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Migration is not a new phenomenon, although last decades of migration and the reasons behind why people migrate might differ from previous years. This has brought a problem to light, a problem which might put the whole legitimacy aspect of representative democracy out of play. Studies have shown that immigrants in different places around have less activity in electoral participation compared to native citizens. Recently researchers and theorists with Ann Phillips being the front figure of politics of presence, have argued for descriptive representation to increase the electoral participation among immigrants. Thus, this study aims to examine the relation of electoral participation among immigrants and the descriptive representation of immigrants in municipal level by implementing a comparative case study. Furthermore, this study examines what existing literature presents as evidence which can explain the results found in the comparative case study. This study finds that although there is a correlation between descriptive representation and voter turnout among immigrants, it cannot alone explain the difference in the variation found. The results of the case study show a variety of answers that explains the variation of electoral participation. Ranging from politics, citizenship, and native country as an answer, to descriptive representation. In conclusion the results of the scoping study finds that substantial representation as an answer is rarely found in research papers, and that further studies need to take that factor in the calculation when examining which reasons might lie behind promoting immigrants’ electoral participation.

Background: Many of the people who have been forced to flee their countries have experienced torture or other potentially traumatic events [PTE]. These experiences can lead to serious health consequences. The care staff experience difficulties in caring for these individuals. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe how refugees with history of torture and other PTE experience the encounter with with healthcare. Method: Literature review with a qualitative methodology that includes eleven articles, through the databases CINAHL and PubMed, which are analyzed through a thematic analysis. Result:Two overarching themes were identified through the analysis; ‘Perceived success factors’ and ‘Perceivedobstacles in care’. These themes had two and four sub-themes respectively. Conclusion: Refugees with experiences of torture and other PTE need to be met with caution before their experiences. This can be achieved in a good caregiver-patient relationship, characterized by caring and trust. However, there seems to be a need for increased knowledge among healthcare staff in meeting this patient group in a person-centered way. In order for these people to receive good care, a well-functioning interaction between all the different actors who are in contact with refugees is also required. Bakgrund: Många av de människor som tvingats fly sina länder har erfarit tortyr eller andra potentiellt traumatiska händelser (potentially traumatic event [PTE]). Dessa erfarenheter kan leda till allvarligakonsekvenser för hälsan. Vårdpersonalen upplever svårigheter i att vårda dessa individer. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur flyktingar med erfarenheter av tortyr och andra PTE upplever mötetmed hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: Litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats som inkluderade elva artiklar, genom databaserna CINAHL och PubMed, vilka analyserats genom tematisk analys. Resultat: Två övergripande teman identifierades genom analysen; ‘Upplevda framgångsfaktorer i vården’ och ‘Upplevda hinder i vården’. Dessa teman hade två respektive fyra subteman. Slutsats: Flyktingar med erfarenheter av tortyr och andra potentiellt traumatiska händelser behöver mötas med varsamhet införvad de har varit med om. Detta kan göras bra i en god vårdare-patientrelation, präglad av omtanke och tillit. Det tycks dock finnas ett behov av ökad kunskap hos vårdpersonal i att möta denna patientgrupp på ett personcentrerat sätt. För att dessa personer ska få en god vård krävs även ettvälfungerande samspel mellan alla de olika aktörer som är i kontakt med flyktingar.

