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Este artículo es una reflexión sobre la doctrina de la resurrección del cuerpo enraizada en la experiencia personal de discapacidad del autor debido a la esclerosis múltiple. Aborda el tratamiento que da Pablo al cuerpo resucitado en 1 Cor 15 y el que le da el evangelista Juan en Jn 20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that the U. S. inflation rate peaked in June 2022, there is no evidence that monetary policy had any significant effect on the direction taken by prices. Yet, like premodern physicians committed to the ancient humoral theory of disease, mainstream economists today have shown that they lack the tools to cure the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resumen: ¿Pueden los mecanismos de denuncia mejorar la regulación laboral privada de las cadenas de valor mundiales? En este artículo se investiga empíricamente el funcionamiento del mecanismo de denuncia de la Fair Labor Association (FLA), el único que permite verificar los resultados desde la perspectiva del denunciante. Pese a las limitaciones del sistema, la inmensa mayoría de los denunciantes lo valoran positivamente. El concepto de «enraizamiento», en su dimensión nacional, social y corporativa, permite estudiar la utilidad de la FLA para los trabajadores en diferentes contextos. Se reflexiona también sobre la aplicabilidad de las conclusiones a los mecanismos de denuncia en otras cadenas de valor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the market risk associated with the financial markets of New York and Colombia is evaluated in three periods belonging to the 2019-2020-time window, characterized by shocking economic and social conditions such as the oil price war between Saudi Arabia and Russia and the global pandemic by COVID-19. Risk measurement is carried out using the value at risk (VaR) and Median Shortfall (MS), applying a statistical methodology that considers the use of parametric and non-parametric resampling techniques (Bootstrapping). Data from five indices (Standard and Poor's 500, Dow Jones, COLCAP, VIX and Brent) were taken in order to evaluate the effects caused by variables such as the price of oil and the conditions generated by the COVID-19 pandemic on the dates of study, as the main result it is obtained that in general there is a very high volatility in the periods affected by the two aforementioned phenomena when they occurred simultaneously, and that in addition to large falls in the reference indices, there is also evidence of large recoveries that contribute positively to the trend in prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political transformations that occur in Latin America added to the scientific and technological advances have highlighted the current university and its little participation in the democratic exercise, for this reason, this article seeks to reflect on university research and its contribution to an anthropocentric vision of the democracy in terms of intellectual interpretations of social reality. The documentary research of the historical-academic processes was used as a methodology, to generate epistemic and gnoseological foundations of the subject matter. The results made it possible to determine that the university requires urgent transformations that lead to turning it into the backbone of the research-democracy articulation, capable of integrating scientific and technological knowledge with values for peace, ethical citizen training, defense of human rights and protection of the ecosystems. These implications must be carried out in a research framework that contributes to strengthening participatory democracy with human and civic values and not research practices to generate political and economic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dropped appendicolith following an appendectomy is a rare complication which may occur as a consequence of appendicolith expulsion from the appendix due to a previous perforation or failure to identify the appendicolith. A fecalith generally becomes symptomatic over time, as a result of abscess formation, intestinal obstruction, fistula tract or inflammation of the appendiceal stump. Two cases of dropped appendicolith following an appendectomy are described hereinbelow. Case 1: A 23-year-old female patient, who underwent an appendectomy the previous day, was admitted to the emergency room due to hypogastric pain. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a dropped appendicolith in the right iliac fossa, and a diagnostic laparoscopy showed intra-abdominal abscesses and a dropped appendicolith in the appendicular stump. Case 2: A 77-year-old male patient, who underwent surgery for acute appendicitis caused by appendicoliths, showed abdominal distension on the sixth postoperative day. The CT scan revealed intestinal obstruction and a dropped appendicolith at bowel loops. In the surgical reintervention, erosion of the mesentery caused by the appendicolith was evidenced. Both patients progressed after the reoperations. The incidence of dropped appendicolith following an appendectomy is currently unknown since few data are available in the literature worldwide. Therefore, it is important to present these cases to expand the casuistry, learn more about dropped appendicoliths following an appendectomy, demonstrate their complications if they are not removed early and show how to prevent them. In conclusion, dropped appendicoliths following an appendectomy must be removed early to avoid complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated the need to strengthen the focus on gender from an integrative and multisectoral perspective to address health care problems. This article seeks to highlight the importance