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Robert Proctor and Ian Bolin coined the term agnotology to designate the study of ignorance. This paper proposes to overcome the vision of ignorance as a void that can be filled by knowledge and invites us to think about the ways in which it is produced today, in a premeditated and structural way: through negligence, myopia, secrecy or suppression. The author shows that the deliberate creation of ignorance is a strategy to compromise and sow doubts about the observed facts and about scientific knowledge, taking as examples the role of trade secrets, the activity of tobacco companies to deny the causal relationship between the cigarette smoking and cancer and the role of military secret. Finally, some cases in ignorance is an expression of moral values, such as the prohibition, in some universities, of research whose sole purpose is the profit motive and, in some scientific journals, of publishing works financed by certain sources, as well as the rejection of certain technologies for well-founded intellectual and moral reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abraham Flexner, intellectual promoter of the Institute of Advanced Studies of Princeton and who was its director between 1930 and 1939, published this writing days after the start of World War II, when irrational hatred threatened civilization, as democracy threatens today under the ultra rational impulse of immediate utility. In this paper Flexner points out that the intellectual and spiritual life - appropriate of the centers where knowledge is sought and cultivated - is a useless form of activity that provides greater satisfactions than they would otherwise obtain. And it shows that the search for stories satisfactions is an unexpected source of utility. The author argues that in the history of science the great discoverers have not been motivated by the desire to be useful but to satisfy their curiosity. Today, when the search for practical and immediate utility enjoys the widest acceptance, it is still relevant to ask if you can have a full life if you continue to suppress the elements that give it spiritual meaning, and if our conception of what is useful does not It is even narrower than in the Flexner era. Although these questions do not appear on the agenda of those who trace and follow, consciously or unconsciously, current educational and scientific policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoamerica emerged in regional relations thanks to different cooperation strategies between Mexico, Central America, Colombia and the Dominican Republic that have resulted in what is known today as the Mesoamerica Integration and Development Project. However, ten years after its creation, most of the studies in this regard are descriptive and use an institutional approach that does not distinguish other relevant aspects such as the inclusion of nongovernmental actors and their participation in this regional program. In order to make a first approach to these aspects within the Mesoamerica Project, this paper proposes the use of the International Political Economy theoretical approach of British origin, in the interest of identifying those analytical elements that will go beyond the traditional approach and deepen our knowledge of this program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After several decades with scarce information about the relationship between corruption and electoral participation, recently some literature has emerged on this subject. There are several hypotheses that try to explain this phenomenon; one of them considers corruption as a mobilizing agent and another one as a paralyzing agent in electoral activities. In this paper, we study the role played by corruption over electoral participation in the municipality of Culiacán, with information obtained through a survey on political culture and electoral behavior. The statistical results suggest that the probability of voting is negatively related to higher levels of perceived corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the effects of crime victimization and the perception of safety on life satisfaction. We estimated an ordered probit model, and results suggest that crime victimization decreased by 1,1% life satisfaction. In addition, an increase in the perception of security for the city and neighborhoods, increase life satisfaction at 7,3% and 1,7% respectively. Further, other groups of variables are included; government satisfaction and the infrastructure of the neighborhood. All of them have a positive relationship with life satisfaction. Finally, results exhibit that the gender does not play an important role in satisfaction, and subjective poverty decreased by 3,8% life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the gap between the expected and real effects of Colombian trade liberalization policy. First, we stress the influence of international integration on Colombia's growth and development, and explains why moving toward more free trade has not contributed to the consolidation of high value-added industries in that country. Ultimately, we apply the theory of political cycles and suggest that political power in Colombia has contributed to get the country trapped into an international dependency on primary commodities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as its objective to analyze how the relationship between public administration and public policy research is rethought when conceiving the latter as governmentality technologies. As a central argument, it claims that public policies are inscription by technical mediations, and their effects, in the order of governmentality are, at the same time, technologies affecting the comprehension of public policy field, State, public administration and society. The following section: methodology and results, was mapped based on "Corruption and fight against corruption in Colombia. Case analysis" study. Finally, we conclude that research in public policies, studied as governmentality technologies, must start by questioning the epistemic and ontological postulates of what has been conceived, from classical interpretations, such as public administration and the State/society relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing institutionalization of public policy as a field of study, there has been little reflection on the teaching in this field. