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"The Regulation of Drugs in Plato's Laws". In the standard manuscript of the Laws --the Parisinus Graecus 1807 of the 9th Century AD-- this dialogue is placed between the Minos and the Epinomis. While in the Minos the pupil refers to the diversity of rites and traditions that can be observed amongst different peoples, the Epinomis stresses the unity of the law. The regulation of symposia, the access to drugs, to intoxicating drinks and to medicine is a fundamental theme of the Laws. This is evident already from the composition of the dialogue, since this theme is discussed in its first books. The art of regulating communal life is shown as a technique that can be perfected through dialogue. Communal drinking can be beneficial, says the anonymous Athenian foreigner, since wine encourages citizens to sing, and through the confrontation with pleasure citizens are able to exercise temperance. Since the consumption of wine may also produce excesses and loss of constraint, its consumption should be regulated. The Athenian proposes a minimal age limit for wine drinking: 18 years old (Laws, 2.666a-e). The position of the Athenian foreigner concerning the regulation of drugs is a message that might be called "antiprohibitionist", although not in the contemporary sense (individualist and liberal), but in the sense that an absolute prohibition of drug consumption for the citizens is not defended: the proposal is to allow its consumption, but under a legal and communitarian regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyze the Argentinian drug policy in relation to the possession of illicit substances for personal use. To do so, we articulate ideational theory with the perspective of moral public policy. The aim is to show how the ideas formed by the Argentinian leadership in the 1970s when the drug problem entered the legislative agenda have endured throughout the development of drug policy. We examine the processes that resulted in drug laws 20771 and 23737, using transcripts of the debates in Congress, interviews conducted by the author and secondary sources. Finally, we analyze the failed attempt for the depenalization of drugs possession in 2012 and the ideas that recent presidents have had about this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article documents and analyzes the drug laws that enabled and created the space for the implementation of a prohibitionist paradigm in Mexico. An increasingly punitive government posture was adopted during the period from 1917 to 1947, i.e., between the promulgation of the Constitution and the incorporation of a series of reforms into the Federal Penal Code. The study and analysis of these laws required the documentation of scientific discussions surrounding the legislative process: discussions that sometimes supported and, at others, were critical of the government's position. Based on this review of the historical documentation--and within the framework of the initial domestic and international prohibitions of cannabis--medical and legal opinions are articulated, and the areas in which science and the law either coincided or entered into conflict are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 20 April 2021, the Spanish Competition Authority (the "CNMC") issued two resolutions of great importance for the pharmaceutical sector. In particular for innovative laboratories that have been have been targeted by the Spanish and European Competition Authorities for several years now. In both resolutions, two pharmaceutical companies, AbbVie and AstraZeneca, were suspected of having abused their alleged dominant position - in the first case by offering exclusionary discounts and, in the second, by setting predatory prices - both with the aim of preventing competitors from entering the market after the lapse of their respective patents. The CNMC concluded, in both cases, not to initiate sanctioning proceedings. At the same time, the CNMC provided long overdue clarifications and guidance on certain key issues: (i) the use of "effective clinical practice" and therapeutic guides in the definition of relevant markets, (ii) the dynamic analysis of market shares and (iii) the explicit acceptance of the "meeting competition" defence when ruling out an abuse of dominant position. Therefore, these rulings set two precedents of notable importance on the application of antitrust rules in the pharmaceutical sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: EU legislation established the factors that should be applied for the setting of maximum levels of vitamins and minerals in food supplements and other foods enriched with these nutrients, considering the different sensitivity of the population groups, in order to minimize the risks of an excessive intake. A decade and a half later, these maximum levels have not yet been set. Because of this delay, in many European countries maximum daily amounts have been established for food supplements, with great differences from one country to another. In France, these maximum levels have just been updated taking into account the age, the physiological situation and the state of health of the population groups: children of 1-3 years, children of 3-10 years, adolescents of 11-17 years, adults, women with probability of pregnancy, pregnant women, lactating women, menopause, old people, smokers, patients receiving anticoagulant treatment, renal patients, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, regulations governing the pharmaceutical industry pose a new approach to Good Production Practices based on risks. The objective of the present work was to carry out a risk-based approach at the stage of development-technological transfer of the injectable solution, heparin 5000 IU/mL (sodium). A visual representation (process map) of all stages of the technological process was made. Possible sources of failures were identified by a Fault Tree. The risk assessment was carried out through a qualitative matrix, they were classified as: insignificant, low, moderate and high and at the same time they were defined as acceptable, tolerable, unacceptable and negligible. Regarding the acceptance of risks, it was defined to accept those classified as low in acceptable, and insignificant in negligible. The results obtained were communicated to the interested parties: the Unit that Transfers and the Unit that Receives, for their knowledge and execution of the proposed corrective action plan to minimize the risks classified as high and moderate. The process map was a beneficial tool in ensuring that the stages were not forgotten or ignored for the determination of potential risks in each of them. The Failure Tree revealed the different combinations of failures that could lead to unwanted buffer events. Nine sources of potential failures in formulation, 2 in filtration and 3 in aseptic filling were identified. The identification of possible failures, allowed reducing its occurrence and negative impact on the quality of this new injectable formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta una serie de noticias asociadas con el Movimiento por la Paz (MPDL) de España. Se celebró la Carrera Popular por la Paz el 22 de mayo de 2016 en España. El MPDL describe los peligros relacionados con las drogas en los viajes al extranjero. Se analiza el proceso de asegurar el derecho a la alimentación para los refugiados de Saharui.