of incorporating and strengthening the gender focus in policies for building resilient, equitable, and universal health care systems. With this objective in mind, the role of women in the health sector is addressed from two directions. The first examines women's conditions of access to health systems in the Region of the Americas and highlights the need to overcome the obstacles that prevent the full realization of their right to health care. The second discusses the preponderant role of women in the health labor market, and the need to expand their leadership in decision-making in the sector. Finally, an appeal is made for progress in the implementation of recommendations to strengthen the focus on gender and the role of women in health policies and systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers opinion and analysis outlining strategic lines of action to build resilient health systems while promoting recovery in the post-COVID-19 pandemic period, with a view to maintaining and protecting public health gains. It contextualizes the challenges and opportunities in the Region of the Americas and offers recommendations for implementation of the strategic lines. It is urgent to promote the development of resilient health systems through the implementation of four lines of action defined in the strategy adopted by the Member States of the Pan American Health Organization in September 2021. The transformation of health systems must be based on the adoption of an integrated model of primary health care, a priority focus on the essential public health functions, strengthening of integrated health service networks, and increased public funding, especially for the first level of care. Implementation of these lines of action is focused not only on consolidating immediate crisis response; it is also framed within efforts toward the recovery and sustainable development of health systems, reducing their structural vulnerabilities to better prepare the response to future crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to recent labor reforms and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) negotiation, Mexico ratified freedom of association and collective bargaining rights. This new labor model promises the end of employer protection unions that thwart labor organizing and drive down wages. Through an ethnographic case study of farm labor organizing in the agro-export industry in San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico, this article argues that recent labor reforms are not sufficient to democratize labor relations in rural industries as they fail to overcome regional and transnational power structures. Although limited to one case, this article fills a gap in the literature on the impact of recent labor reforms on farmworkers. Mexico's salaried agricultural workers offer critical insights into the promises and failures of current efforts to reform labor laws and remediate the adverse effects of economic integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to generate adequate spaces for demographic growth with a socio-environmental criteria giving a projection for the territorial ordering of the municipality through Geographic Information Systems, including criteria parameters provided by the Huila government planning office, and using the diffuse overlap for the identification of suitable areas for demographic expansion. The results evidence that the urban and suburban area of the municipality has a 3% for optimal areas and 22% for good areas, determining that expansion can be carried out towards the south and east of the environmentally responsible city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To characterize the respiratory distress syndrome in neonates (SDRN) admitted to the Guasmo Sur General Hospital and to evaluate the association between the alveolararterial oxygen gradient and subjets prognosis. Materials and methods: A retrospective and descriptive study with a nonexperimental design was carried out in newborns diagnosed with SDRN admitted to the Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit (CIN) and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) area of the aforementioned hospital during the period from August 2020 to August 2021. Data from medical records found in the statistics department were used to obtain information. Results: Of the 218 newborns evaluated, the predominant gestational age was preterm infants (62.8%; n=137), most of whom were admitted to the NICU (83%; n=181), the most frequent etiology of RDS was: 75 cases (34.4%) had other Respiratory Diseases; 57 (26.1%) presented grade II RDS. Likewise, 115 (52.8%) neonates required Invasive Mechanical Ventilation. Severe Pulmonary Disease prevailed with 93 (42.7%) cases, the prognosis was favorable in 43.1% (n=94), unfavorable in 56.4% (n=123) and only 0.5% (n=1) died, the association between both variables was statistically significant. Conclusion: The neonates with SDRN at the Hospital General Guasmo Sur were mostly preterm, requiring admission to the NICU for invasive mechanical ventilation due to the severity of the lung disease exhibited and the unfavorable clinical prognosis during admission. Being the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient a potential classification tool to predict this prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and the clinical profile in diabetic patients admitted to the Martín Icaza General Hospital (HGMI) from January 2017 to 2019. Materials and methods: A retrospective and descriptive study was carried out. with a non-experimental design in diabetic patients diagnosed with DKA and urinary or respiratory infections admitted to the emergency service of the aforementioned hospital. The