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Socrates' philosophy has a very peculiar character due to the absence of wellestablished doctrines and the unbreakable bond between life and thought. For this reason, Socratic philosophy must be understood along with his street wanderings and the constant revision of any intellectual approach. Starting from this hypothesis, this paper aims to show both the originality of Socratic thought and his notion of philosophy, as well as the enormous influence he exerts on Plato, who subtly employs these wanderings and digressions in his texts to enrich the dialogue, providing depth to the arguments, and forcing the reader to travel that same winding road that is philosophical thought. Thus, both authors show that philosophy is not so much a kind of knowledge as it is an activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agribusiness model involved the expansion of crops and the application of a technological package that has generated the use of millions of liters of agrochemicals, which exposes rural populations to simultaneous or sequenced exposure to products, which seriously affect health and the environment. These externalities are reflected in the bodyterritory of women who inhabit and/or transit rural spaces, and suffer from daily land dispossession, labor exploitation and deterioration of their health as a result of the drift of agrochemicals. In this paper I intend to make visible the struggle of women, teachers, who gave birth to the Federal Network of Teachers for Life in San Andrés de Giles (Buenos Aires province) in 2017; an environmental group that denounces these problems, promotes actions to protect the environment and the rights of students and rural families. The methodology includes the analysis of journalistic sources, fieldwork and the development of semi-structured interviews in the territory of San Andrés de Giles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shares the first reflections of an agroecology experience carried out by women - rural and urban-from the department of Valle Viejo, Catamarca, who became food producers in the context of the pandemic. The turning point was the arrival of the Rural Women Program in 2020, through which many women joined it, learning how to work the land and new paradigms linked to agroecology; firstly, out of necessity, then as a possible option. As social researchers, we are interested in analyzing that particular spatial and historical experience that does not admit copying from another. In this case, women force us to enrich existing theoretical corpus on agroecology from a situated experience that has little to do with what has already been written. Finally, the contribution that we will share comes from an ongoing research, and it is intended to show the multifactoriality of the space that occupies us, the dialogues emerged and the possibilities of carrying out a collaborative work in the production of new knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting from a question about the "diasporic" position of certain authors of cultural criticism in Latin America, always halfway between academic affiliation and a kind of fractious position regarding their increasingly bureaucratized practices of knowledge administration, this paper proposes a reading of three representative texts by the Brazilian-Argentine critic Raul Antelo: Crítica acéfala, Archifilologías latinoamericanas. Lecturas tras el agotamiento and A ruinologia. These strange and problematic texts seem to be articulated from a position that not only (post)critically revises the foundations of more conventional criticism, but also moves toward the behavior of the most radical bids of artistic conceptualism; in other words, in them criticism becomes an act: intervention. And therein lies its forceful emergence in the framework of contemporary literary and cultural studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) technique, and its practical application to machine learning. The objective is to address the problem of dimensional reduction or data compression. Based on an intuitive analysis, this document will help bring economists and other professionals in the social sciences closer to these ideas, which are generally alien to their discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety is a state of mind of intense worry that can affect students' performance both positively and negatively. Internationally, recent studies show high percentages of students diagnosed with anxiety and depression. This paper seeks to quantitatively analyze how anxiety is related to academic performance in Ecuadorian students. An Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model with school fixed effects estimates an educational production function. The results confirm that, up to certain levels of anxiety, students' scores improve. However, once anxiety levels are elevated -a threshold that is higher for male students-scores are negatively affected. These findings are relevant for two reasons. First, during adolescence, experiences and interpersonal relationships impact personality construction and influence the development of cognitive, non-cognitive and emotional skills. Second, given the current post-pandemic situation, in which anxiety is a frequent scenario. This research concludes that it is necessary to reflect on the importance of rethinking pedagogical processes in schools and to analyze strategies to introduce mental health in the school curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of religion in the curriculum of a public school system is a controversial topic. This paper offers a hermeneutic analysis of Decree 924/83, the primary regulatory instrument overseeing the role of religion in schools and higher education in Chile. The aim is to uncover its principal challenges and propose new perspectives grounded in philosophical arguments. Specifically, three critical nodes are identified that arise from the interpretation of Decree 924/83 in its text and implementation: exclusivism, confessionalism, and (possibly) religious illiteracy. To overcome these challenges, a new approach is proposed, suggesting that religious classes be presented as a universal, mandatory, and non-denominational educational asset. Finally, we offer some implications for future academic research and public policy regarding the