El artículo ofrece información sobre las leyes y demandas relacionadas con salud y alimentos que se escucharon o se ejecutaron en España y Portugal incluyendo el Real Decreto 1090/2015, la Ley no 159-C/2015 y demanda de distribución de drogas. Los varios problemas con los que se relacionan incluyen ensayos clínicos con medicamentos, los gastos de la industria farmacéutica y el caso presentado por la dirección de la Federación de Distribuidores Farmacéuticos sobre la distribución ilegal.

In Chile, the Presidential Bill to modify the Sanitary Code - also known as the «Law on Drugs II» - is currently being processed. This new regulation t will imply important changes in different areas; from prescription, interchangeability, inaccessibility, division of medicaments and bioequivalence. These changes and modifications will be analyzed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo informa sobre diversas leyes administrativas aplicadas en Portugal y España por sus cortes supremas. Como ya se ha mencionado, las nuevas leyes mejorarán el procedimiento administrativo de Portugal, permitirán a los tribunales para ejecutar la cancelación de contratos y la nueva constitucionalidad se ha introducido para los productos farmacéuticos fabricados en España.

El artículo analiza decretos y sentencias en Derecho de Salud y Alimentación de España y Portugal emitidos entre octubre 2014 y enero 2015. Los temas tratados incluyen el real decreto 971/2014 de España sobre el procedimiento para la autorización de productos fitosanitarios, la ley 51/2014 de Portugal que regula los dispositivos médicos para diagnóstico in vitro y la sentencia 181/2014 del Tribunal Constitucional de España sobre la Ley de Farmacia de la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, España.

Although regulations enacted in 1846 established the foundation for the operation of pharmacies and drugstores in republican Chile it was not until 1943 that it was possible to notice that these establishments were operating according to the law. Certain legal loopholes, poor oversight, permanent pressure coming from inside the industry, deficient professional training and confusion about responsibilities between pharmacists and druggists, explain the complex situation experienced by pharmacists for a century. All this happened within the context of the explosive growth of the city of Santiago, with the resulting demands of health services and the scientific advances that called for the modernization of pharmaceutical studies. This article analyzes such conflicts and their consequences through legislation, censuses and patent registry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of personal drug consumption was provided for in Colombian law with the passage of Act 30/1986. The Constitutional Court, in ruling C-221/ 1994, settled a suit filed by Alexandre Sochandamandou on constitutionality by ratifying the concept of a 'personal drug dose' and decriminalizing it. The suggestion in this articleis that ignorance of Colombian legislation and case law concerning technical-scientific opinion on this issue has caused a range of problems, inconsistencies, gaps and technical and scientific inaccuracies that are at odds with international standards and treaties on medical ethics and with medical evidence on the adverse effects of drugs on the health of those who consume them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza diversos decretos y sentencias en Derecho de Salud y Alimentación de la Unión Europea (UE), España y Portugal emitidos entre abril y julio de 2014. Se incluyen el reglamento 536/2014 de ensayos clínicos para medicamentos de uso humano de la UE, la aprobación de los estatutos de la Agencia de Información y Control Alimentarios de España y la ley no. 21/2014 de Portugal que regula las investigaciones clínicas, particularmente los ensayos clínicos de medicamentos.