data from medical records were used, obtaining clinical varibles. Results: Subjects with DKA were more frequently type 2 diabetics (72.7%; n=40), with urinary tract infection (65.5%; n=36), in the age group 45-70 years (40%; n=22), with overweight (32.7%; n=18), with a state of dehydration grade II (52.7%; n=29), the most common manifestations were: vomiting (78%; n=43) and abdominal pain (65%; n=36), with a mortality of 7.3% (n=4). In the evaluation of patients with DKA according to gender, urinary infections were more frequent in women (66.7%), and respiratory infections were more common in men (68.4%). Conclusion: Respiratory and urinary tract infections constitute one of the main causes of DKA in the studied sample. Although the symptoms may be nonspecific (vomiting, abdominal pain, dehydration), it is important to have a high index of suspicion given the high mortality rate that it conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether the expression of specific immunophenotypic markers analyzed by flow cytometry influences the prognosis of patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) at the Teodoro Maldonado Carbo Specialty Hospital. Materials and methods: An observational, retrospective study with a non-experimental design was carried out in 52 patients diagnosed with AML evaluated by outpatient service at the "Teodoro Maldonado Carbo" Specialty Hospital, during the period from January 2018 to December 2020. The data from the medical records found in the As400 platform of the aforementioned hospital were used. Results: Of a sample, the overall age was 49.5 years, 67% were of gender. The most frequent markers were: CD117 (75%), and CD34 (73.8%) marking the myeloid lineage as the affected one. Most of the markers showed a weak expression, being CD33 (granulocytic marker) the one that most frequently had a strong expression. Among the markers studied, most did not show a significant correlation with the mortality and complications variables, except for the CD105 marker, which showed a strong positive correlation with mortality. Conclusion: The expression of the CD105 marker was the only one that had a significant correlation with a worse course of the disease, the other markers of the panel did not show greater relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an opening to Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) situation and attacks against the judiciary in this region since 2010. The focus is not primarily on historical path dependence like the rest of this issue. Instead, the focus aims at the nature of attacks on the judiciary. Such attacks have appeared in CEE and the US in recent years. Its interest lies in explaining similar patterns visible in the judiciaries of CEE. Particularly, it looks at the current conditions in the Czech judiciary, political interventions in Poland since 2015 and in Hungary since 2010, and undermining of trust towards judiciary in the U.S., where attempts for delegitimizing the judiciary have happened since 2016. The article draws on similarities of attacks of authoritarian governments and responses of judiciaries. The authors highlight similarities and diversities of CEE countries 30 years after the fall of the communist regime and a path of these resemblances and varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article aims to address conceptual elements of sustainable development and its relationship with environmental justice, understanding the latter from its community essence, and exposing its axiological content and importance in international and national legal systems. Likewise, the article seeks to highlight some sustainable development alternatives implemented both by territorial entities and by communities and citizens of the Southwest of Colombia, which have represented and consolidated environmental conservation projects in the territories. This research has a qualitative and descriptive approach since, based on the review of documentary and bibliographic sources, it has been possible to make critical contributions that seek to generate questions regarding the vision of sustainable development intrinsic in some economic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the history of DES and its successor Triple DES in the security market and secure data encryption. The different variations and improvements that have been proposed in research related to the uses of Triple DES since before it was approved as a standard for data encryption worldwide are studied. It is also important to mention that the proposals collected and analyzed are from different parts of the world, which solidifies the level of research carried out, due to the variety of sources found. In this way, the history of this algorithm is traced in order to provide the reader with a broad perspective on how it works and the different uses that have been made of it. Finally, it's determined that DES and 3-DES have been algorithms widely used in security information systems, but currently they are vulnerable to different attacks such as brute force and differential cryptanalysis, because of this it is suggested the use of other algorithms, for instance AES, or to include improvements in the DES and 3-DES implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El articulo discute sobre la ayuda en el desastre y desplazamiento con la coherencia de las políticas. El articulo también se centra en la gestión del riesgo de desastres de la protección civil, la discriminación entre nacionales y internacionales en la movilidad transfronteriza y el papel importante de las leyes y políticas de GRD en la configuración de la respuesta a la movilidad los desastres.

