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Copyright of Propiedad Inmaterial is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Centro de Estudios de la Propriedad Intelectual and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurídicas CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ecología Política is the property of Fundacio ENT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Investigaciones Políticas y Sociológicas (RIPS) is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this article is to determine how the labor conditions of the Colombian agricultural sector were affected, within the framework of social effects, after the signing of the Trade Promotion Agreement between Colombia and the United States. For this, a macroeconomic adaptation of GRI indicators version G4 in the social performance category was made. This adaptation made it possible to analyze sectoral information and apply it to the labor population of the Colombian agricultural sector. The methodology used was qualitative with emphasis on a checklist method and analysis of indicators, and two important results were found. First, that the trade agreement between both countries is superficial at the moment of safeguarding the labor conditions of the sector, without going into specific aspects that regulate the labor context. Secondly, it was evident that despite the significant increases in contracting rates, affiliations with health providers or managers of occupational risks for employees, most of the Colombian agricultural sector operates under informality. Finally, it can be affirmed that the labor conditions of the Colombian agricultural sector, within the framework of social effects, after the signing of the Trade Promotion Agreement between Colombia and the United States were not affected in a positive manner. Informality and lack of regulation continues to be a common factor in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We raise the political significance of the intense citizen participation that we witnessed as individuals and social subjects in the process of national discussion and approval of the Free Trade Agreement between the Dominican Republic, Central America and the United States (CAFTA) during 2004 and 2008. The experiences, which nurture this reflection, were lived mainly by groups located in the county of San Ramón, the western region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. The patriotic identity was the axis articulator of a social movement highly heterogeneous in its social composition. The reactive reach of the movement failed to forge consensus on the collective actions of the protests and social movements, after the referendum of October 7, 2007. Some challenges arise for the subjects / regional social struggles, which we outline at the end of the essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios is the property of RAN - Revista Academia & Negocios, Universidad de Concepcion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2004 the Peruvian and Colombian governments began, alongside Ecuador, negotiating a trade agreement with the government of the United States of America. After Ecuador´s withdrawal from the process, Peru and Colombia separated their negotiations with the United States. Peru reached an agreement with the United States that was ratified in 2006 and 2007, respectively. However, the approval of the accord with Colombia by the United States' Congress was significantly delayed. What were the forces behind this delay? This article emphasizes a strong transnational opposition to the United States-Colombia agreement that, in turn, conditioned its approval on the Colombian government´s recognition and protection of workers' rights. The divergence between the Peruvian and the Colombian case is explained by the Colombian government´s response to such claims: one that reveals an ineffective strategy shaped by President Uribe's perceived incompatibility between those transnational demands and his national security policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Biologia Marina y Oceanografía (RBMO) is the property of Universidad de Valparaiso, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given that for some years now, there is a concern about the loss of the biodiversity of Colombia, and also about the increasing neccessity for linking experimentation and application of pedagogical strategies, which allow institutions, such as Technological University of Chocó, to train professionals from the region in the knowledge of generating a high value-added biodiversity. This is for an important environmental education, through which students are enabled to find and comprehend a series of concepts and situations regarding their surrounding environment. In that context, secondary metabolites are the denomination of natural products that demonstrate biological and, sometimes, ecological properties. According to the chemical properties, secondary metabolites may be classified as medicine, insecticides, herbicides, perfumes, artificial colorings, among others. The objective of this study is to qualitatively identify and characterize secondary metabolites from 11 ethnobotanical species, by using the thin layer chromatography method. UV rays, vanillin - sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, and fast blue were used as the developer solutions. The obtained results determined the following, as the major evidenced compounds (secondary metabolites) in the samples tested from ethanolic extracts of leaves and bark species: phenols in 8/11, coumarins in 7/11, and terpenes in 6/11. These results match the preliminary studies carried out by other researchers through colorimetric techniques at the laboratory of the natural products research group. V. macrophylla in 4/5 followed by H. oblongifolia, C. silvestre y H. mancinella en 3/5 were the found species with the highest number of families of secondary metabolites. According to literature review, some species of identified compounds in this study have biological activity, which could validate the use that is ancestrally attributable as ethnomedicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sinapsis: Revista de Investigaciones de la Escuela de Administración y Mercadotecnia del Quindío EAM is the property of Escuela de Administracion y Mercadotecnia del Quindio and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