presence of religious education in the Chilean school system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the strategic significance of security in critical water infrastructure, an essential resource for human life. Focusing on Spain, it explores the security system of this infrastructure and the existing legislation against threats to critical infrastructures, particularly drinking water supply. The study describes potential types of attacks, the preparedness of passive and active security systems against these threats, and the legislative developments to penalize them. Despite the increasing importance of this issue, as water infrastructure can be a target for terrorism with unimaginable impacts on life, health, economy, and society, the paper concludes that there are gaps in the classification and definition of sanctions against such attacks in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an experimental study on the mechanical behavior of buried pipes subjected to thermal load cycles. Firstly, stresses and deformations are measured experimentally on a buried pipe subjected to monotonic and cyclic thermal loads, hence reproducing the typical operating conditions of buried piping systems. Subsequently, a numerical model is developed using the finite element method, which is validated using the results obtained experimentally. Subsequently, this computational model was used to carry out a parametric study of the influence of the mechanical properties of the soil on the stress state of the system. Finally, from the results obtained experimentally and numerically, it is concluded that the most critical situation in terms of stresses takes place when the pipe is firstly placed into operation, i.e. in the first cycle of thermal load and the other variables studied have little impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high penetration of distributed renewable resources requires integration strategies that ensure a balance between supply and demand. Transactive energy (TE) comprises a set of mechanisms capable of achieving this objective by using value as an operational parameter. This paper presents a review of the state of the art in TE, aiming to provide the reader with a general overview of concepts and applications. To accomplish this, the document offers a review of market and operational structures, with a particular focus on the role of TE in the composition of local energy markets. Furthermore, an analysis of the value concept in energy is proposed as a linking element between two current topics of academic interest: multi-energy systems and the water-energy-food nexus. Finally, some international and national pilot projects are showcased, allowing for the identification of the practical validity of the concepts described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of classicism is one of the most used categories in the world of the arts and of philosophical aesthetics. However, the variety of its uses has caused the term to present difficulties of interpretation and ambiguities to those who study classicist art or literature. This paper intends to introduce some clarity and distinctness in the discussion about the idea of classicism. To do this, we first deal with the questions that concern its historical genesis, dissociating it from the similar, but essentially different, concept of the classical. Second, we offer a characterization of its structure through a systematization of its four main senses as they are commonly used in the bibliography on the subject. In this way, classicism presents itself to us as the problem of articulating the different philosophical conceptualizations that have been adopted about the classical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to examine and respond to Leibniz's objection to E1p2 and E1p5. The objection is well known: it is false, according to Leibniz, that two substances of different attributes have nothing in common (i. e., E1p2) and, consequently, that in nature there cannot be two or more substances of the same attribute (i. e., E1p5). Here I claim that E1p2, and therefore E1p5, resist Leibniz's objection. To do so, I first address the meaning and function of E1p2 in order to determine two possible contexts in which the demonstration is valid: the context delimited by the Cartesian doctrine of the principal attribute, and the scholastic context of the logical doctrine of essential diversity. Second, I examine Leibniz's objection, by which I determine more precisely the epistemic framework of both E1p2d and Leibniz's objection. Third, I propose a critical analysis of Leibniz's objection to show that, although this objection has some semblance of validity, if we consider only what Spinoza stated in the definitions and axioms prior to E1p2, it entails a contradiction. Finally, I indicate the most difficult point in the proof of E1p2 in order to propose a small rectification that renders it immune to Leibniz's objection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

My aim in this paper is to examine some of the distinctive facets of human action in Spinoza's philosophy and show their intrinsic connection with each other. By analyzing in detail how Spinoza addresses different aspects of human action in his main work, the Ethics, it is possible to notice that for him free human agency implies two interrelated features: on the one hand, the adequate knowledge of the causes that determine it, and, on the other hand, a growing capacity to impact with greater power the scenarios in which it takes place. Thus, in contrast with quietist and passive readings, I show in the following that the two aforementioned characteristics are part of the Spinozian philosophical conception of agency as such. By pursuing this line of thought, it is also possible to establish a link--not always noticed in the secondary literature--with some of the central lines of thought contained in the Theological-Political Treatise. In discussing these theses, I advance the idea that the Spinozian conception of human agency involves a serious readjustment of the metaphysical vision of the agent, a change in her conduct and ethical practices, and an altogether different conception of politics and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I address the dispute between normativism and descriptivism by focusing on the arbitration problem. For