¿Cómo podemos hacer un mejor uso de los marcos existentes de respuesta en caso de desastre para responder a sus efectos relacionados con la movilidad? Tomar las Am6ricas como estudio de caso ofrece una ventana a esta y otras cuestiones relacionadas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has had serious implications on labor dynamics, both nationally and locally, with young people principally being affected. Using official and primary data, this article explores the behavior of youth unemployment in the city of Cali during the pandemic. Through the estimation of parametric and non-parametric models, our results show that the time it takes young people to exit unemployment would have doubled, evidencing a lower probability of employment among young women. Finally, we suggest the need to design specific public policy instruments that recognize these structural problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economics is a policy discipline that deals with the problems of social organization and the general good. It co-evolves with circumstances, and it is historically contingent. The world to which economic policies are ultimately addressed is a complex system. Yet economists seeking to develop appropriate policies are necessarily guided by simplifications and heuristics. The question before the discipline is to decide what sort of simplification is best suited to the task. In the spirit of modern science, this paper argues that appropriate generalizations, simplifications, heuristics, and principles are to be derived from a study of the actual world. While these may deploy mathematical tools and draw on insights from the behavior of mathematical systems, the latter by themselves are inadequate, especially where they start from the dead dogmas of the neoclassical mainstream: ex nihilo nihil fit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1909, Carlos Justiniano Chagas first described the clinical manifestations of Chagas disease. The hemoflagellate parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (agent) is characterized by the presence of a flagellum and of a cytostome, glycosomes, reservosomes, and a nucleus in its cytoplasm. The life cycle of T. cruzi begins when a vector defecates on the skin of a host; the feces contain metacyclic trypomastigotes, which infect vertebrate cells. The vectors of this disease are members of the subfamily Triatominae, nocturnal, hematophagous insects capable of locating hosts by heat detection. T. cruzi infection has effects on the biology of the triatomine insect, its behavior, gut function, immune system, and associated microbiota. In the mammalian host, the parasite activates innate immune responses, and host cytokines are key to either control the infection or progress to chronicity. T. cruzi exhibits a wide genetic diversity, and while it has been proved under laboratory conditions to show varying degrees if virulence and organ tropism, no clear association has been found between specific strains and the clinical picture of the disease. This review addresses the history of the discovery of Chagas disease and discusses recent aspects of T. cruzi biology that provide insight into the dynamics of transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free trade between the United States and Mexico is credited with having developed one of the largest bilateral trading relationships in the world. Yet Mexico-United States trade has been significant for more than a century. Our objective is to show how bilateral trade increased independently of the trade agreement that took effect in 1994, and to specify the other reasons why trade grew. We measure trade flows from the 1880s to the present and estimate a gravity model for the period 1948-2006. The gravity model shows that the fundamental characteristics of Mexico and the United States explain the volume of trade independently of the trade agreement. The trade agreement reduced uncertainty which likely had a positive effect on trade flows. Our analysis does not estimate the quantitative impact of reduced uncertainty but shows that proximity and size of the market were more significant that the trade agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern of canine overpopulation is related to zoonoses such as rabies, which is responsible for 99% of human rabies cases, causing the death of approximately 59,000 people per year. Surgical sterilization is an effective, costly and invasive control method with limited impact. The effects of phytoestrogens on reproductive activity have been commonly studied in females and a limited number in males. Therefore, the objective of this study was to know the effect of subcutaneous administration of coumestrol on the gonadal activity of adult dogs as an alternative for their reproductive control. Basic seminal evaluation parameters, epididymal structure by ultrasonography, histological characteristics, as well as the presence of coumestrol by fluorescence and serum levels of testosterone and estrogens were determined. The administration of coumestrol for five weeks reduced sperm production, and evidenced changes in the echodensity and cellularity of the epididymis, associated with serum concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. Therefore, it is concluded that coumestrol administered subcutaneously has an estrogenic effect that can be used as a non-invasive method to help control fertility in adult dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beetle families Carabidae and Cicindelidae, with about 40 000 species worldwide, play an increasing role in biodiversity conservation and ecological studies in Colombia, which makes a faunistic update all the more necessary. We present and analyze a checklist of the species so far described or registered from Colombia until 