Background: More than 13 million women worldwide have been forced to flee their home countries. Women with a refugee background have higher rates of ill health compared to the general population, with an increased risk for sexually transmitted diseases, sexual violence, and perinatal morbidity, contributing to a diminished sexual and reproductive health. Aim: To identify the self-experienced barriers that prevent sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing in women with a refugee background. Method: A general literature review using a qualitative content analysis on 17 original articles according to the 9 steps described by Polit and Beck. Results: Three main categories were found: Barriers to knowledge, Limited agency, and Barriers to care. Women experienced barriers due to shame, misconceptions, lack of knowledge regarding sexuality and reproduction, and limited sexual and reproducitve agency. Several factors contributed to barriers within a health care setting, and in access to health care. Conclusion: Barriers to sexual and reproductive health can cause suffering. Which barriers prevent women from acheiving sexual and reproductive health over times is highly individual. Nurses need to be knowledgeable about which barriers patients could be affected by in order to provide them with person-centered care, strengthen their empowerment, and improve their health. Bakgrund: Över 13 miljoner kvinnor i världen är på flykt från sina hemländer. Kvinnor med flyktingbakgrund har sämre hälsa än övriga befolkningen. De löper ökad risk att drabbas av sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar, sexuellt våld samt ohälsa i samband med graviditet, vilka är bidragande faktorer till en försämrad sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att identifiera självupplevda barriärer till en god sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa för kvinnor med flyktingbakgrund. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt där 17 originalartiklar analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studien följer Polit och Becks niostegsmodell. Resultat: Tre huvudkategorier framkom: Kunskapsbarriärer, Begränsat livsutrymme och Vårdbarriärer. Kvinnor upplevde olika barriärer som grundades i skam, missuppfattningar, bristande kunskaper om sex och reproduktion samt begränsat utrymme till sexuell och reproduktiv agens. Flera faktorer bidrog till hinder i vårdmöten och tillgången till vård. Slutsats: Barriärer till sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa kan orsaka lidande. Vilka barriärer som hindrar kvinnor med flyktingbakgrund att uppnå en god sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa över tid kommer vara högst individuellt. Sjuksköterskor behöver känna till vilka typer av barriärer de upplever för att på ett personcentrerat sätt stärka dem till ökad egenmakt och förbättrad hälsa.

Media has a big influence on today's society, as it is one of the main sources of information for the general public. The political scene in Sweden has become more mediazied and politicians use the media platforms to communicate with the citizens. Media has the power to produce, reproduce and challenge discourses. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the construction of the refugee-discourse, with focus on refugees from Ukraine, in a selection of Swedish newspapers during the first two months of the war in Ukraine. The study aims to explain how the discourse is constructed, what affects this can have on the organizational level of social work and how this affects the social worker in regards to thoughts and actions in their profession. The study utilizes critical discourse analysis since this method connects the text to the social practice it exists in, while also looking at the production and consumption of the texts. To analyze the results, theories regarding social psychology and social constructivism were used. The analysis lead to the finding of three main discourses: (1) the diligent refugee, and what possibilities and risks they face when arriving and integrating in Sweden; (2) the refugees as vulnerable mothers and children that risk living in poverty or being exploited on the labor market; and (3) who is responsible for the social integration and care of the ukrainian refugee. The conclusion is that organizational reforms can lead to a disruption in the execution of social work, and that the individual social worker’s professional ethics can be tainted in regards to thoughts about and actions towards the Ukrainian refugee.

Migration is a highly debated political subject in Sweden today. The refugee crisis in 2015 resulted in many people fleeing to the European countries where Sweden received a lot of migrants. Due to the crisis, many debates about migrants and integration have been raised in Sweden. Hence the purpose of this study is to examine how Sweden’s currently three biggest parties, the Social democrats, the Moderates and the Swedish democrats, portray migrants, is there “good” and “bad” migrants? This essay is a framing analysis applying Bacchi’s WPR approach and to enable the study we have applied Sara Ahmed’s theory about the abject migrant. Using the applied theory, we have been able to see different perspectives of how migrants are portrayed. According to our analysis based on the results, we can ascertain that the three parties portray “good” and “bad” migrants. The parties agree that the “good” migrant is the one who integrates into society, meanwhile the opinion about the “bad” migrant varies among the parties. By studying the party programs and different statements made by the parties themselves, we can state that some migrants are portrayed in a certain way. The results based on our study indicates a society dividing different people by ethnicity, according to our study there is a “us” and “them” union in the current society we live in.