this, I propose to take into account the discussion on the collapse problem that has taken place recently in the philosophy of logic. My proposal maintains, on the one hand, that human reasoning, as a social practice, is an essentially regulated activity and, on the other hand, that formal systems of reference in the psychology of reasoning are the result of various processes of reflective equilibrium. This makes it possible to defend the normative role of formal systems as a standard for human reasoning. Furthermore, I argue that the adequacy of a formal system is marked by the specific contexts of reasoning. Thus, I defend normative pluralism regarding formal systems of inference within the framework of empirical studies on human reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper clarifies Gilbert Simondon's notion of information by presenting the historical-epistemological context from which it emerges, as well as the solutions it presents to the conceptual problems of the time. I give special attention to the conceptualizations proposed by cybernetics, information theory, and biology. In addition, the conceptual changes of Simondon's notion of information are analyzed in accordance to three of the main moments of his thought (classified by Juan Manuel Heredia): a) 1944-1958, b) 1959-1968, and c) 1968-1983. This gives a fuller sense to the meaning of information in Simondon's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper puts forward an interpretation of three decisive dreams that shook Descartes taking as a starting point what Heidegger called another beginning of philosophy in horror (das Erschrecken). On the one hand, it will be shown how Descartes's nightmares opened the possibility of an initial way of thinking. On the other hand, it will be discussed how Descartes recoils from this possibility. By linking the hidden dimension of being to the demonic realm, Descartes seeked refuge in a calculating thought based on a truthful God who guarantees the availability of being. The analysis of dreams proposed here seeks to draw attention to a background that will help explain what Descartes is seeking refuge from when he builds his scientific structure and what avenues remain open in the subsoil of his thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophical discussions on cognition (ranging from computational and representational approaches to the 4E framework), on the one hand, and those on sound and auditory perception, on the other, have hitherto remained apart. In this paper, the author addresses the concept of "auditory cognition". While committing to the conceptual analysis of the latter, the author introduces the discussion of modality-specific approaches. Since the contributions made so far in the domain of the philosophy of sound and auditory perception are prone to favor computational-representational approaches --e.g., the perceptual coherence model (Méndez-Martínez, 2022)--, the exploration of 4E possibilities will lay down a series of questions aimed to encourage future developers from that viewpoint. In that sense, the author explores conceptual entailments and connections between the genealogy of theories within the philosophy of sound and auditory perception, and the hypothesis of the extended cognition (EX). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the implementation of new and more sophisticated advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) aimed at improving weapons control systems, new applications and the need for a range of control measures are emerging. Biometric data has evolved in parallel to AI systems, progressing from fingerprints to retina scans and DNA analysis. In this paper we will analyse the importance of these control elements and their implementation in the defensive measures of states, as well as question the ethics of their execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relations between Spain and Algeria from 1962 to the present day have been influenced by different factors that have led to a strange neighbourly relationship, marked by the duality between conflict and cooperation. In this paper we will try to unpack these factors and highlight their influence and possibilities for conflict and cooperation. Although some are now part of the past, many others (gas, Morocco, Western Sahara, and the European Union) remain in the past and define Spanish-Algerian bilateralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to discuss some of the challenges ahead for the so-called ageing society, emphasising two axes of analysis. One refers to the fact that it is not enough just to indicate demographic, social, population or other trends to guarantee acceptance in the social imaginary of the ageing society. The quantitative aspect is a necessary but not sufficient condition for accepting the challenges still pending in the ageing society. This point is highlighted by another axis of analysis, which has to do with the "resurrection" of ageism since the health and political events surrounding the coronavirus, which once again placed older adults in stereotypical roles of decrepitude and ruin. All of the above indicates that a hard work of social, governmental and state intervention has to be projected in order to create the minimum foundations of the ageing society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the bbc broadcasts in different languages during the Second World War reveals the extraordinary confidence that the British government placed in the radio, convinced of its potential influence on civil society, as it had done since 1934 with the launching of the British Council, in an interesting advance of what from the 90s Joseph Nye would call Soft Power. This paper deals with the study of the bbc department in charge of the broadcasts addressed to Spain, known as the Spanish Service from its creation in 1939 until the end of the Second World War. In this context, the Spanish Service was entrusted with the difficult task of strengthening the link of its Spanish listeners with the allied cause without interfering in Spanish politics, in a difficult balance that would unleash many tensions and push politics to the limit of containment towards Spain marked by Churchill. In order to give effect to the narrative approach of this work, use has been made of Memoirs, archival sources from the War Cabinet and the