2020, based on published studies, and their distribution data at the department level. Carabidae are represented by 625 species and Cicindelidae by 100. Magdalena, Cundinamarca and Valle del Cauca are the departments with the highest record numbers of Carabidae, while Cicindelidae are most frequently cited from Valle del Cauca, Antioquia and Meta. The greater sampling effort in these regions is likely due to the accessibility of their natural areas from the main towns. The geographical distribution of Cicindelidae is better documented, with only 17 % of the species without mention of specific localities within the country, against 40 % in Carabidae. Hyper-diverse regions, such as the Chocó and the Amazon, are underrepresented. The number of species currently recorded is therefore estimated to be much lower than true diversity for both families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the effect of the municipality on the academic result of the Colombian State test student "Saber 11". From linear hierarchical models with quantile regression, our results suggest that the type of municipality has a significant effect on students' academic achievement in mathematics for the quartiles studied. In this way, public policy makers must take into account the conditions of the place where students live when formulating educational policies aimed at improving educational quality, since this may affect inequality and opportunities to access higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo, las cuestiones sobre el final de la vida individual se relacionan con las de la supervivencia de la Tierra, enmarcadas ambas por factores ecológicos y medioambientales. Las ideas de la personalidad contraponen «lo individual» y lo «dividual » o la identidad compleja, cuando tenemos en cuenta cómo las emociones convierten las ideas en valores, identidades e incluso destinos, y cómo aumentan los problemas ecológicos. Exploramos las formas más antiguas y nuevas de animismo, las concepciones del alma, la teoría del don o de la reciprocidad, de hacer méritos, y la cuestión de los relatos que sostienen la vida, además de las nuevas formas de los funerales, más centrados en celebrar la vida que en los sufragios por los pecadores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute los programas de mentoría para la publicación de revistas sobre migración forzada para compartir conocimientos sobre el desplazamiento forzado y la inclusión de investigadores del sur global. El artículo también se centra en las barreras del idioma en el desplazamiento forzado y la publicación, la exclusión lingüística de los autores del Sur Global y el predominio del idioma inglés en la publicación.

La prevención y control de las infecciones (PCI) es importante para crear un sistema sanitario resiliente, y fundamental durante una pandemia. Una evaluación multinacional llevada a cabo a finales de 2020 ha puesto de relieve las importantes deficiencias que hay que abordar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of many years of reading about and teaching Max Weber's famous Protestant ethic thesis, I have developed an approach to covering this material in both my undergraduate and graduate theory courses which has been beneficial to students and has helped them make sense of the rather complex argument developed by Weber. I provide a working model of all such scholarly inquires linked to the Science Triad, culminating in a five-step approach to organizing and explaining the Weber thesis. In addition, I provide an annotated bibliography of selected scholarly ruminations on Weber's work in general and the Protestant ethic thesis in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reconstruction of knowledge on community archives of human rights and memory is of vital importance for transition processes in countries marked by armed conflict, such as Colombia. It is necessary to account for pedagogical processes carried out by victims' organizations, which designed, in a participatory manner, community archives management plans and that contributed to enhance new peace narratives and to prepare organizations and communities to articulate their territorial experiences as a way of narrating for their own territories, as well as to establish a dialogue with the instances of justice and memory in Colombia in transitional justice scenarios in both rural and urban settings. The cases, which have been taken are Commune 3 in Medellin and the municipalities of Granada and Ituango, Antioquia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional teaching methods lose prominence as new technologies emerge as aids in the learning process. Ensuring new classroom dynamics and expanding the learning environment beyond the classroom is, in fact, a tempting additive for students who are developing in an era of technological ascension. Mobile learning or M-learning is, therefore, the most accessible and popular way to offer educational dynamics to students, including those with some type of disability. Bringing together collaborative teaching, which allows students to work in groups and interactively with each other, and the facilities provided by technology, the objective of the work is to present a systematic literature review pointing out the impact of collaborative mobile technologies for teaching people with Visual impairment. Following Kitchenham's systematic review method, 592 articles in Portuguese and English were analyzed, 10 of which were selected to answer the research questions. The results of this research reveal that the use of mobile technologies is efficient and more accessible, positively impacting the learning of students with visual impairments, but still presents latent problems and challenges. This systematic review provides the academic community with a current synthesis of research and development on the subject, between 2015 and 2020, in different teaching environments regarding the educational level and context, characteristics, receptivity and challenges, always backed up by empirical evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the family affluence scale (FAS), which consists of self-reported number of computers and cars in the home, having one's own bedroom and holidays, as a family socioeconomic status (SES) indicator for adolescents in three Latin American countries. Materials and methods. 