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Towards the end of the colonial period the east coasts of the General Captaincy of Venezuela were the setting of an intense movement of ideas, papers and people, as well as of conspiracies and confrontments (both armed and unarmed). In that context emerged the figure of Francisco Isnardi, who would soon be imprisoned for alleged intentions to conspire. The study of this case of treason, especially of the suspect's library, which was confiscated, allows us to present a set of problems regarding the diffusion of enlightened values in Tierra Firme during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an outline of some ways that lead us to think about the necessity of memory, inherent to the experience of the present. We will work around three thematic lines within the field of philosophy of history: first, the relation between the past and our present; second, the problem of the personal disposition of the subject of historical knowledge and his inevitable belonging to the present at the level of action; and the sense of a possible historical experience where the individual and the collective intersect each other, in relation to the question of establishing whether it is appropriate to make an exhaustive remembrance of those who died because of the armed conflict in Colombia. With this purpose, we will point out to a series of elements drawn from Benjamin's philosophy of memory so as to rehearse some possible connections with the philosophies of forgetfulness, remembrance and memory proposed by Nietzsche and Bergson. Thus, we seek to establish the reality of the past that is based on the virtual existence of recollection and, from there, to determine the ability of the latter to be updated in the form of vital forces, committed to making a future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper studies narratives strategies used by a fair part of Latin-American intellectuals in order to defy the rapid changes taking place in urban society in the late nineteenth century. Furthermore, the paper explores the rhetoric models men of letters used to qualify the limits of the notion of democracy, with the hope that these discursive interventions would limit the access to places of influence where new social actors struggled to enter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a comparative study of the political emergence of Juan Perón in Argentina and Getulio Vargas in Brazil. It seeks to describe and explain how and why Peronism and Varguismo were two different political projects. Using the tools of political discourse theory (PDT), this research scrutinises the implications Perón and Vargas had for the formation of the political identities of the socio-political actors in both countries and to what extent this difference had to do with the specific ways in which both leaders intervened in the political formation. In this sense, the paper stresses the specific discursive and institutional modes of intervention that characterised these two leaders' projects and their role in the political imaginary they inaugurated. It does so by tracing the responses to Perón and Vargas by different socio-political actors and the polemic context in which those responses took place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History and temporality have in Nietzsche' s work an important place, where other fundamental categories are involved as well. His second Untimely Meditation has especial relevance in this framework, where Nietzsche warms against the historicism of those years. History in that text is presented as a regulator of action in favor of life, but in spite of that fact, history it is not only associated to memory, but also to forgetting. This paper aims to recover those notions in the light of Foucault's thought. He shows in different writings his Nietzschean heritage in the elaboration of the war model and the construction of a genealogy of strategic discourses that respond to a will to knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History and temporality have in Nietzsche's work an important place, where other fundamental categories are involved as well. His second Untimely Meditation has especial relevance in this framework, where Nietzsche warms against the historicism of those years. History in that text is presented as a regulator of action in favor of life, but in spite of that fact, history it is not only associated to memory, but also to forgetting. This paper aims to recover those notions in the light of Foucault's thought. He shows in different writings his Nietzschean heritage in the elaboration of the war model and the construction of a genealogy of strategic discourses that respond to a will to knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes very briefly on six decades of the history of psychology in the city of La Plata (Argentina), from the creation of the Pedagogic Department in the National University, in 1906, until the coup d'état of 1966, that put an end to the expansion of psychological studies that had started in 1958, after the creation of the psychology program. In that period, psychology would go through different phases, marked by oppositions such us “positivist naturalism"/ “anti-positivist humanism", “theoretical training" / “professional training", “scientific psychology" / “psychoanalytic psychology", etc. The goal of this work is to make an account of what happened at the time, giving as much importance to the individual actors as to the institutional and political factors that were present in the context. The methods are the traditional ones for history (mainly de gathering of oral, documentary and bibliographic sources. However, they have been interpreted from a critical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the historiography built especially from architecture after the Academia Colombiana de Historia (the Colombian Academy of History) ceased its interest in gathering cities history at the end of the 1930s. To do this, a repertoire of authors constituted by some of the most important architects of the twentieth century will be used. They will consider not only the physical aspects of cities, but also their backgrounds. In this sense, this paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of the current urban history and, in a very partial way, to the urban and architectural history, although the latter correspond to another text for length reasons. It is also understood that the intellectual production in these areas is still dominated by architects or research centers in which professionals have a significant interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to approach the administration and functioning of justice of first instance in the Parish district of Manizales between 1855 and 1865. Through the analysis of the judicial processes for sluggishness, games and forbidden dances, we want to show