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This article proposes outcomes for the extension project referred as 'the communication for social change in the community education of the armed conflict victim associations in the municipality of La Playa Belen, Norte de Santander, which aimed to develop communicative strategies for peace building, resilience as well as community education for these armed conflict victim associations in this area known as Catatumbo in Colombia. This research has been based on a qualitative methodology and research-action model, by using information collection techniques such as literature review, focus groups and seni-structured interviews through which an updated diagnostics could be carried out on the socio-economic conditions of the associations settled in this municipality in order to develop strategic actions which allowed to create a scenario for peace and social change. Some of the most relevant results have shown that these social groups need to be educated on a steady basis on different topics such as leadership, team work, community self-management, community organization, citizen participation, and community project or proposition formulation to come up with socio-economic propositions as solution alternatives for the problems which have been identified as a result of the armed conflict that have affected their lives in addition to both physical and symbolic reparation which allow to rebuild governmental trust, social fabric and also the realization of a peaceful territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the synthesis and characterization of an oxide type La0.8Sr0.2MnO3, using a wet chemistry route, which allows to obtain a ceramic material with physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of relevant importance for application as an electrode component for use in solid oxide fuel cells devices (SOFC). The synthesized material was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), obtaining a material with perovskite structure. Results from High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), confirm the synthesis of a solid with regular morphology preferentially oriented in the (1 1 2) plane, with d spacing calculated of about 0.25 nm based on the results of HRTEM and XRD. The La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 composition was determined by X-ray microanalysis by energy dispersive (EDX), indicating a good agreement between the proposed and obtained composition. Surface area and pore volume measured by BET method would suggest that the material maintain their textural and surface characteristics depending on the synthesis method used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict between human activities and vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) has been evident in the Bolivian Prepuna for decades. Vampire attacks on domestic goats have been frequently reported, and led to the application of inadequate control strategies of vampire populations. In order to contribute to the management and mitigation of this conflict, we assessed whether the incidence of attacks is associated with factors like the distribution and abundance of livestock, the distance from the stockyards to vampire roosts, the habitat type, and the relative abundance of the vampire. The results suggest that the incidence of attacks decreases with the density of goats and the distance from stockyards to vampire roosts, while it increases with the relative abundance of vampires in the area. Besides, the abundance of vampires is positively correlated to the availability of roosts near their foraging areas and is not correlated to livestock abundance. We propose that the main factor limiting the abundance of vampires, and indirectly determining the incidence of attacks, is the availability of roosts near foraging areas. Coincidently, the localities situated near roosts presented higher abundance of vampires and recorded the highest incidence of attacks on livestock. Based on our results, we propose the regulation of mining operations involving potential vampire refuges. We also suggest the implementation of monitoring programs of the incidence of attacks as an indicator of the vampire abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the idea of population density and habitat use of Cebus libidinosus in the montane forest of Bolivia. It highlights the estimate of density and habitat use of a population in the montane forest at the outskirts of the Estación Biológica de Tunquini (EBT). It states that the Brown Capuchin Monkey is recognized a plague for citrus and corn cultivars in the Yungas region. Furthermore, it cites that Cebus libidinosus used cultivations more than expected which coincides with the perception of the peasants.