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the characterization of public policy teaching in Colombia based on the case of a handbook-type text on public policy. A citation analysis was carried out and surveys applied to students and graduates of a master program in public policy. A rationalistic oriented use of the book was identified, with a focus on the implementation phase at different territorial levels. The popularization of the field and the operational definition of public policy are some of the main contributions of the book. The profile of the public policy apprentice was identified and some opportunities and challenges are outlined in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a historical series of Colombian GDP from 1888 to 2013. For that purpose we have employed an expenditure approach to reconstruct the GDP for the period 1888-1929. We linked it to the official statistics data of the DANE. The result is expressed in 2011 purchasing parity dollars for international comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the convergence hypothesis and the impact of social policy on the economic growth of the six largest countries in Latin America between 1980 and 2010. Results suggest that social public policies have positively influenced growth in these economies. Particularly, there are non-observed variables (fixed effects) that positively affect the economic growth in Venezuela and Chile; however, there are other non-observed variables that may be negatively affecting growth in Brazil and Mexico. Regarding the convergence hypothesis, results reveal that the speed of convergence diminishes as real income rises, implying that these countries might be converging to their stable states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroeconomic modelling has been under intense scrutiny since the Great Financial Crisis, when serious shortcomings were exposed in the methodology used to understand the economy as a whole. Criticism has been levelled at the assumptions employed in the dominant models, particularly that economic agents are homogeneous and optimising and that the economy is equilibrating. This paper seeks to explore an interdisciplinary approach to macroeconomic modelling, with techniques drawn from other (natural and social) sciences. Specifically, it discusses agent-based modelling, which is used across a wide range of disciplines, as an example of such a technique. Agent-based models are complementary to existing approaches and are suited to answering macroeconomic questions where complexity, heterogeneity, networks, and heuristics play an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depending on the regulation, the border of a Nation-state can be classified as a barrier or a contact point. The notion of security stems from territorial defense and sovereignty. Globalization has made an impact in border regions with a major influx of people, goods, services, money and crime. Border, security and development concepts have merged to guarantee border policy practices in those spaces, strengthening surveillance and control. This paper examines the current situation of the boundary between Venezuela and Colombia from a postmodernist political geography approach, by using documental and newspaper records. Notable aspects of this border are: that both States leave border areas unattended; the clash of two States with an internal crisis and different political, jurisdictional and economical systems; a lack of integral border policies and an ever growing surge of violence and crime that affects areas closest to the borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One remarkable aspect of modern heterodox theory is the detachment between demand-led growth models and endogenous money theories. This paper suggests a possible integration of the Keynesian theory of the multiplier (and the supermultiplier) with Keynes's endogenous money and finance theories. Focussing upon Graziani's version of the Monetary Circuit Theory (TCM), the paper is a contribution towards reconciling the preoccupation of this theory with initial production financing, and the concern of demand-side oriented heterodox growth theories with final financing of autonomous demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pacific Alliance was established as a model of deep integration between Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. The question raised in this paper is which of the Latin American regionalism approaches is more proper for the theoretical characterization of the Pacific Alliance initiative. In this sense, the concepts of open regionalism and strategic regionalism are explained for the characterization of this initiative and their limits are highlighted from empirical evidence. The paper concludes that regionalism concepts which give greater emphasis to commercial dynamics are not enough to understand the current operation and performance of the Pacific Alliance. As such, a complementary analytical approach is introduced which responds to the long term global dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the most recent development of the international relations field in Latin America. It relies mainly on a biblio-metric analysis of the main Latin American journals that publish related studies, and on a qualitative analysis of leading publications from some of the region's Political Science and International Relations departments. Without claiming to be an exhaustive study of the state of the field in the region, the paper includes new and useful information to build a reflection on the field's weaknesses, strengths and pending tasks. The work concludes with a series of reflections and suggestions that seek to highlight the importance of further theoretical and -particularly- methodological discussions to strengthen the study of international politics in -and from- Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic thought evolved over the past two centuries to focus on individual behavior as the basis for all economic activity. Some heterodox economists have pointed to the importance of group behavior and the influence of organizations on economic activity, but the neoclassical paradigm, with the rational isolated individual as its main actor, prevails in mainstream economics. This paper presents a "sociology of economics" to explain why the prevailing paradigm of economics does not allow seeing and studying group behavior. Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, the paper details the habitus, the system of beliefs and the symbolic violence against those who question them. Also, it highlights the support of commercial and financial interests to the dominant culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a model that assumes politicians' rationality when fixing tax rates applied on revenue and consumption of each taxpayer. The paper also suggests some factors to consider are political mobility of voters and economic expectations, which can explain regressive tax reforms adopted in Latin America since the economic crises of the 80s. Additionally, it contrasts the model with an unbalanced data panel (18 countries from 1980 to 2010). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2008 the People's Republic of China disseminated the White Paper to Latin American countries with a two-dimensional strategy: the promotion of particularity logic and the promotion of omnidirectionality. In addition, China-Celac Forum (ccf), created in 2014, is the most important platform for China to promote cooperation towards Latin American countries. Thus, the present study demonstrates comparatively that the ccf applies the two dimensions of the Chinese strategy under three institutional principles: flexibility, nonconditionality and multiplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present work consists, from a review of the current reality of the migration situation between Colombia and Venezuela, to carry out an analysis of the various administrative advances of border management. Despite the great importance that Venezuelan migrations have aroused in Colombia over the past five years, understanding the various political, economic and social elements of the internal affairs of both countries can provide the basic elements for understanding the correct logic for the proper administrative management of the border. It is expected that the reader achieves with this paper, in addition to having a vision about the state of bilateral migrations between Colombia and Venezuela, develop a deeper perspective on the challenges to governance of the Colombian-Venezuelan border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trends in housing prices in Bogotá in the period 1995-2013 generated a debate among experts about the existence of a real estate bubble. This paper analyzes the determinants of the supply and demand of the construction sector, the associated markets, and the rate of growth of interest rates and land prices. The results show that there was no bubble in the market in 2012 and that the economic conditions of the 2010 decade caused the increase in housing prices. The increase of these prices throughout the country requires the evaluation of the territorial effects of the national housing policy, the role of local administrations, the use of land management instruments and the effect of these price pressures on quality and habitability of housing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the discussion on the most appropriate method for measuring productivity. It takes into account the TFP, the productivity of capital, and labor productivity, as well as its interpretations, scope, and relations. Additionally, it analyzes the impacts of this discussion on the evolution of the Colombian minimum wage over the period 2001-2016. Finally, it discusses the relationship between the growth of productivity and the distribution of income between capital and labor, proposing a critique of the neoclassical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the latest years, one of the major concerns with political systems around the world is what some authors have called the "democratic recession". Some recent discussions on these issues focus on the capacity of the state to respond to the demands of its citizens. This paper studies the relationship between state capacity -understood as state performance on areas such as providing security, justice administration, tax collection and guaranteeing rights-, and support for democratic principles and Colombia's regime. The empirical results show that lower levels of assessment of state's capacity are associated to lower levels of support for democratic principles and performance. These results are discussed in the context of the peace agreements between the Colombian government and the FARC guerrillas, as well as the implications posed by this relationship in regards to the challenges and opportunities for post conflict Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the welfare effects of improvements in investment in education and infrastructure with public-private participation, in a fiscal framework of a small and open economy for the Colombian economy. A DSGE model is built where families make decisions on human capital and the government finances megaprojects by placing infrastructure bonds. The results suggest greater effects in the long-term adjustment and improvements in social welfare when public spending is focused on sectors with higher levels of employment and technological and innovation improvements are introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine the link between Marx's monetary theory and its explanation of value, production and circulation. For this, it presents the basic theoretical elements that allow a critique of the quantitative theory, the Chartalist conception of the genesis of money and the post-Keynesian theory of endogenous money. Then, from a Marxist perspective, it analyzes the controversial relationship between the monetization of public debt and the increase in the general level of prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) constitutes a contribution to respecting International Law and peace among peoples. We start from the idea that given that Public International Law is an "imperfect" law due to its lack of a centralized executive power, its enforcement depends in large measure on the responsibility of member states of the international community. Then, this study considers both the legal status of the Western Sahara -a conflict where the right to self-determination and independence is clearly defined- and the circumstances surrounding the foundation of the SADR andthe responsibility of the member states of the international community to fulfil this task. That is the particular case of Colombia and the American states, which have ratified the Montevideo Convention where this responsibility is clearly shown. The actions of every State to fulfil International Law are a contribution to its legitimacy. Because of the inaction of the central bodies of the international community that do not want, or cannot, enforce this right, it is necessary to highlight fulfil International Law are a contribution to its respect and to the pacific resolution of controversies, so that the recognition of the SADR is a contribution to law and peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at detecting the presence of what is known as