the capacity scope of the Neogranadinian State to establish an order in a peripheral society, and the roles that prosecuted social actors played in the social and legal fabric of that time. Our hypothesis is that prosecuted individuals were not mere spectators but that they participated, altered and used the processes of normalization of their practices to negotiate punishments, accuse their enemies, defend themselves from justice and flee when there was nothing else to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second half of the eighteenth century was a period of major transformations in the colonial economies. The monetary system was not an exception. This paper contributes to the analysis of such variations, examining two aspects of the monetary policy of the Bourbons: the debasement and the recoinage. For this, the currency amounts that agents took to the Nueva Granada mints to be reminted were reconstructed and the incentives that the Crown provided for that operation were analyzed. The results show that both measures altered the composition but not the size of the money supply. Thus, although the new coinage reduced transaction costs, the debasement prevented the currency in circulation to get unified. It was also found that the circulation of silver coins was important despite of the fact that the viceroyalty was a gold-producing economy. Finally, it is argued that both measures affected in different ways the behavior of variables such as inflation, lowdenomination coins and the Gresham's law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper studies Diamela Eltit's Lumpérica (1983) as an artistic postmodern instance of historical criticism by way of a restitution of all public symbols of protest in a city invaded by fear and silence. This critical attitude towards all kinds of totalitarianism is voiced by the tatterdemalions of the 'lumpenry', by a woman with multiple faces, by subversive writing methods, by collective sceneries dismantled by vigilance and terror. The notion of active marginality, and furthermore, the notion of marginality triggers the creation of a neo-vanguard writing that radically alters the principles of novel-writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper offers a few notes on the impact of North-American films in Latin American society in the 1920's and 1930s, based on Latin- American stories produced during that period. The analysis will be guided mainly by the notions of mimetic desire (Girard) and cinema situation (Mauerhofer), as well as by the updated motif of the double (and its "realist" substitute, the doublé), in such a context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper begins with a brief review of some antecedents that led to the current configuration of the world, particularly about what happened to the idea of nation and nation-state and the revolution of the general values in the postwar years and its rapid erosion in recent decades. Then it analizes the constitution of nation-states in the postcolonial world and the dream of modernity. It continues with an analysis of the transition from the field of "national" science in the nation-state regime to the delocalized research networks of the current phase. Subsequently it refers to the new global governance and the emerging forms of scientific and technical research. It concludes with some reflections on what is needed in the future in order to achieve a form of research that responds to the real and not cosmetic challenge of the co-design of knowledge, through the different existing borders in our unequal world, in real processes of co-construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper develops a few hypotheses regarding the traffic of material culture in Latin America and its impact, both in the field con anthropologic knowledge and in the artistic vanguards of the first half of the twentieth century. The circulation networks that supported the exchange of images and objects between ethnographers and institutions that supported their research allow for the reconstruction of the itineraries followed by those objects, the footprints of those trajectories in the construction of knowledge, the demarcation of disciplinary fields and the transgression of epistemological frontiers, associated to the emergence of new aesthetic objects and sciences such as anthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the aesthetic and ideological project of Transculturalisation in Latin America we find Juan Rulfo. This paper aims at showing how Rulfo's novel Pedro Páramo (1995), deals with perspectives from contemporary Latin American narrative and encompasses a social memory. By means of metaphor, Pedro Páramo represents the history of populations in a Latin American context whose culture has been silenced and which slowly started becoming conscious of that history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining activity shares the characteristics of a field, in the sense attributed to the concept by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. This can be observed through a case study in Marmato, in the department of Caldas. 470 years of gold-vein mining have formed a culture tied to beliefs and traditions that influence the degree of rationality in work relationships, work itself, and economic behaviour in general. It is possible that these habita are being broken by the presence of a global agent that has now entered the dispute for gold: multinational companies. This paper uses the concepts of field and habitus to study the dispute between ancestral and industrialised forms of production, and their strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a reflection on the elements that concurred in the late nineteenth century in Bogotá to form the notion of aesthetic canon. For the analysis of documentary sources we will refer to two illustrated publications: El Papel Periódico Ilustrado (Illustrated Newspaper), managed by Alberto Urdaneta, and the Revista Ilustrada (Illustrated Magazine), managed by Pedro Carlos Manrique. Such publications define themselves as platforms for the formation of taste and, within a set of political, religious and cultural conditions, allow us to see new processes in the formalisation of specialised culture through institutions such as the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (National School of Fine Arts). The contribution of these illustrated publications becomes a reference to what will be the relation between art critique and the public, formulating notions of aesthetic appreciation and taste that we understand as programmatic in a project of civilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the theoretical and methodological problems that arise from the use of images as historical documents, as well as some proposals, both theoretical and methodological, to deal with iconic sources in the writing of