14 717 secondary students from Argentina, Mexico and Guatemala were surveyed. The association between FAS and other SES indicators at familiar level (parent education and owning of technological goods and services) and school level (marginalization index, public or private school, and school fee) were evaluated. Results. The FAS was associated in the expected direction with all other NSE indicators. Conclusions. The FAS seems to be a valid indicator of the material wealth of adolescent families, as well as of school SES, and it can be used in studies on health inequities in Latin American adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Viruses constitute the most frequent causes in acute respiratory infection, although the causal diagnosis is usually empiric given the complexity of its isolation. Objective: To characterize patients under 5 years with acute respiratory infections, according to epidemiological, clinical and imaging variables. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional investigation of 171 patients with acute respiratory infections and viral isolation was carried out by means of deep nasopharyngeal swab. They were discharged from the Neonatology Service of Antonio María Béguez César Southern Children Teaching Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from 2014 to 2016, for which calculations of frequencies and percentages were carried out. Results: There was a prevalence of infants (57.9 %), the male sex and those affected patients with diagnosis of pneumonia (40.9 %) and bronchiolitis (28.0 %) due to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus. The early suppression of breast feeding and nicotine addiction were the prevalent risk factors. Both fever and cough and the nasal secretions were preponderant, and the complications were infrequent. The alveolar consolidation prevailed in patients with pneumonia. Conclusions: Patients with respiratory virus were clinically and epidemiologically characterized and conflict with the pattern prevalence of alveolar infiltrates described in the consulted medical literature was evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liolaemus represents the most diverse group of saurians in South America. The species of this genus, inhabit different ecosystems characterized by their endemism, whose taxonomic knowledge increased from 1837 to date, mainly in Argentina and Chile, while in the Plurinational State of Bolivia (Bolivia) the taxonomic and phylogenetic knowledge of the genus began to have relevance from 2002 to date, properly guiding the real wealth that the country has. However, in Bolivia, studies of population density, diet and reproduction began to be reported in the 1980s, studies of potential distribution began in 2007 and those related to thermal ecology began in 2015. There is no doubt that taxonomic studies are strengthening the knowledge of the genus in Bolivia, which allows a precise understanding of the areas of endemism, in1portant for biogeographic analysis or modeling studies of potential distribution of species, thus prioritizing their conservation status. The lack of a comparative and taxonomic review of the specimens deposited in scientific collections and the lack of information in areas where no prospecting was carried out throughout the distribution of the genus in Bolivia, prolonged for a long time the description of species that are waiting to be formally reported to the scientific community and society, and then face studies in different disciplines. This work presents an update of the genus Liolaemus richness in Bolivia, emphasizing the main works and advances in the last eighteen years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antecedentes: la emergente industria del cannabis medicinal a nivel nacional presenta grandes retos técnicos y regulatorios para su posicionamiento y competitividad en los mercados internacionales. La caracterización de agentes patógenos en flor de cannabis se sigue realizando por métodos clásicos, lo cual presupone tiempos prolongados para la obtención de resultados y liberación del producto al mercado. Objetivo: realizar ejercicios de concordancia diagnóstica entre pruebas de microbiología clásica y qPCR para la detección de dos agentes patógenos en flor de cannabis. Métodos: para la inoculación de la flor en la suspensión de medio enriquecido se emplearon las cepas de E. coli (ATCC 8739) y S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), las cepas fueron activadas, incubadas y caracterizadas bioquímicamente. 