Background and Objectives. The concept of antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery aims to reduce the incidence of postoperative infection, with minimal patient morbidity. It is common to find theoretical protocols designed to optimize, unify, facilitate and standarize clinical processes. However when they are put into practice, execution errors that diminish their effectiveness, are made. In this paper we value objectively the application of protocol antibiotic prophylaxis during breast surgery at the University Hospital of A Coruña, Spain, and the most frequent errors that occur during the execution of the process, with the idea that our findings may be also valid for application in other centers. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the percentage of adequate compliance in the administration of preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in breast surgery (both benign and malignant), analyzing variables considering 5 objective quality standards. Results. All breast surgeries performed between 2008 and 2012 were collected from the hospital database, obtaining a representative sample of 45 cases / year that was studied through the qualification of 5 quality variables: 1. indication of prophylaxis, 2. appropriate choice of antibiotic, 3. dose and route of administration, 4. time of administration of the first dose, and 5. duration of prophylaxis. It was reflected a higher percentage of correct application to 90% in all quality indicators, except in 4, time of administration of the first antibiotic dose. Conclusions. We found that the most frequent errors in the administration of antibiotic prophylaxis in our center is that it is done at the wrong time, being the ideal between 2 hours and 15 minutes before the start of surgery, depending on the antibiotic used. Any improvement in the organizational circuit during the administration of prophylaxis, results in an improvement in its application and of course, in a better effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropical forests conversion to agriculture has increased in recent years, though often followed by land abandonment and subsequent conversion to secondary forest. In this study, we evaluated the effect of disturbance on Nymphalid butterfly assemblages in an area of mountain foothill forests in Bolivia by comparing the butterfly diversity and species composition among primary forests, secondary forests and cacao crops. Data were obtained in two seasons, dry and dry-to-wet transition, using two sampling methods (bait traps and hand net). Species richness and butterfly abundance were higher in the understory of primary forests than in crops during the transition season. The sampling method can influence the detection of community variation: with traps, we only detected seasonal variation, while we registered higher abundance in both types of forests than crops with manual sampling, with higher heterogeneity in the understory of primary forests than in crops. There was also a difference in butterfly species composition between crops and both types of forest. Although some understory butterflies are capable of inhabiting disturbed sites, we should highlight the importance of primary forest for the maintenance of specific species and groups that could be lost if the disturbance dynamics intensify. Finally, long-term studies are necessary to understand species dynamics in the area, both their seasonality and the interrelationship with available resources in each type of habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective. Advances in treatment of breast cancer and different reconstructive options make it necessary to understand a variety of procedures depending on the type of oncological surgery performed on each patient. The range of reconstructive procedures varies from delayed post-mastectomy reconstruction, using skin expanders and in a second time implantation of a definitive prosthesis, to immediate reconstruction by complex microsurgical techniques in a single time. Our aim is to illustrate, step by step, an immediate breast reconstruction technique in a single time using alloplastic prostheses after a skin-sparing mastectomy in patients that are subsidiary to risk-reducing surgery, formerly called prophylactic mastectomy, is a frequent indication in our setting used for primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer. Methods. The procedure of a type IV mastectomy with nipple-areola complex free graft (MIVAP) is carefully described. Original drawings and didatic images are shown for the correct understanding of the procedure. We present 9 cases with their different indications. Results. The most frequent indication in our sample to perform a MIVAP was a history of gynecological cancer (ovary or breast) associated with a mutation in BRCA 1 or 2 gene. Other indications were: positivity for BRCA 1 or 2 mutation without cancer history, mutations in p53 suppressor gene (Li-Fraumeni syndrome), cancer-phobia or high family burden of breast or ovarian cancer (more than 3 first consanguinity line parents) without any mutation. There was a case of postoperative infection, 1 patient developed grade II postsurgical lymphedema associated with selective sentinel lymph node biopsy (BSGC), and 1 suffered nipple-areola partial necrosis. The most frequent negatively aesthetic effect was tissue fibrosis with lack of volume in the medial quadrants of the breast (broad image of the neckline). Patients returned to the habitual life around 34 days after the procedure. The prosthesis most frequently used was textured, high projection between 250 and 350 gr. Conclusions. MIVAP is a valid technique for breast reconstruction in candidates for risk-reducing mastectomy. Although there are certain aesthetic limitations, it is performed in a single surgical time and avoids complications related to cutaneous expanders. Our cases evolved favorably, with a low incidence of complications and a high degree of satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We compared two types of guided visits to short trails at the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (La Paz, Bolivia), in relation to six response variables measured in groups of 4th to 6th grade children. One of the trails followed the traditional way of guidance with knowledge transmission from the guide to the visitor (GT). The other one used the Trails of Inquiry methodology, based on the knowledge building by the visitor, eased by the guide (SI). A larger percentage of attentive children, children that reflexively participated of the observations, and those that made reflexive comments about what they observed in relation to their own close environment. There was no difference between groups in the percentage of children participating in relation to the observations. Furthermore, there was no quantitative difference in the number of answers about either newly acquired knowledge, or changes that children could do for their own environment, but there was a qualitative difference. We conclude that the SI trails is more appropriate if we want to generate changes in attitudes in the visitors, in relation to nature conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work the relationship between the chemical composition and atomic volume in the Ag - x % Zn (x ⩽ 20) system was studied. For this purpose, 10 solid solutions were obtained by means of casting and mechanical alloying. The microstructural characterization was carried out by means of X ray diffraction. The lattice parameter was obtained using the Rietveld's method, while the chemical composition was determined by dispersive energy X-ray spectroscopy. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that there is an inverse lineal relationship between the atomic volume of the solid solution and its Zn concentration, which shows a negative deviation from Vegard's law (-2.96%). Additionally, it was proposed an equation which relates the Zn concentration with the atomic volume of the solid solution, which showed a prediction error less than 12%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]