The goals of Swedish integration policy consist of equal rights, obligations and opportunities for all, regardless of ethnic and cultural background. However, previous research shows that there is an inequality between native Swedes and refugees in terms of living standards. In addition, it appears that there is frustration over the shortcomings of social work practice in terms of the challenges surrounding integration. From a refugee perspective on integration in Sweden, the study aims to achieve an in-depth understanding from some of those who live in the reality of integration. A thematic analysis has been carried out on secondary data to achieve the purpose of examining Syrian refugees' experiences of what is important and what constitutes an obstacle to integration. The results show that relationships with Swedes appear to be the most significant factor for feeling integrated as a refugee. Stereotypes and prejudices, lack of language skills and settlement location appears to lead to social and spatial isolation for many refugees. Experiences of a randomized system at the Swedish authorities also appears to lead to mistrust of the authorities that are set to cooperate for integration. Finally, it appears that the process of asylum and establishment entails many psychological strains, causing experiences of passivity in the integration process. Finally, the results have been analyzed in relation to previous research and the theoretical concepts of social capital, with focus on Putnam’s distinction between bonding and bridging social capital, stereotypes and prejudices. De svenska integrationspolitiska målen utgörs av lika rättigheter, skyldigheter och möjlighet för alla oavsett etnisk och kulturell bakgrund. Det framkommer däremot i tidigare forskning att det finns en ojämlikhet mellan infödda svenskar och flyktingar vad gäller levnadsstandard. Därtill framkommer att det råder frustration över det sociala arbetets tillkortakommanden vad gäller utmaningar kring integrationen. I studien intas flyktingars perspektiv på integration i Sverige, med målet att uppnå en fördjupad förståelse från några av dem som lever i integrationens verklighet. En tematisk analys har genomförts på sekundärdata för att uppnå syftet att undersöka syriska flyktingars upplevelser om vad som är betydelsefullt samt utgör hinder i integrationen. Av resultatet framkommer att relationer till svenskar framkommer vara den mest betydande faktorn för att som flykting uppleva sig integrerad. Stereotyper och fördomar, bristande språkkunskaper samt bosättning uppges innebära en social och spatial isolering för många flyktingar. Det framkommer vidare att upplevelser av ett slumpmässigt system hos de svenska myndigheterna föranleder misstro till de myndigheter som är satta att samarbeta för integration. Slutligen framkommer att asyl- och etableringsprocessen medför flertalet psykiska påfrestningar, något som påtalas föranleda upplevelser av passivitet inför den egna integrationsprocessen. Resultatet har slutligen analyserats utifrån tidigare forskning, de teoretiska begreppen socialt kapital, med fokus på Putnams distinktion av sammanlänkande och överbryggande socialt kapital, samt stereotyper och fördomar.

Denna studie syftar till att analysera diskursen kring flyktingar i media. Mer specifikt jämförs diskursen i artiklar kring flyktingar från Syrien respektive flyktingar från Ukraina. Artiklarna bryts ner i avsikt att finna återkommande mönster. Två teman kan utläsas som återkommande: dels porträttering av flyktingar som utsatta, dels porträttering av flyktingar som en belastning. I studien används ramverket kritisk diskursanalys som är såväl en modell som en teori - där relationen mellan språkbruk och maktutövning i samhället analyseras. Inom den kritiska diskursanalysen används analysverktyget Faircloughs tredimensionella modell som beskriver språkbruk i tre dimensioner: text, diskursiv praktik och social praktik. I denna studie ligger huvudfokuset på att analysera texten, men den diskursiva och sociala praktiken analyseras och diskuteras också. Resultatet av studien indikerar att flyktingar från Ukraina och Syrien porträtteras något olika i tidningarna Aftonbladet och Dagens Nyheter. Syriska flyktingar porträtteras i högre utsträckning som en belastning än ukrainska flyktingar This study aims to analyse the discourse on refugees in the media. More specifically, it compares the discourse in articles on refugees from Syria and refugees from Ukraine. The articles are broken down to find recurring patterns. Two themes can be identified as recurring: portrayal of refugees as vulnerable and portrayal of refugees as a burden. The study uses the framework of critical discourse analysis, which is a model as well as a theory that analyses the relationship between language use and the exercise of power in society. Within critical discourse analysis, the analytical tool Fairclough's three-dimensional model is used, which describes language use in three dimensions: text, discursive practice, and social practice. In this study, the focus is on analysing the text, but the discursive and social practices are also analysed and discussed. The results of the study indicate that refugees from Ukraine and Syria are portrayed somewhat differently in the newspapers. Syrian refugees are portrayed as a burden to a greater extent than Ukrainian refugees.