Foreign Office, periodical publications, as well as bibliographic sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is set in the context of the History of Mathematics Education and aims to analyse how Puig Adam (1900-1960), professor at the San Isidro Institute in Madrid, implemented the heuristic method in the teaching of mathematics in secondary education in Spain. In order to conduct this research, we have consulted the methodological works of heuristic nature that Puig Adam published throughout his professional career (1926-1960). Most relevant among this primary sources is his Didáctica matemática eurística, published in 1956 by the Instituto de Formación del Profesorado de Enseñanza Laboral. Our approach combines historical inquiry with the Anthropological Theory of Didactics (ATD) as a means to contrast and analyse the didactic praxeologies of two experiences of the heuristic method on direct proportionality, one by Professor Viedma Castaño, of the Baeza Institute, and the other by Puig Adam. This allows us to see how these two professors introduced contents planned for higher courses in the first year of the Bachillerato and demonstrates Puig Adam's concern to safeguard the active character of this method when applied to secondary education, which highlights the quality of the heuristic proposals that he designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behaviours that deviate from social norms are often labeled as scandalous, especially if their protagonists are women. In the 19th century, the hegemonic social model was that of separate spheres (public/private). However, some women manifested behaviours that defied tradition. Whether in their private or domestic life, in their activity in the cultural world, at university, in the workplace, and even in politics, they caused scandal and rejection. These behaviors were sometimes condemned by public morality and even by legislative and judicial authorities. This paper analyzes --through literary, newspaper, legislative, and judicial sources-- how nineteenth-century Spanish society received these changes, whether it accepted or opposed them, and how they influenced the model of the new woman and the debate on the woman question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to clarify the actions and circumstances that were present in the cases of scandal in the western Canarian manor in the 18th century from a legal historical approach. The primary sources examined are the judicial files of the Documentary section of the Casa Fuerte of Adeje (Adeje Strong House), kept in the Archive of the Canarian Museum (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). These documents concern Adeje (island of Tenerife), the islands of La Gomera and El Hierro. Likewise, this paper takes into account the legal and doctrinal postulates of the most widespread jurists in the archipelago, as guidelines for judicial administration in the local sphere. This work highlights the consideration of scandal as a conduct that undermined the established sexual norms and altered the moral order in the affected neighborhood. Not surprisingly, pragmatic treaties, such as the widespread Política para corregidores, contemplated the disposition that local authorities should show towards the preservation of tranquility in their jurisdictions, punishing dishonest and notorious behaviors in the neighborhood. In his sense, the Canary Islands belonged to the Castilian legal model, while the relevance of discretion was appreciated in the judicial practice. At the same time, the reading of the records shows the projection of the social and economic circumstances in the transgressive behaviors. In summary, this study aims to contribute to current knowledge on the exercise of justice in the manorial territories in the aforementioned century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Departing from the premise that crimes against sexual morality were one of the main generators of scandal in Ancien Régime society, in this paper our aim is to analyse the lawsuits over the cohabitation of priests heard by the Episcopal Court of Palencia during the 1750s. A sample of 144 files will allow us to unravel the context in which these offences took place, observing how they affected not only those involved, but also the rest of the members of the community. Using the testimonies provided by witnesses about «the serious note and scandal» that was taking place in the locality, we will be able to determine the identity and marital status of the women involved, how familiar they were with the ecclesiastics, why they were suspected, whether they had been involved in such proceedings before or whether they had experienced symptoms of pregnancy. With regard to the other party involved, the religious, we are mainly interested in the extent to which they did not respect the vow of chastity and what penalties were imposed on them as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, using empirical and statistical research, we analyze the impact of the external sector on economic growth in Paraguay during the 1994-2020 period. The results enabled the assessment of the validity of the income elasticities of imports calculated in the long term, attributed to the presence of cointegration among the series. Consequently, the economic growth rate associated with the external balance was obtained, aligning with Thirlwall's Law. The empirical analysis and validation of Thirlwall's Law suggest that the growth dynamics of the Paraguayan economy can be explained by the Thirlwall model. Thus, it was determined that the external sector has had an impact on Paraguay's economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Population aging has positioned as a key demographic change. This paper analyzes the characteristics of older adults in situations of dependence, care strategies and the profile of caregivers for Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, El Salvador and Uruguay. The population in a situation of functional dependence is mostly female and over 75 years old. Between 54% and 70% receive some type of care, with unpaid family care being the main care strategy. Unpaid caregivers are mostly women, under 65, and economically inactive. We evidence a negative relationship between the status of elderly caregiver and employment, that is stronger for women. Although elderly