a global democratic device, which consists of a set of heterogeneous (normative, theoretical, ethical, political) elements that working together produce a global subject whose highest social aspiration is life in democracy. This democratic subject is conceived as condition of possibility and effect of what is defined as global liberal government. These theoretical assumptions are put in play in the analysis of the United Nations (UN) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) discourses that accompanied the 2011 intervention in Libya. Through them the text seeks to analyze how normative elements like the Responsibility to Protect, theoretical ones like the Democratic Peace Thesis and moral ones like the particular and persistent use of the signifier "freedom" and their relation with democracy, were put together in the construction of the democratic subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Republic of Iran is one of the most significant features of the contemporary Middle East. For many years, these two countries have fought for regional power and influence. This article analyzes this relationship of competition by first, describing the historical background of the relationship between the two countries. Secondly, the paper analyzes the geopolitical factors that shape the rivalry between Saudis and Iranians, and later, the main geographic confrontation scenarios, the rival religious narratives, as well as the economic and military capacities and vulnerabilities of both countries. Finally, the article raises a hypothetical consideration of a military conflict between the two countries. The article demonstrates that -so far- the dispute over power and regional influence favors Iran's interests; however, given the nature of regional and extra-regional alliances, an escalation of the conflict to the military level would not favor the interests of Tehran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article will address the strategic importance of the brics' agreement for China, as well as the role China plays within the group. Firstly, it analyzes the development of the brics as a coalition of countries that, in the beginning, were united around a shared economic objective and then, over time, evolved to a point at which each member state was responding to their own strategic interest. Secondly, China is often an object of international criticism for its own development process, and this paper will address the benefit that China gains from the brics agreement. The agreement diffuses international tension, promotes cooperation among member states, and defends its development plans. Lastly, the paper argues that China should refrain from exerting a leadership role within the brics group, but rather should focus on serving as an agent for consolidation and cohesion among the group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital flows have increased significantly in recent years and are a key aspect of the global monetary system. They offer potential benefits to countries, but their size and volatility can also pose policy challenges. The Fund needs to be in a position to provide clear and consistent advice with respect to capital flow and policies related to them. In 2011, the International Monetary and Financial Committee called for “further work on a comprehensive, flexible, and balanced approach for the management of capital flows". This paper proposes an institutional view to underpin this approach, drawing on earlier Fund policy papers, analytical work, and Board discussions on capital flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the European Union's global role as a main international actor on the basis of the components of power, the dimensions of global governance and its prospects as a regional project to manage to have a reading of their participation in the future international system. Within these future prospects, the role of the soft power of the EU will be highlighted as a civilian and normative power in global governance with new actors, interests and divergent values. This work is based on the hypothesis that the relational shift of power in international society is causing geopolitical and geo-economic dynamics conflicting with approaches to an effective multilateralism. Then the paper tries to answer or at least tries to shed some light on questions such as: Can the EU maintain its relevance as an international player in this changing world? Will it maintain relevance in their values and interests as a regional project? Should European international advocacy strategy be based simply on the field of soft power and effective multilateralism? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia has increasingly been specializing in the extraction of mineral and energy resources such as gold, coal, oil and ferronickel. These activities, in the context of state weakness, have engendered conflžicts of different dimensions. This paper proposes an indicator of conflžict related to mineral exploitation that classifies five dimensions of conžflict: social, economic, cultural, political and environmental. The aggregate indicator shows that murders, displacement of Afrodescendent populations, žflooding, pollution, fires, infant mortality, coca crops and sexual offenses are highly and positively correlated with the number of conflžicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing literature on intangible capital shows a relative consensus on the role of ¡rms in terms of investing resources to acquire (purchase or produce) this type of capital because it allows them to obtain a competitive advantage. This paper explores the incentives of In increasing their level of intangible capital using a simple model in which the firms compete a la Cournot. The model shows that the firm can get higher price-cost margins and market share than its rivals even in perfect competition given that the ¡rm is productive enough in the production of intangible capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Korea has managed to position itself globally as a fast-developing country with a strong economy, characterized as a diligent actor actively involved in global dynamics. In the last decades it has served as a "model" country under the slogan of having achieved a rapid transformation out of the ashes in order to become a donor country in a short period. Although this transformation is mainly due to the democratization process and the order imposed by the liberalization of world markets, this paper analyzes how the Asian country has faced the process of globalization, focusing mainly on the social structure. The article explores the impact that the integration of the country into the globalization process has had on the Korean society and culture, as well as the social manifestations that currently reveal scenarios of confrontation and conflict between different groups inside the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the initial Colombian decentralization path marked by the empowerment at local level through the notion of autonomy, and provides a prospective reflection related to the new and emerging post-conflict phase, which focuses on inclusive territorial multi-level governance for the good management of regional development using the new public policy tool - Contrato Plan (Planning Contract). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral economics has applied psychology concepts related to cognitive analysis, which gives little importance to environmental effects. In contrast, the analysis of behavior gives a central role to the environment, and therefore employs concepts such as reinforcement schedules and stimuli control. In this document presents the cognitive-behavioral discussion about choice behavior. In addition, we compare their methods through two experiments dealing with the base-rate fallacy. In the experiments, the characteristics of the stimuli (verbal and non-verbal) are varied and contrasted. The paper concludes that this fallacy occurs on a smaller scale when there are less irrelevant stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews a recent strand of research emphasizing how the present institutions of the knowledge economy may be jeopardizing the very promise of growth and prosperity that the increased use of knowledge is generally reported to bring about. The excessive privatization of knowledge generates self-reinforcing vicious and virtuous circles of accumulation of intellectual property and investment in human capital, which increase global inequality. The present institutions of the global economy entail also a reduction of global investment opportunities that is one of the causes of the present global depression. Absent spontaneous antidotes to these phenomena, economic and science policies should aim at redressing the balance between public and private knowledge. Because of the distortion of incentives, stemming from uncompensated knowledge externalities at the international level, these policies should necessarily be coordinated at global level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed some of the reasons why Britain participated only half-way in the European Union and ended up voting for Bremen on 23 June 2016. It also examines the options open to the European Union and Great Britain. Europe must show that it can work by showing results. In Britain it is necessary to break the established molds of thought and reshape the structure of political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most explanations of stock market booms and busts are based on contrasting the underlying ‘fundamental’ logic of the economy with the exogenous, non-economic factors that presumably distort it. Our paper offers a radically different model, examining the stock market not from the mechanical viewpoint of a distorted economy, but from the dialectical perspective of capitalized power. The model demonstrates that (1) the valuation of equities represents capitalized power; (2) capitalized power is dialectically intertwined with systemic fear; and (3) systemic fear and capitalized power are mediated through strategic sabotage. This triangular model, we posit, can offer a basis for examining the asymptotes, or limits, of capitalized power and the ways in which these asymptotes relate to the historical and ongoing transformation of the capitalist mode of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After twenty-five years of the end of the Cold War, the impact of the rise of China in the international system can be analyzed from material and ideational elements of power. This article seeks to identify whether China's importance is internationally overrated, or if this country can really challenge U.S. hegemony. Most of the literature on Chinese potential has overlooked its internal policy, which is a determining factor in the international system, according to the realist perspective. Using the inductive method, this paper will attempt to establish the causal relation between domestic and international politics. This will highlight China's need to solve border disputes with its neighbors, make a commitment to respect human rights, and solve the needs of a population that is highly dissatisfied with the present government due to inequality and corruption. These factors challenge China in its quest to achieve a new distribution of power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to contribute to the understanding of humanitarian aid from the European Union (EU), from the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, starting from an analysis of Council Regulation (EC) No 1257/96l, the European Consensus on humanitarian aid from the European Union (effective 2008) and article 214 TFEU of the Treaty of Lisbon. This paper addresses the EU's challenges in providing independent humanitarian aid when responding to international emergencies, while seeking to coordinate and enhance its foreign policy coherence; it also examines how the Union reconciles these conflicting objectives. In particular, it examines how EU development cooperation policy and EU aid policy, common foreign and security policy, and foreign policy interact. Finally, it is argued in the concluding remarks that although humanitarian aid has been incorporated into the Lisbon Treaty as a further policy of its external action, it must be independent, as it is based on international solidarity, and not on the principles applicable to other policies of external action, making it difficult to establish positive synergies with the other policies of the EU's external action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the first application to Colombia of culturomics, a novel research method in the social sciences that describes cultural, social and linguistics trends based on the quantitative analysis of millions of digitized texts. The paper uses all news and editorials published during the past two decades in three national periodicals in order to analyze the trajectories of several social and economic phenomena: corruption, economic optimism, the relative power of the judicial branch, etc. Beyond its specific findings, this paper showcases how culturomics can be used to describe the changing reality of a developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic theory of rational choice was accepted for decades as a general theory to explain human behaviour which other social sciences lack. This paper reviews some limitations of the former. Through cognitive psychology, the paper describes the cognitive biases of people when assessing data and making choices, which puts into question the idea that the human mind is programmed to follow the assumptions of rational choice. On the other hand, the increased risks in modern civilization (monetary, ecological, geopolitical) and their global character define our society as "the society of global risk". The author discusses the limits of our rationality in regard to making choices as a troubling issue for coping with increasing global risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents evidence that macroeconomic accounting models helped to anticipate the credit crisis and economic recession, whereas equilibrium models, ubiquitous in mainstream policy and research, did not. This study traces the intellectual pedigree of the accounting approach as an alternative to neo-classical economics, and the postwar rise and decline of flow-of-funds models in policy use. The paper includes contemporary case studies of both types of models, and considers why the accounting approach has remained outside mainstream economics. Finally, it provides constructive recommendations for revising financial stability evaluation methods, and advocates an 'accounting of economics'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the current evidence on the incidence of the corporate tax from Harberger-type general equilibrium models, with special attention to the open economy. The analysis identifies the major drivers of the results from open-economy models and compares estimates from four major studies that have examined corporate tax incidence in an open economy. Adjusting estimates from the studies to reflect central empirical estimates of key elasticities suggests that capital bears the majority of the corporate tax burden. The paper also presents an alternative method, based on the new view of property tax incidence, for allocating the corporate tax burden that distinguishes between the global effects of corporate taxes and excise effects that vary among nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper reviews and discusses the literature on the concept of incentive in management; the visions of ancient Greek philosophers, classical economists, scientific management, agency theory, contracts, property theory and transaction costs theory. The discussion shows that the transaction costs theory, with its central idea of forms of governance, constitutes a comprehensive view of incentives that explains what are the inexplicable paradoxes for other theoretical perspectives. The paper analyzes the relations between incentives and helps to build up a theoretical and useful formal model of incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a detailed presentation of the Skaperdas and Syropoulos model; one of the main models of the theory of conflict and state emergence. First, it describes the model's Nash equilibrium and the relevant effects of comparative analysis. And second, from a new interpretation of the equilibrium and comparisons with other similar models, the paper concludes that it constitutes the most general analytical framework in the subject, which can be understood as the foundations for a general theory of conflict and state emergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests that the best way to evaluate and drive development policy is to understand the root causes that explain the political economy restrictions limiting the developmental effectiveness of multilateral and bilateral institutions. To mitigate the deleterious effects of collective action restrictions this paper recommends a twopronged interdependent strategy: an enhanced use of ex ante evaluation in all interventions and through a more intensive application of the paper trail approach; and changes of constitutional rules or macro-institutional conditions which determine the decisions made in all institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This empirical research analyzes the determinants of Colombian household revenues and expenditures. Using a life cycle model with data from the national household survey 1994-1995, the paper shows how the behavior of household income is mainly affected by demographic characteristics and by the social-occupational characteristics of its members. Expenditure behavior is determined principally by income and secondly by the social characteristics of the household and by the expenditure of other households with similar characteristics. The paper also analyzes the influence of income uncertainty on households expenditure, to see if the effect is due to a motive of precaution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the evolution of violence in South America. It analyzes and discusses the influence of different economic variables on homicide rates, using an econometric test based on data of some South American countries during the period 1995-2000. It shows that this economic approach can be usefull but can also be dangerous when it leads to the wrong policies of social exclusion. Furthermore, it also shows how variables such rapid urbanization, low education, and inefficient regulations, together with corruption, play an important role in the generation of violence in South America. Finally, the paper recommends changing the way of perceiving economics and its social implications, by examining the interaction of this discipline with other social sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, some papers have been published that examine the relation between economic history and institutional economics, and propose a closer relation between these two disciplines. This article shows how the theoretical and methodological foundations of the different institutionalist programs are enriching research in economic history, giving it more rigor. Furthermore, using papers from Hodgson, North and Greif, this article reviews the contributions of traditional institutionalism, New Institutional Economics and Historical and Comparative Institutional Analysis. It ends by proposing a research program that emphasizes the historical studies of institutions and enriches economic analysis. Economic history should not be seen as a subaltern discipline; it should be treated at the same level as economics, as Schumpeter wanted it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]