In 2015, a large number of refugees sought asylum in Sweden. The following year, the churches saw an influx of refugees who wanted to convert from Islam to Christianity. Some congregations baptized many, others baptized few. Some converts were denied baptism. To contribute to a clearer picture of the church’s acting, this essay seeks to examine the possibilities and obstacles which met refugees that wanted to be baptized in a Swedish church tradition between 2016 and 2020. To do so, converts, priests from The Church of Sweden and a pastor from Pingstkyrkan are interviewed. People in an organization like the church have different social positions that creates superiority and subordination between individuals. Therefore, this study is based on both a power ethical and ecclesiological perspectives. The power perspective is analyzed on the basis of the theoretical approach formulated by the authors of the anthology Church in an Age of Global Migration, about whether the church appears as a cross-border and relational body where current order of power is constantly challenged, or not. When it comes to the factors that influence church leaders and converts decisions about baptism, the analysis is based on Sune Fahlgren's Theory of Preachership as an ecclesiological practice that becomes the church DNA, and on Jeff Astelys Theory of Ordinary theology, where people's personal experiences shape perceptions of salvation and a good life. The converts in the study seek fellowship and a God that is distinctly forgiving. They also see baptism as the entrance to a new life. This proves the thesis that people interpret salvation based on what they need. Other factors that affect their relation to baptism are a residence permit, home address, citizen number, age, acceptance of conversion from guardians of minor converts, language and the duration of the baptismal process. Converts genuine will to be baptized is also important. These factors can be obstacles or opportunities, depending on if the converts situation is in line with the church ́s wishes. These wishes seem to be based on certain norms. In the context of the Church of Sweden, there are a number of rules and dogmas. However, it is unclear which should be followed, and where in the organization the power lies. Therefore, the interpretation of the baptismal factors rests on the individual priest. The Pentecostal church lacks written dogmas, but in line with Fahlgren's Preachership theory there are informal norms that are interpreted individually by the pastor. This shows that the converts have the power to propose baptism but lack the power to ensure that they are actually baptized. Based on this, the Church shown in this study is not the mobile, cross-border and power-challenging body as described in the anthology Church in an Age of Global Migration.

Bakgrund: Antalet flyktingar i världen har ökat dramatisk under det senaste decenniet. Detta ställer krav på sjuksköterskor som tar emot flyktingar i olika vårdkontexter. Mötet med en patient med flyktingbakgrund färgas av patientens tidigare erfarenheter som inte sällan är traumatiska. För att stödja sjuksköterskors arbete att tillgodose personcentrerad vård till dessa patienter kan implementering av kulturell kompetens och transkulturell omvårdnad komma till nytta. Syfte: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda flyktingar. Metod: Studien är en litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ ansats där 10 vetenskapliga artiklar utgör underlaget för resultatet. Resultat: Fyra huvudteman presenteras: Unik omvårdnadssituation, Ett utmanande arbete, Känslan av att inte räcka till och Behov av kunskap och information. Sjuksköterskor upplever att vårda flyktingar som ett krävande arbete med flera utmaningar såsom språk och kulturskillnader. I resultat framkommer även att sjuksköterskor upplever att de saknar kompetens och kunskap vilket genererar känslor som stress och frustration. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor är i behov av mer stöd och resurser för att kunna tillgodose en personcentrerad vård för flyktingar. Background: The number of refugees in the world has increased dramatically through the last decade. This puts pressure on nurses attending to refugees in different health care settings. Encounters with refugee patients are influenced by the patient’s past experiences that are often traumatic. Implementing cultural competence and transcultural nursing in nursing practice, can be benificial for nurses working with refugees. Aim: To describe nurses’experiences of caring for refugees. Method: This study is a literature review with a qualitative approach based on 10 scientific articles. Findings: Four main themes are presented: Unique nursing situation, The challenges of caring forrefugees, Feeling inadequate and A need for knowledge and information. Nurses experience the work with refugees as demanding with challenges such as language-and cultural differences. The results also show that nurses feel that they lack competence and knowledge which generate feelings of stress and frustration. Conclusion: Nurses are in need of more support and resources in order to cater a person-centered care for refugees.