For decades, both the health authorities and health professionals placed special emphasis on the importance of the relationship between food and health maintenance. However, it should be noted that although this relationship is not new, in recent years it has overflown the strict food and nutrition framework, which has generated a plethora of food products claiming health-related statements. Given this situation, and in order to protect consumers, legislators in the European Union have created a new legal form while, in the scientific field, it continues to investigate the health benefits of these foods. The "medicalization of food" has, not without controversy, been developed in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aguascalientes Document was drafted during the first 2010 Bioethics Forum of the Transplantation Society in Latin America and the Caribbean. The object of the document is to safeguard the integrity of the living donor. This article aims to investigate the Aguascalientes Document among the participants to the 2012 SLANH Congress. A questionnaire was applied, with 21 questions on topics covered by said document. The results show that 36.3% of the respondents accepts the unrelated living donor; 36.3% believes there is a margin of growth in the rate of deceased donors; 57.9% guarantees health with quality immunosuppressive drugs; 61.5% does not know the document. In view of the above, it is concluded that the Aguascalientes Document contains useful recommendations for monitoring the bioethical aspects of transplants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza decretos y sentencias en Derecho de Salud y Alimentación de la Unión Europea (UE), España y Portugal emitidos entre noviembre de 2013 y abril de 2014. Los temas tratados incluyen las directrices de la UE relativas a la distribución de medicinas para uso humano, la Ley 10/2013 de España que incorpora regulaciones de la UE sobre farmacovigilancia y medicamentos falsificados y el decreto-ley no. 19/2014 de Portugal sobre precios de medicamentos y coparticipación del Estado.

Se analizan decretos y sentencias en Derecho de Salud y Alimentación de la Unión Europea (UE) y España emitidos entre junio-diciembre 2013. Entre éstos se incluyen regulaciones relativas a la distribución de medicamentos centradas en el aspecto de seguridad o farmacovigilancia y la ley que fomenta las cooperativas agroalimentarias de España, así como una sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la UE sobre la clasificación de productos sanitarios.

The paper describes the current status and prospects of the war on drugs formulated and deployed by Colombia in Latin America. To this end, an analysis of official figures given in the last two decades by the United Nations and its agencies UNODC and INCB SIMCI. Similarly, discusses recent initiatives raised by the UNASUR and the Organization of American States (OAS), with a view to finding new ways and solutions to a multidimensional issue like this. We performed a descriptive and quantitative study using a transdisciplinary reading socio-legal phenomenon, taking into account the law and international relations, as this issue has a direct impact on the institutions of international society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza regulaciones y sentencias en el área de Salud y Alimentación de la Unión Europea (UE) y España emitidas entre marzo y julio de 2013. Se incluyen las directrices DOUE C 68/2013 de la UE que regulan la distribución de medicinas, el Real Decreto 176/2013 de España sobre calidad de productos alimenticios y la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la UE sobre un caso entre las farmacéuticas Novartis Pharma y Apozyt GmbH.