International commerce raises many contradictions, including the disparity between economies in the different countries, their various conditions, their domestic laws and the historical development of its own institutions. Colombia has been particularly negligent in several sectors such as the industrial and the agricultural. Due to the lack of policies than in previous decades may have forged their strengthening. Therefore thinking that the country is in a position to compete symmetrically with industrialized countries, it seems unwise because of the current industry and economic disparities. We condemned the immediate economic opening, the inconsistencies between the agricultural and industrial policies and the trade policy, and the signing ftas with countries with which no benefits will be reciprocal. We emphasize the need for structural land reform, accompanied by policies for strengthen of national industry in order to make domestic products competitive in the international market. However, we understand that these reforms should be imposed gradually, which in our view should be set as a true state policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay is aimed at exposing the existing problems between the interrelationship of the economy and culture within the context of a globalized world. Also, it is analyzed the need to create an instrumental relevant to the effect that --the cultural exchange does not suffer disadvantages proper of the economic exchange, or due to external factors-- as would be the influences ideological, mercantilist and many others. In this sense, we are looking for equity between cultural interests, the economy, and ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economía del Caribe is the property of Fundacion Universidad del Norte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciencia e Ingenieria Neogranadina is the property of Ciencia e Ingenieria Neogranadina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Thin-layer chromatographic analytical technique is one of the most currently used for the analysis of substances. This work is focused on the automatic analysis of such plate's images using image processing methods and pattern recognition methods. The proposed method consists of several steps as capture, detection, automatic cropping and automatic rotation of the mentioned images. Afterwards, a number of filters are applied to improve the image such that the stains of the substances of interest be correctly detected. Finally, from that image automatically extracting descriptors of shape and color, and Rf value determination is performed to identify the substance by calculating the similarity with the patterns substances previously stored. The presented method is evaluated in a drugs identification problem. Good results were obtained for identifying 44 abuse drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Derecho del Estado is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Derecho del Estado is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario Turismo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The possibility to analyze publicity spots in their condition of ideological discourses is a growing necessity in the social sciences. This is especially important when referring to publicity spots that refer to highly polarized political junctures, such as the one around the DR-CAFTA. This article shows the results of a Critical Discourse Analysis on publicity spots from that period, all of them especially referred to National Identity and citizen participation on the social movement against the DR-CAFTA in Costa Rica. The research findings indicate that in the publicity campaign that endorsed the DR-CAFTA, different elements related to National Identity where used to promote repression and fear. In contrast, the analyzed publicity spot against the DR-CAFTA used National Identity to motivate and mobilize people. This research has been conducted with the support of the Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales of the Universidad de Costa Rica through one of its scholarships for young researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article gives a brief introduction to the patent system in general in order to develop, after an explanation of the different positions of the patent system: In one hand, who oppose the patent system and the compulsory licensing in the pharmaceutical industry, and in the other hand who encourage the system because, for them no protection will violate the right of property of the invention owner who made big investments and studies in research and development. Then, there will be an analysis of the Brazilian an Ecuadorian perspective of the patent system and the compulsory licenses in pharmaceutical industry and finally discusses of the current Colombian legislation and its implications in the negotiation of the tlc with United States of America [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fragmentation of international law has led to conflicts and overlaps between wto jurisdiction and the jurisdiction of other courts. In the case of Colombia, all agreements executed by the government establishes a mechanism for dispute settlement that prohibits the parties to bring disputes to different courts (including wto) in order to resolve disputes that have already been decided or is under litigation before the court provided by the treaty. In contrast, the Covered Agreements and the panel rulings on the matter are consistent in establishing that the jurisdiction of this Organization is mandatory even if the dispute has already been decided or is under litigation before another court. This situation represents the risk that the exclusive jurisdiction clauses agreed by Colombia in its treaties, are infective before the wto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fragmentation of international law has led to conflicts and overlaps between WTO jurisdiction and the jurisdiction of other courts. In the case of Colombia, all agreements executed by the government establishes a mechanism for dispute settlement that prohibits the parties to bring disputes to different courts (including WTO) in order to resolve disputes that have already been decided or is under litigation before the court provided by the treaty. In contrast, the Covered Agreements and the panel rulings on the matter are consistent in establishing that the jurisdiction of this Organization is mandatory even if the dispute has already been decided or is under litigation before another court. This situation represents the risk that the exclusive jurisdiction clauses agreed by Colombia in its treaties, are infective before the WTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the evolution of public opinion, during the Referendum campaign over CAFTA. The data is based on telephone national surveys and includes the level of information, possible effects on the person interviewed, on the country, on its welfare State and on poor and vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at providing, from a sustainable development perspective, an idea about the direction our country will take once the US-Peru FTA is enforced, regarding particularly the environmental, trade and investment areas. The signing of the FTA has led Peru to leave behind a view of the