution of the voltage generated in the brain by the stimulating electrodes is not well known. Knowledge of the electrical potential generated by DBS is necessary to find optimal stimulation parameters that deliver the best clinical results and minimal side effects. In this paper, we propose a methodology for estimating the electrical potential based on processing of magnetic resonance image with diffusion tensor (MRI-DT) for specific patient analysis and the finite element method for solution of model equation, in contrast to another similar works where it is employed generic and homogeneous models. Results are consistent with previously outcomes reported in the state of the art and they allow to establish that tensorial model for electrical conductivity is more accurate and detailed to perform DBS simulations, in comparison to generic models with homogenous conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a hybrid genetic algorithm in order to determine the lot sizes and their production scheduling in a single machine manufacturing system for multi-item orders, the objective function minimizes the sum of holding costs, tardy costs and setup costs. The problem considers a set of orders to be processed each one with its own due date. Each order must be delivered complete. In the scheduling are considered sequence dependent setup times. The proposed hybrid genetic algorithm has embedded a heuristic that is used to calculate its fitness function. The heuristic method presents a modification on the optimal timming algorithm in which are involved sequence dependent set up times. A design of experiments is developed in order to assess the algorithm performance, which is also tested using random-generated data and results are compared with those generated by an exact method. The results show that the algorithm achieves a good performance in both solution quality and time especially for large instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of an antenna with circular polarization and double resonance using a substrate of low dielectric constant and low price, showing comparable results in front of conventional designs. The design is made up of two rectangular patches isolated by an air gap including two triangular cuts and two parasitic patches located in the opposite direction giving a certain degree of additional freedom which allows a suitable axial ratio and an acceptable coupling to the desired frequencies. The antenna was optimized by means of parametric analysis carried through diverse variables which belong to geometry. The implemented prototype allows the simultaneous operation of the antenna in the GPS (Global position systems) bands of 1,227 GHz (band L2) and 1,575 GHz (band L1). The antenna shows a measured impedance bandwidth of about 18,03MHz (fc1 = 1,227GHz) and 17,66MHz (fc2 = 1,575GHz), for VSWR ≤ 2:1 (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio), the simulated results for antenna gain were of 5,4dBi and 6,8dBi and axial ratio of 8,1MHz and 10,2MHz in the L1 and L2 bands respectively. The numeric simulations agree well with the measurements on the experimental prototype proving the antenna behaves according to what was expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clear display of male/female behaviour patterns, has established patriarchal structures in most modern societies. For this reason the female role has been historically and culturally affected by strong idiosyncratic elements that dwell right in the collective consciousness. Furthermore this situation has encouraged the underrepresentation of women in socially valued work positions. According to this the main purpose of this paper, is to present some of the internal barriers and cultural variables, which female academics face to access top positions in Higher Education (HE).The methodology of this study uses the literature review technique to nourish theoretical and empirical acknowledgment, in areas such as organizational behaviour, educational leadership and gender studies. The results hollow out the analysis of four components associated with "the social role of motherhood", "female double-shift", "absence of female leadership models" and "the gender equality euphemism". In conclusion, a complex understanding is proposed to attend an issue that entails the socialization of gender and cultural constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]