Objective. Identify and evaluate studies that analyzed characteristics of right-tohealth litigation in Brazil, Colombia, and Costa Rica. Methods. Studies were evaluated that analyzed characteristics of right-to-health litigation identified through a search of PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane Library, and Scirus (April 2012). Two reviewers evaluated the studies. Variables collected were, among others, grounds for litigation, proportion of lawsuits for benefits covered by the health system, and lawsuits on high-cost technologies. Results. Thirty studies were identified (Brazil 19, Colombia 10, and Costa Rica 1). Judgments were frequently in favor of plaintiffs: Colombia (75%-87%), Costa Rica (89.7%), and Brazil (70%-100%). In Colombia, lawsuits were filed for benefits included in the Compulsory Health Plan (range: 41%-69.9%). In Brazil there was considerable variation in the amount of lawsuits between the Exceptional Circumstance Drug Dispensing Program (13%-31%) and basic medicines in the Unified Health System (approximately 50%). Lawsuits on drugs varied as a percentage of all lawsuits (Colombia 11.9%-35.6%, Costa Rica 30.2%, and Brazil 49.6%). A study in Brazil found a statistically significant difference when comparing lawsuits on exceptional drugs versus all other drugs, by social class; and in another study, according to lawsuits from municipalities with better socioeconomic indicators. A concentration of lawsuits on drug prescribing by a limited group of physicians was reported. Prescribing was not always supported by scientific evidence. Another study found that in half of the cases, the cost of legal proceedings was higher than the cost of the services being claimed. Conclusions. There are similarities in the grounds, nature, and impact of litigation in the context of the countries studied. The studies included show weaknesses of health systems to ensure access to different services as well as in the introduction of new health technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza reglamentos y sentencias en Derecho de Salud y Alimentación de la Unión Europea (UE) y España emitidos entre octubre de 2012 y enero de 2013. Los temas discutidos incluyen el marco legal de la UE para la centralización de medidas de seguridad sobre el uso de medicinas, los requisitos para las recetas de prescripción de estupefacientes en España y sentencia sobre la distribución de medicamentos en Extremadura, España.

Opinion of the Council of State, which studies the power to tax of the autonomous community and its limits, the prohibition of double taxation by the LOFCA, the scope of clauses subrogatorias of the statutes of autonomy, the exclusive competence of the State on the bases and general coordination of the health legislation on pharmaceuticals, the exclusive competence of the State to regulate the basic conditions that guarantee the equality of all Spaniards in the exercise of rights and in the fulfilment of the constitutional duties, and the distribution of powers in defence of cultural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to give a different perspective about the actual controlling drugs policies used around the world. After going through a brief tour on marihuana uses in humanity's history, we make a summary of some of the actual policies around the world. We center our attention in countries such as Sweden, Portugal, United States, Netherlands and Colombia. Then, with the context defined, we enter the main discussion: are the actual policies around the world and specifically in Colombia efficient on decreasing consumption or they are just a nonsense impossible to win war? With numbers and facts we'll expose the situation nowadays supporting the theory that suggests an alternative policy to face the global drug problem, in consumption as in production, instead of keep fighting a war declared decades ago and hasn't showed visible results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a critical examination about the conditions of the current legal regime that dictates the prohibition of psychoactive drugs in our society. Considering in particular the unusual decision to sanction with criminal penalties for a conduct defined according to medical findings as a disease -which entails the virtual imposition of a double punishment, both natural and social-, we discuss various aspects of the remarkable situation of the legal anomaly that it has thus been caused. According to the data available on the high proportion of lack of proceedings of the penal sanction of consumers that have been detained, we highlight the hermeneutic problematic that refers to the significant tension between the generality of the law and its application in concrete cases. We consider ultimately the question if, in accordance with an ever greater questioning of the discriminatory criteria of the scientific-philosophical foundations of the current official policy, such a situation of lack of application of the law does not express but a rejection -implicit- of the injustice that is thus promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza decretos y sentencias en materia de salud y alimentación emitidos en la Unión Europea (UE) y España entre marzo y julio de 2012. Algunas regulaciones discutidas son el reglamente 649/2012 sobre exportación e importación de productos químicos peligrosos, producción artesanal de alimentos en el País Vasco y previsiones de la UE sobre medicamentos.