Background: Integration policy and immigration policy advocate for the needs of refugees, protection and integration into society. Measures through policies have been arranged to facilitate integration, but there are problems with the implementation of a successful integration policy for refugees. There are various laws and guidelines that support refugees and their living conditions and rights. Problem: Refugee families consisting of children, young adults and adults may face difficulties in integration into a new country. It is important to know how that group is to be received and managed in order to meet the needs of the refugees. Aim: The purpose of this study is to highlight the problems that may appear for refugees and refugee families’ social integration in Europe. This will be accomplished through a systematic literature study. Method: Systematic literature study based on 12 scientific articles. Selected articles were: 7 qualitative articles, three quantitative and two with mix method. Result: The language, the school, the residence permit, good treatment of a refugee and a social network proved to be significant in promoting the integration process for the refugees. Conclusion: In social work, it is important to know how refugees should be treated in order to not impede their integration into the new society. It is important that refugees do not feel excluded or discriminated against. It is valuable to have sympathy for the refugees and to understand that no individual would want to leave their country voluntarily. Further research is needed to be able to find new approaches that can promote the refugee family’s integration process and a sustainable future. Bakgrund: Integrationspolitiken och invandringspolitiken redogör för flyktingarnas behov, skydd och integration i samhället. Integration -och invandringspolitiken har anordnat ett flertal åtgärder för att underlätta integrationen. Trots detta kvarstår mycket problematik kring implementeringen av en lyckad integrationspolitik för flyktingar. I Europa har det inrättats specifika lagar och riktlinjer som ska stötta flyktingarnas livsvillkor och rättigheter i det nya samhället. Problem: Flyktingfamiljer som består av barn, unga vuxna och vuxna kan bemöta svårigheter vid integrationen i ett nytt land. Det är viktigt att veta hur denna grupp ska bemötas och introduceras till samhället för att därmed kunna tillgodose flyktingarnas behov. Syfte: Syftet med detta arbete är att genom en systematisk litteraturstudie belysa vilka problem som kan uppstå för flyktingar och flyktingfamiljer vid den sociala integrationen i Europa. Metod: Systematisk litteraturstudie som är baserad på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar. Valda artiklar var: 7 kvalitativa artiklar, tre kvantitativa och två med mix-metod. Resultat: Språk, skola, uppehållstillstånd, ett bra bemötande av flyktingar och ett socialt nätverk visade sig vara betydande faktorer för främjandet av integrationsprocessen för flyktingarna. Slutsats: I det sociala arbetet är det viktigt att veta hur flyktingar ska bemötas för att inte försvåra deras integration i det nya samhället. Det är viktigt att flyktingarna inte känner sig exkluderade eller diskriminerade. Det är värdefullt att ha sympati för flyktingarna och förstå att ingen individ skulle frivilligt vilja lämna sitt hemland. Vidare forskning behövs för att kunna hitta nya förhållningssätt som kan främja flyktingfamiljernas integrationsprocess och en hållbar framtid.