informal care leads to a lower probability of employment among individuals of all ages and income quintiles, the employment gap between caregivers and non-caregivers narrows substantially among higher-income people. Improving care for older people would have positive effects on female employment and inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have examined the relationship between monetary policy and the stock market. However, few have assessed the impact of fiscal management on this market. This paper examines the extent to which fiscal policy affects a firm's stock market capitalization using the Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) methodology. The study finds that the stock market capitalization in the CPI fully reflects the available information on the movements of variables related to monetary policy. However, total public indebtedness exerts a significant lagged effect on the stock market capitalization of Mexican firms. This finding indicates that the CPI does not fully reflect the available information on the movements of fiscal policy variables. A comprehensive analysis of fiscal policy measures can enhance stock market performance for investors and financial analysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the manufacture of Juan Calos I's charisma as a pilot of change in the transition from late Francoism to the democratic transition through Cuéntame Cómo Pasó. Its objective is to carry out a comparative study of the first fourteen seasons of the series and the reception of the viewers. For this purpose and relying on a work of visualization of the episodes (which includes the transcription of the conversations and highlighted images) and on the focus groups (with viewers who present different ideological sensibilities as well as different places of residence, social classes, age or gender), the ideological structure of the series is revealed ant the type of reception it has had in the viewers is discussed. The article concludes by showing a certain coherence between the ideological interests of the series and the opinions of the members of the focus groups. On the one hand, it served to crystallize the ideological profile of one of the most relevant television series of the 21st century in Spain. On the other hand, it allowed us to give voice to the viewers instead of a strictly erudite analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the uses in legal language of the terms allegality or allegal. Recently these terms have been incorporated into the Dictionary of The Royal Academic Spanish Academy of Language, however, there is a use of them in doctrinal, jurisprudential and even legal language. Firstly, the very definition provided by the Dictionary and its confusing or contradictory nature is studied. Next, the relationship of legality with the principle of permission is raised, that is, if in any case the absence of express regulation of a matter implies that there are a series of behaviors that are allowed by the legal system. On the other hand, it is evaluated if the allegality, the lack of a legal norm that regulates an area of social life, means that we are facing a legal gap or before spaces that cannot and should not be regulated by law. That is to say, if the behaviors not regulated by the law necessarily have to be resolved through the integration of the law or if they are aspects that do not belong to the legal sphere. We also study the fact that the allegal may represent a problem not so much of integration of legal norms but of interpretation of law, in which the attribution of meaning to normative statements may imply a lack of legal response. An analysis is made, below, of the use of terms «allegal» and «allegality» in the legal, jurisprudential and doctrinal discourse. From the legislative point of view, there are few cases in which the normative statements contain the terms allegal or allegality. Very exceptionally, in norms with a lower rank, and in general in the Statement of Reasons, these expressions are used. These terms are used in this speech as a synonymous with illegal. In the jurisprudential discourse we find that our courts make more frequent use of the terms allegal or allegality, even long before its incorporation into the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy of Language. In this language, a plurality of meanings is given to the these statements, perhaps predominating their identification with the assumptions of illegality, the allegal is illegal. However, in other cases these expressions are used to refer to a legal situation with legal significance and the judge integrates the law to provide a legal response. The gaps in the law are resolved through the self-integration mechanisms provided by the legal system itself. But there are also cases in which legality is understood to be those cases that have no legal significance and therefore are unrelated to the judicial decision. The judicial discourse refers to these cases as cases that do not have to be regulated by the legal norm. As for the doctrinal language, it is necessary to point out that terms allegality o allegal also have a plurivocal character, probably having a greater weight than that in which the regulation of a matter is requested, de lege ferenda, citing reasons that would improve insufficient regulation. In most cases, the regulation and prohibition of certain behaviors is postulated. In this sense, the authors allude to the allegal as a pathology of the legal system that must be remedied by the legislator. Notwithstanding this, there are also cases in which conducts contrary to law and, therefore, punishable are indentified with illegality. This plurality of meanings and their redundant nature in some cases mean that we must reconsider the incorporation of these terms into legal language. From our point o view, they do not provide security and create confusion in different legal discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the protection of victims of forced migration from the perspective of the philosophy of law and international human rights law. On the one hand, it focuses on the origin and philosophical-legal foundations of human dignity and its practical requirements as a legal principle. Understood in this sense, dignity is considered as the foundation of the most basic human rights; and implies universally enforceable