Patent protection law for pharmaceutical products and medicines must harmonize the interests of both pharmaceutical industry and public health. Any pharmaceutical product must fulfill the requirements established by law to be registered as a patent. In the Andean Community, communitarian law gives preference to local law even if it comes from national sources or international treaties. Free Trade Agreements between Colombia and the United States of America, or Colombia and the European Union recognize the principles of domestic treatment and most favored nation. These agreements also create uniform legislation on patents and establish some instruments to limit the rights of inventors in few cases that involve public health interests. This article is the result of a study made by the author at La Sabana University under the project: "Transformation on Liability in Colombian legislation after the approval of the Trade Agreements between Colombia and the European Union, and between Colombia and the United States of America -- Intellectual Property Chapter". Several resources such as history, judicial decisions, author's opinions a comparative law were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily, numerous shipments of generic medicines, identical to other patented and protected drugs in a few states, go through international borders towards developing countries. In some occasions, these medicines are seized under the argument that they are bridging intellectual property rights in the country of transit and that they are not in compliance with its rigorous laws of protection. Given the seizure of drugs that guarantee the survival of thousands of people, the doubt about the legality of this kind of procedures emerges for researchers. This is why this thesis analyses that legality, in the light of certain International economic law instruments such as the wto treaties and therefore resolves a law discussion with implications in the life and welfare of developing countries citizens, almost three quarters of the entire world's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been argued that Argentina Customs built capabilities to tackle drug trafficking from 2002 to 2008. The questions seek to answer are: Was effective the response from Customs?. What kinds of skills were developed? How do these skills work? Why were they effective? It built an impact measurement, to prove that Argentina's Customs was succesfull reducing cocaine traffic from Argentina to Europe. It is described the organizational changes that were made to cope with the problem, and then a description of a case where Customs stopped a big smuggling of cocaine hidden in shipments of coal. It shows how all of these organizational changes worked together to solve the problem. The case shows that successful capacity building is due to a "craftmanship" management approach, in contrast to the traditional of hard and soft hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives a brief introduction to the patent system in general in order to develop, after an explanation of the different positions of the patent system: In one hand, who oppose the patent system and the compulsory licensing in the pharmaceutical industry, and in the other hand who encourage the system because, for them no protection will violate the right of property of the invention owner who made big investments and studies in research and development. Then, there will be an analysis of the Brazilian an Ecuadorian perspective of the patent system and the compulsory licenses in pharmaceutical industry and finally discusses of the current Colombian legislation and its implications in the negotiation of the tlc with United States of America [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza diversos decretos y sentencias en legislación de Salud y Alimentación emitidos en España entre enero y abril de 2011. Entre las regulaciones discutidas se encuentran la actualización de la normativa sobre receta médica que databa de 1984, ordenamiento jurídico en materia de sanidad en general de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla y León y disposiciones para el procedimiento para clasificación de medicamentos de la comunidad autónoma de Valencia.

This article analyses the debate around the legalization of drugs, with the aim of defining an ideal in response to two fundamental but simple questions: What system would best manage the production, traffic and consumption of today's illegal drugs, while minimizing the social costs associated with these activities? What is the best approach to begin to modify the present prohibitionist regime? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo explora el debate sobre la legalización de las drogas para controlar la influencia de crimen organizado en la América Latina. Se presentan diversos argumentos a favor de esta idea, incluyendo que las leyes de prohibición actuales no funcionan y que los fondos para ellos pueden ser usados para programas de prevención. Los argumentos presentados contra la legalización incluyen la idea que habrán más consumidores de las drogas si sean legales.

El artículo analiza decretos y sentencias en Derecho de Salud y Alimentación emitidos en la Unión Europea y España entre mayo y septiembre de 2010. Normativa sobre órganos para trasplante humano de la Unión Europea, agregado a la ley sobre gastos farmacéuticos con cargo al Sistema Nacional de Salud de España y regulación española de la industria farmacéutica para adecuarse a leyes de la Unión Europea son algunas regulaciones discutidas.

This article approaches the dogmatical and constitutional objections to the criminal type of possession of drugs with intent to supply --article 5, section c) of law 23,737 (Argentina)--. With respect to dogmatical objections, it analyzes the problem of the typification of this figure as a punishable preparatory act of drug trafficking and as an abstract endangerment crime. Objections of dogmatical nature reflect in those of constitutional nature that lie in the advance upon a private sphere of the individual and in the vulnerability of the principles of proportionality, equality and culpability. From the necessity of reaching a correct typification in a Government of Laws, it makes a de lege ferenda proposal which consists of restructuring preparatory acts sanctioned as autonomous offenses, on the basis of the principle of injuriousness, as crimes of offensiveness or at least as concrete endangerment crimes, according to a legislative technique consistent with constitutional guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with pharmaceutical wholesalers' alleged right to be supplied by pharmaceutical companies. In particular, the authors analyse the relevant provisions of the Spanish Medicines Law, as construed by the Courts and by the health authorities. Subsequently, the authors reflect on the scope which a potential Government regulation implementing those legal provisions could legitimately have, taking into account the spirit of the Law and some basic economic freedoms guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre las controversias alrededor de la legalización de marihuana. El autor comenta sobre la conferencia de la Asamblea General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas sobre la legalidad y la regulación de las drogas. También se considera el estado actual de la denominada guerra contra las drogas.