25 g de flor fueron suspendidos en 225 mL de medio enriquecido e inoculados con los agentes de interés a 1, 2, 5, 7 y 10 UFC/mL cuantificados con el Mcfarland densitómetro DEN-1B (BioSan®), los cuales fueron llevados a incubación 24 h a 37 °C, posteriormente 500 µL de la suspensión fue empleada para extracción de ADN con el kit SenSATIVAX® flowers/leaf (Medicinal Genomics Corp) sobre la plataforma automatizada AutoPure 32 (AllSheng Instruments Co), el ADN fue almacenado a -20 °C. La detección por qPCR para cada agente se llevó a cabo con el sistema PathoSEEK (Medicinal Genomics Corp) en la plataforma qPCR QuantGene 9600 (Bioer technology®). A las muestras del ejercicio dirigido y muestras comerciales se les realizó el análisis y pruebas confirmatorias microbiológicas respectivas para cada agente. Resultados: el índice de concordancia en los ensayos controlados y en las muestras comerciales estuvo entre el 98 - 100 % para qPCR y el cultivo microbiológico. Conclusiones: los resultados obtenidos son clave para lograr la armonización de las normas, que permitan realizar la transición de métodos de microbiología clásica a qPCR, con información que da claridad sobre la concordancia de resultados entre métodos y las implicaciones de la adopción de nuevas herramientas pueda tener sobre la competitividad de esta industria emergente. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: the digestive, hormonal and neuroendocrine disorders and the state of immunosuppression that the celiac patient presents, leads to the development of digestive alterations, the present study aims to determine whether celiac disease is associated with the development of preneoplastic lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract and compares the results with a control group (non-celiac), Methods: During the period January 2016 to January 2018 at Instituto de Gastroenterología Boliviano Japones - Cochabamba, Bolivia an observational study was conducted, subtype analytical case-control, where 297 samples were obtaining of patients in a simple random way, both for the case and control group. The IMB SPSS v-20 program was used, the statistical analysis was performed using the Chi square test (with p value = <0,05; 95% IC) and the epidemiological analysis with the calculation of the Odds ratio (OR). Results: a statistically and epidemiological significant association was observed for the celiac group with preneoplastic lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract (p = 0,001) OR 7,23(IC 95% 5,387 -9,722) compared to the control group that presents a statistical association (p = 0,03); but with a negative epidemiological significance OR 0,708 (IC 95% 0,639 -0,783). Conclusions: there is a higher prevalence of celiac patients with preneoplastic lesions (esophageal and gastric intestinal metaplasia, gastric atrophy, dysplasia), compared to the non-celiac group. This demonstrates the importance of early diagnosis and investigation of this entity, avoiding the development of lesions that could be considered irreversible in the digestive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the effect of a laccase from Aspergillus sp. to expose cellulose contained in both sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum, BCA) and Opuntia-ficus cactus (BOF) bagasse. The kinetic parameters of the enzymatic activity were calculated for each of the materials, using the initial rates method at various bagasse:solution ratios (10 g:L to 50 g:L) and a total reaction time of 1 h. The assays presented a non-enzymatic removal of extractables by the buffer effect, under the evaluated reaction conditions. On the other hand, there was no cellulose or hemicellulose dissolution but there was lignin. Therefore, the results were analyzed, considering the Michaelis-Menten equation and using the disappearance rate of the glignin:L ratio as a basis. Through a Lineweaver-Burk linearization, the best fit of the values was obtained, where Vmax = 14.9566 glignin:L/h and km = 40.2011 glignin:L for BCA assays (R = 0.9933) and Vmax = 26.8300 glignin:L/h and km = 43.5575 glignin:L for BOF assays (R = 0.9972). Based on the above, although laccase presented a similar enzymatic affinity for both bagasse, a better catalytic efficiency is predicted towards lignin removal from BOF (0.6160). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: agricultural waste is increasing worldwide. It is necessary to identify new strategies for its valorization. Objective: analyze the main processes of transformation of biomass to be implemented in the use of the waste of the plantain agroindustry. Methodology: the information was consulted in different databases such as Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar. Different keywords in English and Spanish were used: waste; process; transformation; banana and plantain. The information was analyzed in MS Excel. Results: the physical and biological conversion processes can be an alternative for the waste valorization of plantain agroindustry in different value-added products such as animal feed and biofuels due to the quantity and composition of this type of waste. The high moisture content of this waste is an inconvenience to its valorization. It is necessary to extract an amount of water from the matrix to increase the efficiency in the transformation. Conclusions: the design and techno-economic, environmental and social assessment of physical and biological conversion processes in the context on biorefineries can support investment and research decisions in this type of technologies to be implemented at a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION. This article reviews the external evaluation policies of students in compulsory education in Colombia. Specific attention is paid to the "Saber" and the international PISA tests. METHOD. This work describes how evaluation is undertaken in the country and what its results are for the 3rd, 5th and 9th levels of basic education and the 11th level of compulsory secondary education. Firstly, the context and characteristics of these two evaluations are presented, as well as the policies and actions addressed to improve the dynamics and quality of the teaching offer. RESULTS. Results show that the country is immersed in a debate about educational coverage which, despite the efforts made to improve equality and quality, has not led to improvements in students' academic performances. DISCUSSION. Historical- documentary work seems to foster interprofessional relationships in that it involves the whole educational community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute las minas de ocre paleoindio en las cuevas sumergidas de Quintana Roo, con un enfoque en los procedimientos mineros utilizados por los pueblos antiguos, incluida una investigación sobre la cultura paleoindia en el sitio de La Mina.

