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This study compares the quality of responses to eight matrix questions (36 variables) included in a survey administered on paper and by computer in two equivalent samples. Three criteria have considerated: 1) the average of non-response questions for each mode; 2) the repetition (or not) of the same response in different question items (differentiation); and, 3) the choice of extreme and middle response alternatives on the scale (easy responses). The paper questionnaires provided a greater number of non-response questions, with no change in non-response rates when taking into account scale range: 4, 5, 10 and 11 categories. The electronic questionnaire showed slightly greater differentiation and fewer extreme responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The paper is a literature review indicating the importance of powder engineering in the modern stage of Industry 4.0 development. 47 technologies for the manufacturing and use the powders of metal and their alloys and ceramic in the manufacturing of products are indicated. All those technologies were compared in terms of their potential and attractiveness, pointing to their development trends. The focus was solely on powder production methods. Other technologies will be discussed in other papers in the powder engineering cycle. Design/methodology/approach: The authors' considerations are based on an extensive literature study and the results of the authors' previous studies and empirical work. In order to compare the analyzed technologies, the methodology of knowledge engineering are used, including the own method of contextual matrices for comparative analysis of a large set of technologies by presenting them on a dendrological matrix. Findings: The most interesting intellectual achievements contained in the paper include presentations of the authors' original concepts regarding the augmentation of the Industry 4.0 model. Material processing technologies occupy an important place in it, among them powder engineering technologies, both conventional and additive. The most attractive and promising development technologies in powder engineering are identified. Originality/value: The originality of the paper is associated with the novelty of the approach to analysing powder engineering, an indication of its importance for the development of the Industry 4.0 idea, where progress does not depend only on the development of IT technologies. It is also not true that from among technologies only additive technologies play a key role. Using avant-garde analyses in the field of knowledge engineering, the most avant-garde technologies of powder engineering are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper presents a comparative study for minimum areas in contact with the ground of RIF (rectangular isolated footings) y CIF (circular isolated footings) that work totally CM (Current model) or partially NM (New model) under compression. Methodology is described using the equations developed by the same author for RIF y CIF. Main findings: RIF under uniaxial bending have less area than CIF in the CM and in the NM; NM presents less area than CM for RIF y CIF under biaxial bending in all cases; NM for CIF shows less area than RIF, when the moments are equals and the relation of the axial load divided by the moment is 0.75 or greater, when the smallest moment divided by the largest moment is between 0.50 and 0.75, and the axial load is greater than the largest moment. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out a previous study to choose the type of footing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The objective of this article is to analyze the forms that organizational hybridity assumes in subnational state-owned enterprises in Argentina --specifically, in those at the provincial level--; as well as the characteristics of the relations with the owner state and the national state, as a basis for the study of their interjurisdictional governance. The paper is based on a comparative analysis of four cases of provincial state-owned enterprise, using primary and secondary sources. Among other aspects, it is highlighted that the orientation of the companies analyzed includes a relevant presence of their public mission, although coexisting with varying degrees of commercial objectives. Likewise, the link with the owner state is mostly hierarchical, without ignoring different levels of managerial autonomy. Finally, the predominant relations with the national state are generally characterized by cooperation, usually in terms of the implementation of public policies, which reinforces the centrality of the companies' public mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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