The new offense of Article 4 of Law 20.000 has generated cases of apparent competition of laws because the same criminal conduct appears in three different standards, due to the imprecision of the "small amount" element, whose content must be determined by the courts, even to the point where it becomes an invitation for judges to determine the applicable criminal elements by considering the applicable elements of the Sub lite case. The aforementioned concept has even been omitted by establishing others elements to characterize conducts, creating doctrinary and jurisprudential confusion. The indeterminacy of other comprised elements of the typical description, such as "exclusive personal and close in time use" and "circumstances of carriage or possession" referred to in Article 4 are also useless for solving this apparent competition, due to their indeterminacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to obtain the opinions of a group of people about legal issues regarding addiction. Data collection was performed using a structured questionnaire with four themes. In order to participate, the individual could not use any drugs but should have a close relationship with a drug user. The data was processed using SPSS V. 14. There were 100 participants, 75% of whom were women, and 38% had a drug user as a friend, mainly cocaine and marijuana users. The participants had one opinion in common: laws should be more severe for people who use, sell, or transport drugs. The current laws do not improve consumers' criminal behavior. There is a need for further studies addressing people's opinion about this phenomenon in order to obtain a more realistic view of this drug issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo analiza diversos decretos y sentencias en el área de Derecho de Salud y Alimentación de la Unión Europea y España, emitidos entre junio y agosto de 2009. Entre las regulaciones discutidas se encuentran reglamentos sobre medicamentos para el uso humano, reglamento sobre elaboración de zumos de frutas para el consumo humano y reglamento sobre marcas genéricas de medicamentos.

The Law of Pharmaceutical Products, Medical devices and Sanitary products No. 29459, published in November, 2009, guides the regulations of these products, substituting Chapter III of the General Law of Health No. 26842. Through this law, the most questioned aspects of the Law No. 26842 have been modified, establishing requisites to apply for the sanitary registry of pharmaceutical products that are necessary to guarantee their efficacy, security and quality, also including the required terms for their evaluation and the cost of the health registration fee must be according to all what implies to give the registry, including control activities and health surveillance. It also resets the requirement of the operating health approval, prior to the initiation of the activities, and having had a previous inspection to verify the accomplishment of the actual legal devices. The law also incorporates three specific chapters about access, rational use of pharmaceutical products, medical devices and health products, as well as a chapter on research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This analyzes a case in which the judicial debate was centered on whether the possession and use of coca leaves was licit or not. The resolution acquitted two Bolivian citizens of Quechua origin from the charges of illicit traffic of narcotics, by applying the in bonam partem analogy to a norm of Indigenous Law, in spite of the nationality of the accused, and leaning implicitly and unintentionally on the United Nations Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples. At the same time, the judgment that rejected the appeal presented by the Public Ministry, applied article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. [TRANSLATION]

El artículo discute diversas legislaciones y sentencias de la Unión Europea en el área de salud y alimentación. Reglamento para la creación de la Empresa Común IMI para la investigación sobre medicamentos, código comunitario sobre medicamentos para el uso humano y sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas contra la República Francesa por incumplimiento de obligaciones en la importación de producto fitosanitario son algunos de los casos discutidos.

El artículo informa sobre una reglamentación de la Comisión 2007/407/CEE sobre el control de la resistencia a antimicrobianos de cepas de la bacteria Salmonella spp. Se indica el alcance y los criterios de la normativa y se enumeran los antimicrobianos que deben ser testeados incluyendo los Betalactámicos, las Tetraciclinas y los Sulfamidas.