legal prerogatives in favor of all persons, by the mere fact of their human nature; and without considering exogenous factors, such as origin or nationality. Within this context, fundamental notions such as ius communcationis, or the right of sociability of human beings and hospitality, which entail a common use of the universal land within the comunitas orbis or universal community, are recovered. It is concluded that, despite the efforts and the many legal instruments that exist in this regard, and which are based on the dignity of the individual, the protection afforded to them in practice is not sufficient. The reason for this lies in several factors, in particular, in the fact that although human dignity can be considered as the basis for the recognition of human rights on equal terms, its scope is limited to the most fundamental rights, such as life or the prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment, but does not imply more specific rights such as freedom of movement or residence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problematic aspects of the thesis that bases human rights on the dignity of the person are presented. Following the metaphysics of the person of Thomas Aquinas, the ontological consistency referred to in this term is studied. Then the ideological inspiration of both modern «human rights» and Kantian ballast dignity is reviewed. The elements of natural rights that still exist in modern human rights theory are based on human nature, not directly and exclusively in the ontological dignity of the person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the coin sets found in Baetican territory, containing official coins of both Antonine emperors. The focus has been placed on the observation of their geographical distribution, the examination of the chronology, and the most frequently represented series, as well as the characteristics of the coin sets themselves. Furthermore, we attempt to ascertain whether the concentration of these mintings in certain areas of the province correlates with other types of evidence that they may be associated with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Paris Opera designed by Garnier, focusing specifically on those parts of the building that form the backdrop described by Leroux in "The Phantom of the Opera". These elements have also served as inspiration for various subsequent film adaptations. The study delves into Garnier's theories on theater/opera architecture and Leroux's literary creation, contrasting them with film adaptations of Leroux's work. These adaptations demonstrate the close relationship between literature, cinema, and architecture, generally adhering to the principles of the French architect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medieval labor guilds encompassed various forms of mutual aid in their coverage, including health, accident, widowhood, orphanage, old age, and poverty insurance. They also addressed situations typical of commercial insurance, such as bankruptcy, theft, assault, and captivity. These provisions included private and family actions (like organizing burials and funerals) and maintained a pious character through charitable and benevolent activities. Not all guilds offered the same level of protection; thus, this paper will examine exceptional cases where labor formations guaranteed their members a high degree of mutualistic commitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to define and critically examine the concept of touristification and its socio-economic and territorial implications, particularly focusing on the Costa del Sol (Málaga, Spain). It employs the method of systematic literature review. The paper concludes that touristification is a product of the prevailing capitalist logics, of which hegemonic tourism is a further expression. Thus, contemporary tourism becomes a channel for the accumulation and reproduction of capital, entailing a process of dispossession, gentrification, and the transformation of geographic spaces to the benefit of these capitalist logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the spread of gas in Latin Europe shortly before the First World War. It utilizes the "Annuaire général de l'industrie de l'éclairage et du chauffage par le gaz" from the year 1910 as its primary source, which provides details on the locations in various European countries, including those that make up Latin Europe (France, Spain, Italy, and Portugal), that had access to gas. The study examines regional contrasts in the network's expansion, categorizing the localities with gas access by population size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, addressing mental health and the dimensions that contribute to its improvement in the general population has been a topic of special interest. This interest has been less in relation to people in situations of homelessness. This paper analyses the role of social support and social relationships in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of the homeless people in the Community of Madrid. The research follows a mixed methodology (questionnaire survey; n=641 and semi-structured in-depth interview; n=18). The results show the high psychological deterioration, the low levels of social support and the relational precariousness of the homeless people. Isolation and deterioration are structured by residential situation, origin, age, and gender. Furthermore, it is found that, as the levels of social support increase, the probability of psychological deterioration decreases. Similarly, after the pandemic, worsening relationships with children are associated with poorer levels of mental health. These findings confirm that relational aspects are key elements in improving the psychological wellbeing of homeless people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the life of the mine master Juan de Buendía who went to Peru in 1609 to implement the mining techniques of the Almadén mine in the mercury mining of Huancavelica. The contributions that he made are also discussed, especially in timber framing, which made it possible to improve the safety and exploitation of the mine to levels never seen before.