Objective: To describe the cytological analysis of fecal mucus in infants under 5 years old from the Hospital del Niño "Francisco Icaza Bustamante", Ecuador. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive and retrospective study in infants under 5 years old with diagnosis of dysentery evaluated in the emergency service of the Hospital del Niño "Francisco Icaza Bustamante", Ecuador during the period between June 2017 and June 2018. Cytological data from the health center's Bioanalysis Department were used. Results: A total of 2450 fecal mucus samples were analyzed, of which 914 were positive with a predominance of bacterial cytological findings (48.5%; n=443), followed by metabolic/allergic (31.7%; n=290), and viral ones (19.8%; n=181).Conclusion: There is a predominance of bacterial etiology in the analysis of fecal mucus in children under 5 years old with dysentery treated at Hospital del Niño "Francisco Icaza Bustamante", Ecuador. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three years after the signing of the Peace Agreement between the Colombian State and the FARC-EP, the difficulties in its implementation in the objective and subjective dimensions are evident. The latter, sometimes omitted to think about the novel construction of a social bond that allows a lasting peace. It is necessary to question the use of symbolic capital, regularly placed at the service of private interests and supported by affects such as hatred, processed through public opinion and political struggles, with different intentions than those of peace and that may lead to the return of the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pimelodus grosskopfii is an important catfish in inland fisheries in Colombia as well as an attractive species for aquaculture. The aim of this study was to clone and determine the coding sequence of the GP-a and LHß subunits of the luteinizing gonadotropin of this species. Total RNA from pituitary glands was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. GP-a and LHß purified PCR products were linked to pJET1.2/blunt® followed by Escherichia coli DH5a® transformation. The extracted plasmids of the positive clones were sequenced. The open reading frame of GP-a and LHß subunits was 351 bp (116 amino acids) and 423 bp (140 amino acids) respectively. The GP-a subunit showed high degrees of homology (amino acids) with GP-a subunit from different families of Siluriformes (87-99%) and lower homology with teleost orders such as Perciformes, Salmoniformes and Cypriniformes (66- 90%). Similarly, the homology (amino acids) of LHß subunit was high within siluriformes (91-97%) and lower with other orders (65-86%). The results obtained in the present study, provide basic information on the sequence of gonadotropins in neotropical catfishes and can be used for the development of recombinant hormones to optimize reproductive control in P. grosskopfii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Choledocolithiasis (CLD) affects 10% of patients with gallstones. Bile duct obstruction is associated with pancreatitis, cholangitis, and rupture of the common bile duct. This condition usually presents with increased alkaline phosphatase, GGTP and bilirubin levels. In the last decade, it has been found that up to 10% of patients with CLD have elevated aminotransferases levels. In Latin America, this alteration has not been studied. The aim of the present work was to determine the prevalence of transaminase elevation and its evolution. Methodology: Case-control study. ALT was measured on admission, at 48 h and at 72 h. If ultrasound was normal, MRCP and/or echo-endoscopy and ERCP were performed, as appropriate. Results: A total of 72 patients with choledocholithiasis (CLD) (cases) and 128 with cholecystitis without choledocholithiasis (controls) were included. Among the cases, 83% had increased ALT levels, which was 2-9 times higher in 56.9%, 10-20 times higher in 16%, and more than 20 times higher in 8.3%. At 48 hours, those levels decreased by 30% and at 72 hours by 56%. In turn, in 27.3% of the controls, ALT was 2-9 times higher in 15.6%, 10-20 times higher in 7.8% and more than 20 times higher in 2.9%. The combination of biliary colic and ALT elevation had a positive predictive value (PPV) for CLD of 72% and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 87.7%. Conclusion: When biliary colic and ALT elevation are reported, it is imperative to rule out choledocholithiasis. If the ultrasound is normal, MRCP and/or biliopancreatic endoscopy should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the team´s theory, this article shows that employees will be communicated, independent of their skill endowment, have a high skill endowment. In this way, the formation teams can lead to groups whose productivity is lower than that exhibited in terms of the skills they communicated before the formation of the team. The formation of teams with agents and skills does not correspond to the information they have communicated in their messages, it leads to coordination problems that affect the performance of the team due the heterogeneity of the principal´s in the team. An example of this is the formation of academic teams in universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]