This review evaluates the relevant information on a variety of adverse drug reactions serious, real or potential, attributed to some drugs relatively recent introduction into the world market, in addition, on some intoxications by contaminated medicines, all of which contributed to decision-making in the past and present, by regulatory authorities in drugs in several countries. It explores the broad strategies related to the pillars of the drug policies, the historical and current events classified as disasters or tragedies in the use of drugs in the last century and this, in order to provide a basic picture in this process. We included health effects that affected by the use of some natural products to pay attention to its implications in medical practice. It says and discusses the decisions of international regulatory authorities, the strategies that have helped to avoid serious harm in society, by adverse reactions for innovative medicines and old. It contribute in strengthening the concepts of commercial and governmental responsibility, scientific, ethical and safety standards of drugs, the importance of quality control, bioethics, good clinical practice in the scientific research in drugs, good manufacturing practices and avoid corrupt practices. It reaffirms that the success of modern medicine is due to the sheer magnitude and drugs within them to innovators. Timely decisions are guided by experts to avoid tragedies, affliction and unnecessary expenses by adverse drug reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Information Reporting System on Drugs (IRSD) provides diagnostic information about changes in drug use in Mexico City. This information is updated twice a year (June and November), and an estimation of the main trends of drug use is thus obtained. The IRSD was implemented in 1986, and its results offers grounds for the design of preventive programs suited for the Mexican population from a health perspective. Objective: To present a synthesis of the most relevant results of substance use in México City compiled by the IRSD between 1987 and 2005. The following are the benefit from data obtained:-Authorities in charge of designing policies and intervention actions, by virtue of which the SRID works as a system of permanent monitoring and early warning.-Investigators, since the SRID works as a window to identify the areas where greater knowledge is necessary. From a health perspective, the public in general, for whom the SRID is a tool that describes the evolution and current state of drug tendencies. Method: The information is obtained from an individual schedule on drug use that is applied twice a year in 44 agencies of the health and law enforcement sector. The design of the sample is non probabilistic. Results: In the period 1987-2005, 19350 cases have been evaluated. The most outstanding trend in substance use has been the remarkable increase of cocaine from 1987 to 2005. Equally significant has been the decrease tendency of solvents-inhalants use, which has become more evident since 1999. Marihuana use is among the three most used drugs in the country. It shows a trend to remain stable as is the case for the other substances evaluated. Conclusions: Most cocaine users are adolescents. At the same time, 45% of the users of all the substances have a use pattern defined as "high": 20 or more times a month. Both situations are a matter of concern due to the important physical and psychological consequences of substance use. In addition, up to this moment, there is no indication suggesting that the level of use will decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effects of drug trafficking on Mexican politics and the changes that have been set forth by President Felipe Calderón in order to regain government control of the state. The author focuses on the history of drug trafficking in Mexico and the role of large cartels which have historically received protection from the top of the political class. The article concludes with a discussion on the militarization of Mexico by President Calderón in order to increase public security.

Se presenta una crónica de legislación y jurisprudencia relativas a la salud y alimentación en la Unión Europea y España. Se incluyen Reglamento 1924/2006/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 20 de diciembre de 2006, relativo a las declaraciones nutricionales y de propiedades saludables en los alimentos, la Ley de Atención y Ordenación Farmacéutica del Principado de Asturias y un decreto que crea el Plan de Vigilancia y Control de Residuos en Animales, Vegetales y Alimentos en Cataluña.

The following article represents a first time study of "concealed police agents," long contemplated in foreign legislations, but just recently incorporated to Chile's positive law, in article 25 of the new law on drugs, law number 20,000. After defining the aforementioned institution, the article addresses the different criticisms formulated, in various scenarios, against the use of the "concealed police agents" technique by the State, in criminal prosecution, intending to at least enunciate the main constitutional and legal objections around this kind of agent in Chilean legislation, such as a possible violation of constitutional rights, e.g. the right to privacy and the right to home inviolability, as well as the eventual avoidance of previous judicial authorization as required by the legislation in those cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta una crónica de derecho administrativo en la Unión Europea, España y Portugal. La crónica incluye Ley foral 11/2005, de 9 de noviembre, reguladora del régimen jurídico general de las subvenciones otorgadas con cargo a los Presupuestos Generales de Navarra, Decreto-Lei no. 173/2005, de 21 de Outubro sobre el comercio de productos fitofarmaceúticos y la sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia de las Comunidades Europeas de 10 de noviembre de 2005 en el asunto Stadt Mödling y RPL Lochaum.