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a chronic disease of the female genital tract, the etiology of which is still unclear. The purpose of this paper is to analyze, from a biopsychosocial perspective, the structure of social representations of endometriosis of women with this disease and healthy women. To this end, an exploratory survey was conducted by administering an online questionnaire. The results made it possible to identify those particular type of social representations, the controversies, articulated differently and often contradictory in their peripheral elements. These results provide a useful basis for the construction of intervention strategies to avoid the "epistemological purgatory" in which many women are forced to live due to the discrepancy between the subjective experience of endometriosis and its expert knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper aims to study the gendered representations of robots, cyborgs, ginoids, clones, holograms, and female artificial intelligences in science fiction film. It is hypothesized that the sexist stereotypes widely studied in female film characters are perpetuated in female artificial creations in science fiction film. Methodology: A sample of 83 characters was taken from the IMdB database. After their classification, we proceeded to carry out a qualitative analysis on representation, gender roles and stereotypes of the characters. Results: The results obtained confirm that the science fiction genre is intensely masculinized and vertical occupational segregation is the dominant note. In addition, gender roles and stereotypes that are common in other film genres are also replicated in science fiction. Discussion: The representations do not manage to get rid of sexist precepts that are maintained over time as a result of the persistence of a male gaze. Conclusions: This study confirms the need to establish tools that allow women to access a highly masculinized cultural industry as well as the need to carry out a representation of female fictional characters far from the gender stereotypes traditionally associated with women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The notion of objectivity is the cornerstone of the liberal model of journalism. Following that scheme, one of the aims of news stories is to foster citizens’ understanding of the world they live in, but this can only be achieved through journalists’ vision. In that sense, the aim of this article is to analyze the level of interpretation and contextualization that Mexican journalists deliver when they report on organized crime. Methodology: In doing so, this paper draws on 24 in-depth interviews with news workers who cover this beat across the country. Results and discussion: The findings suggest that journalists do interpret and contextualize the information. This is because they are interested in helping their audiences to better understand this highly complex phenomenon. Although most of the informants said that they separate facts from opinion, they constantly interpret the information by relying upon their amplified subjectivity; which represents the main contribution of this inquiry. Conclusions: The main conclusions suggest that criminals’ pressure constrains reporters’ freedom to interpret the information they publish. Therefore, despite journalists’ efforts, the average Mexican news consumer cannot fully understand the organized crime phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of journalistic style guides is to provide media practitioners with guidance on language to convey a neutral and objective presentation of information. This paper investigates thematic style guides published with a focus on Palestine and analyzes how these style guides construct media bias. Literature Review: In the literature reviewed a structural media bias against Palestinians that favors Israeli narratives is documented in research as an integral part of anglophone mainstream media through the reproduction of Orientalism, Zionist narratives, and anti-Palestinian racism. Methodology: A comparative content analysis was conducted on four thematic style guides, sampling common terms through a grounded theory approach. Results:The results show similarities and differences in the style guides’ definitions, sourcing, and explanations of key terms related to Palestine and its historical, legal, and geographic contexts. Discussion: The style guides notably differ in their content with some perpetuating anti-Palestinian bias in various implicit and explicit ways, such as Nakba denial, questioning Palestinian history, and reproducing Israeli sources and narratives. Conclusions: Our analysis concludes that anti-Palestinian bias and racism are an integral part of some anglophone newsroom policies and practices as implemented in style and editorial guidelines. Thematic style guides on Palestine thus can further perpetuate colonial conquest and anti-indigenous violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyzes the perceptions of communities in depopulated territories and of a group of journalists regarding local media and identifies which journalistic functions and roles they consider most valuable. The findings are an opportunity to reflect on the connection between media deserts, community expectations about journalism and the future of local media in the context of a potential media reform. Methodology: Five focus groups have been conducted: four of them held in two towns located in the province of Cuenca, Ledaña (1,563 inhabitants) and Priego (885 inhabitants) and a fifth focus group was held online with journalists and professionals selected for their specialization in depopulated territories and rural areas. Results: The analysis shows that professionals and citizens are committed to “militant journalism” when working in depopulated areas; they value an attentive and caring approach to communities, constructive criticism, the generation of interaction networks and depth when addressing their problems. Three roles are identified for media: instrumental, recognition and mediation. Discussion and conclusions: In the current context there is a space of opportunity to explore formulas that incorporate the media as strategic actors in public policies facing the demographic challenge, at the same time this opportunity could catalyze the implementation of some media reform proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper identifies characteristics of territories in socio-environmental conflict and the environmental movements that