environment vision as a moral and ethical (some times marginal) component of economic relations, to turn it into a regulatory and mandatory consideration overlapping trade and investment to such an extent that failure to comply may lead to sanctions as severe as those pertaining to other matters related to for instance access to or permanence in a given market. Even so, it is worthwhile mentioning that the FTA is only an initial component of a more complex and broad multilateral scenario that recognizes in the environment an essential element of international economic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a view of the development process of Latin American countries in the framework of their relationship with the great industrial powers and the evolution of capitalism in a world scale. Regional integration arises as an option to overcome economic dependence by means of industrial strengthening and diversification, in a context of shared markets and value generation through the incorporation of technology into exports. National decisions are not made in a void, but in the middle of confrontations about opposite views on integration and in the midst of confficts between powerful interests that indicate divergent paths to Latin American nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the roll that has the European Union like cohesion factor, considering that the relations are not limited the commercial plane in a context in which the Andean Community of Nations has had difficulties not only in its process of internal consolidation, but also to forge a common foreign policy. One discusses some differences with the FTA with the U.S.A., and the relations in these South-North agreements with regional integration. Of another side, one becomes a balance of the commerce flows, investment and cooperation between the EU and the Andean Community, being in evidence the fundamental importance that they have these bonds, beyond conjunctural losses of relative weight in the commercial aspect. There are limitations, but beyond the European restrictions or external these are fundamentally of internal character: insufficient exportable supply, competitiveness, infrastructure, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the unsuccessful attempt to consolidate the Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FITA, or ALCA for its initials in Spanish), the United States government has adopted as its commercial strategy the signing of individual free trade agreements (TLCs) with different Latin American countries. At the moment, negotiations with Colombia are presently being carried out. Small and medium sized businesses (PYMES), that represent an important parte of Colombia's productive sector, will be one of the areas affected by the agreement. The present work (part of an investigation being carried out in the Universidad Sergio Arboleda of Bogotá), analyzes the foreseeable effects on these PYMES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study pretends to analyze the impact of the international commercial norms in the fill of the intellectual property of medicines, as a direct consequence of the negotiations between Colombia with United States in the TLC. In this way, taking into account the technological advances and the aperture of the globalization in the different aspects of the diary life, it is necessary to study the possible benefits and negative effects that could affect the public health and the access to the medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article of absolute present time refers al processing that the executive power comes giving al fear of the farming and the resources of which depends. Already in press the theme of lands, corruption and violence has been registered in relation with the government of the president Uribe and the INCODER. Now it is a matter of examining that way the INCODER dismantles the management and property of the districts of adequation of lands of which the activity agribusiness depends without that for such expropiation of the resource water be required to respond to the instances of TLC. The hypertrophy of the positions against the TLC has permitted without place to doubts that since the internal right while is negotiated they advance the norms that permit the investments that interest to the space of the "commercial integration". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has not been an open debate about the role that these issues play in the development of a mega-diverse, multiethnic and multicultural nation like Colombia. However, the Colombian government decided to negotiate an indefinite Free Trade Agreement (FTA) which defines commercial policy for Colombia. In February 2006, part of the FTA negotiations closed with the same terms as Peru. This country accepted the patenting of isolated genes and plants conforming to the interests of the United States.Abstract Colombia has four ethnic groups. There are 84 different indigenous peoples who speak 64 languages; Afro-Colombians, native islanders from the archipelago of San Andrés and Old Providence, and the Rom. The 1991 Constitution guarantees and protects genetic resources, as well as ethnic and cultural diversity and human rights. The official positions and proposals of TK that the Colombain government presented in the FTA were not consulted beforehand with the Colombian ethnic groups. The State has to consult them in order to determine their position regarding access to genetic resources, the protection of TK and IPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is the Free Trade Agreement with the US a threat or an opportunity for the biodi versity of the Andean countries? The Free Trade Agreement with the US is a threat for the strategic value of the Andean biological biodiversity, a biodiversity that represents 25% of that of the world and it encompasses many unique species. Nevertheless, it is an opportunity for the US for it allows American investors intellectual property rights over traditional Indian knowledge without having to abide by the CDB principles nor Andean decisions No. 391,486 and 523. As such, the Free Trade Agreement no only disavows the norms issued by the Andean Community of Nations but it also acts as a force over the international biodiversity policies adopted by 188 parties within the framework of the CDB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article points out the main aspects involved in the negotiation of financial services in the context of international free trade agreements. The principles established by the World Trade Organization are illustrated first. Then, some international agreements involving the negotiation of financial services are discussed, and finally, the position adopted by Colombia concerning the FTA with the United States is briefly reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]