history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses popular wisdom and memory transmission regarding State terrorism and forced disappearance, which are circulating among youth living around Hospital Posadas, located in Haedo, a province to Buenos Aires, Argentina. At this hospital, there was, under the military dictatorship (1976-1983), a Clandestine Imprisonment Center, where people were kept prisoner as disappeared. Therefore, at this facility both practices of health restoration and torture and murder perpetration coexisted. Through thirty indepth interviews carried out among neighbor young people, the existence of manifold knowledge fractures and memory transmission about State violence is verified, being a result from the social relations breakthrough that used to articulate the neighborhood and the hospital, and from the material life conditions promoting undifferentiated historical and political time awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Commission to Inquiry for the Causes and Situations Present on inland Violence, better known as La Investigadora, was founded in 1958 at the dawn of the socalled National Front. This research paper explains, based on some documentary sources and newspaper accounts, how in a context of transition negotiated by elites, this initiative condensed a set of official practices and narrative plots structuring the way the Violence would be politically and socially processed and represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to put forward a historical approach to research on the history of teaching, theoretically concerning the two genetic aspects developed by Norbert Elias in his research about civilizing processes --sociogenesis and psychogenesis. The analysis proposed for the schooling process includes a study on long-term changes in individuals' behavior (psychogenesis) referred to students and teachers, and changes in social settings (sociogenesis), especially in the family and the school. This study makes part of a broader research on the schooling process in Minas Gerais (Brazil) in the 19th and 20th centuries focusing on elementary school teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a proposal about the mystical tradition of the heart, understanding it as particularly feminine tradition that draws on diverse tendencies present in a variety of religious writings by women. The sources of this tradition also refer back to a genealogy of women: St. Catherine of Siena, St. Teresa of Ávila, and Santa Rosa de Lima. This tradition is enhanced with new forms of devotion such as seclusion and meditation, which are part of the privatization process aimed at creating individual spaces in Western society. The heart is not only the site of the symbolic union with God, but also a private space in which the subject takes refuge from others in order to experience the most intimate mystical experience: the union of love. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the point of view of external form and function, there are two basic types of legilslation in the European history of law: the first one is labelled here "legislation of government", the second one, "legislation of codification". This paper describes the function and characteristics of both types of legislation. The first one serves political aims: it serves for the implementation and enforcement of political goals and system sconceptions. Therefore, the legislation of government originates from specific policy targets that should be materialized with its help. On the contrary, the legislation of codification is embedded with objectives of legal policy: the legal norm cosmos itself or a part of it has got to be brought to a methodical order that enforces its control and therefore increases the legal security. Thus, contrary to the legislation of government, the legislation of codification is retrospective oriented, because it gathers the outcomes of an old academic system and the systematization of a particular field of the law, putting it down, at the same time, in writing. Whenever both types of legislation coincide in a specific statute, the "legislation of government" is, clearly, the oldest one: the tradition of that kind of legislation reaches back to the high middle ages, whereas the legislation of codification is a product of the era of Natural Justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades an important revision and fragmentation of the history of science canonical narratives -based in the emergence of modern science in the West and its progress towards the establishment of industrial civilization - has taken place. In this paper we intend to analyze some of the most recent historiographical debates from the standing point of our experience as historians of the European "periphery". We will focus on three major questions: the -essentially Anglo-American- claims for the need of a new "big picture" able to connect with wide audiences and to avoid the centrifugal tendencies of specialization; the loss of internationalism in academic output and perspectives, and the current debates on the heyday and decline of the nationstate and its validity as a unit of analysis. As a result of this discussion we suggest a historiographical program based on the use of comparative history together with the analysis of communication processes at different levels - from the local to the transnational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the first Japanese immigrants in Colombia (1922-1936). This research is a compilation of legal resolutions dictated in the 1886 Colombia's Republic Constitution towards immigration. Particularly, this research points out debates around the improvement of the race project through promoting alien immigration in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. To come up with such a compilation, reviewing primary official sources (laws and decrees), discourses and related literature was fundamental. The analysis of the research shows that there is a correlation between diverse laws that allowed or restricted aliens to enter the country. In addition the debates taking place in different groups of the local society around the benefits and disadvantages of letting immigrants enter the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are inveterate attitudes that look with contempt upon spirituality, reduce it to the sphere of popular religiosity, consider it part of the field of metaphysics, or associate it with general events in every day life. At the same time, a deep unrest persists, a search for the infinite, a thirst for happiness that finds expression in manifold ways. Spirituality is life itself that flows and happens from God. This paper proposes a reflection on spirituality today, from an historical, anthropological, and biblical perspective, and proposes new ideas about the relationship between spirituality and theology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]