arise from these, for the defense of the territory and natural assets, from an ecofeminist perspective. The methodology used is participant observation enriched with semi-structured interviews and the ethnographic method, based on the social reproduction of the female subject and her participation in environmental groups in Jalisco. The contribution lies in the practices carried out by the groups, as an alternative to the extractivist development model, analyzed from dimension a) socio-environmental, where local communities converge with the environment with a view to sustainability, in addition a reflection is made from b) the territory and the exchange of resources from rural areas to urban areas that are also the cause of conflicts due to the hoarding of natural assets, finally c) the emergence of the Un Salto de Vida collective, in defense of the territory and the natural goods from ecofeminism, as a powerful movement that links environmentalism and feminism with a strong presence of women leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the necessary or sufficient conditions that promote the installed photovoltaic (pv) capacity in Mexico. To do this, different configurations of conditions are identified, which can lead to the same desired case, through the comparative qualitative analysis of complex cases. The analysis suggests that, to boost the installed pv capacity, a long-term planning of the Mexican pv industry should be carried out. The starting point of such a plan should consists of the following five necessary conditions: a) tax credit for investment or production; b) feed in tariff & feed in premium; c) development of intellectual, technical and professional capital; d) the promotion of research and development of pv technology, and e) to include installed pv capacity in smart grids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a model of performative analysis on the main episodes that have stimulated the presence in public opinion of the disappearance of the 43 students of Ayotzinapa in the state of Guerrero, Mexico. From the perspective of the civil sphere theory and cultural Pragmatics, we discuss the predominant analytical perspectives to interpret the symbolic construction of Ayotzinapa, while offering an analytical perspective that allows us to understand the way in which this event has been configured as a social trauma subject to deep normative disputes and as a moral performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its geophysical characteristics and location in a tropical zone, Colombia is prone to flooding phenomena, which, in addition to the vulnerability of the road network and the permanent presence of the population residing close to the roads, increase the social and economic fragility of the road corridors. This situation is evident when traffic collapses due to flooding, as the country mobilizes most of its goods by land. The knowledge and systematization of the social and economic conditions of the national road layout, and the incorporation of these data into a replicable spatial model, could be an alternative for making decisions aimed at risk prevention. This paper presents the conceptual and methodological design of a proposal of the socioeconomic factors required in a road flood risk assessment using spatial analysis tools in the pilot section Route 6008 Chiquinquirá-Sáchica (36 km). A global index of socioeconomic aspects related to vulnerability is quantified at three levels: local, zonal and regional. The main result is that the road corridor presents a medium-high level of vulnerability, due to the aspects of exposure and fragility in housing and livelihood conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maestrazgo and the Sierra de Gúdar in Teruel are made up of a great diversity of ecosystems, among which, in addition to the riparian forest and the aquatic ecosystems on which this study focuses, the forest ecosystems spread over several bioclimatic floors particularly stand out. The objective of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, it seeks to evaluate the state of conservation of one of the territories with the greatest natural wealth in southern Aragon, namely the fluvial ecosystem of the Guadalope River in its upper section, and on the other hand, it proposes a protection framework with greater legal imperative such as that pertaining to natural parks, which this province does not currently have. To do this, the methodology will be based on the consultation of the few specialized bibliographies on this study area, and on the other hand, it will determine the quality of fluvial habitats based on the construction of two indicators: the QBR on quality of the riparian forest and the IHF on fluvial habitats. The results show that despite the fact that this territory does not currently have any environmental protection framework other than three natural monuments, a ZEPA and a ZEC, it has enough values to be declared a natural park, which would be the first in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main problems faced by authorities when delimiting flood areas is derived from the fact that hydraulic-hydrological models and their flood maps do not accurately correspond to the actual extent of the floods and hazards, often underestimating them. In order to assess this hypothesis, this paper analyses the recent flood in Campanillas (Málaga, Spain). The study compares the differences between the official flood maps and the real flood. The results of this study clearly confirm the aforementioned underestimation. Beyond a simple comparison, a series of potential causes of this underestimation are proposed. Some of them are related to the hydraulic-hydrological model used to create the official maps (e.g., it represents a closed area, it omits indirect anthropogenic activities, it omits flood flux alterations caused by roads, bridges, etc.). Additionally, other causes are related to the characteristics of the flood hazard in Mediterranean areas (e.g., simultaneous and synergic associated hazards and the omission of rhexistasy in Mediterranean areas when modelling water infrastructures). To conclude, based on the causes of the highlighted inaccuracy of the official maps, several measures aimed at improving the forecasts in flood areas in these official maps are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]