Flyktingar med funktionsnedsättning tillhör två marginaliserade grupper och är därför extra utsatta. Det saknas samlad kunskap om deras situation. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och undersöka hinder som flyktingar med funktionsnedsättning möter i samband med mottagandet och inledande etableringsprocess. Studien genomfördes i form av en litteraturöversikt. En litteratursökning resulterade i 11 peer review-granskade, vetenskapliga artiklar där empirisk originalforskning redovisas. Analysen genomfördes med hjälp av Michael Olivers sociala modell och intersektionell analys. Resultatet visar att brist på tillgänglighet, information och kunskap skapar funktionshindrande barriärer i mottagningsprocessen. Marginaliserande processer uppstår i olika intersektioner mellan flyktingskap, funktionsnedsättning, klass, etnicitet och kön. Utifrån resultatet föreslås en bättre samordning mellan olika instansers insatser för att förbättra situationen för flyktingar med funktionsnedsättning. Refugees with disabilities belong to two marginalized groups, which makes them particularly vulnerable. The collective knowledge about their situation is insufficient. The purpose of this study is to describe, and investigate, the obstacles that refugees with disabilities may encounter during the initial stages of the resettlement process. The study was carried out in the form of a literature review. A literature search resulted in 11 peer-reviewed, scientific articles, in which empirical, original research is presented. The analysis was conducted using Michael Oliver's social model and intersectional theory. The results show that lack of accessibility, information, and knowledge causes experiences of disability during the resettlement. Marginalization processes occur in the intersections between refugee status, disability, class, ethnicity, and gender. Considering the results, an attempt to enhance the coordination between the efforts of various agencies is proposed, to improve the situation for refugees with disabilities.

Refugees have been migrating to Sweden over the past decade. Integrating newly arrived students is therefore a highly relevant topic for the Swedish schools. This research overview presents different sources concerning teaching physical education to newly arrived students. The purpose with the research overview is to investigate how newly arrived students perceive the teaching in physical education, how the teaching can be shaped to ensure integration and what factors are important to create an including teaching experience for newly arrived students in the subject physical education. Using a number of identified key words, searches on databases have been conducted to find sources. The selection has been based on relevance regarding suitable content based on the research questions. The result shows that language difficulties are a fact, and that many students find physical education entertaining but some activities challenging due to lack of previous education in their country of origin. Furthermore, it shows that there is a need for further research and that teachers can facilitate the newly arrivals’ learning experiences by ensuring that the students get to know each other properly. Suggested further research is for example a field study combining lesson observations with qualitative interviews with the newly arrived students and their teachers.

Some expulsion decisions cannot be executed due to the existence of deportation impediments, which in this case means that foreigners are in a legal limbo in such a way that they have neither the right to stay nor the opportunity to leave Sweden. The regulation of deportation impediments is found in Aliens Act (2005:716), but it is the application of these regulations that determine how specific cases are assessed, why it is highly relevant to study said cases. The essay deals with political, practical and medical impediments, found in Chapter 12 of the Aliens Act, in order to establish the applicable law, and by analyzing ten court cases from the Migration Court of Appeal, study how the court assesses the Swedish Migration Agency's application of these legal barriers. The provisions being studied are chapter 12 1-3 §§ Aliens Act, concerning political impediments, chapter 12 18 § Aliens Act, concerning practical and medical impediments, and also chapter 12 19 § Aliens act which establishes the possibility of a new trial in a case. The applicable law is established through a legal dogmatic method, and the legal cases from the Migration Court of Appeal are analyzed using a legal sociological method. The study concludes that political impediments are weighed heaviest in comparison to medical and practical impediments, due to the latter two not being derived from international conventions or instruments as opposed to political impediments. Furthermore, it is easier to present evidence when invoking political impediments, as evidentiary requirements are set lower than those for practical and medical impediments. At the same time the individual has an opportunity to be granted a new trial if he or she invokes a new condition that concerns political impediments, while a new trial cannot be granted if the individual invokes medical or practical impediments. The provisions concerning practical and medical impediments should therefore be developed or amended in such a way that they are adapted to the circumstances that may arise in these cases. It is also concluded that the Swedish Migration Agency's investigation and interpretation of these impediments must be more comprehensive. It must be adapted to the conditions referred to in the case, due to the application of these provisions being complex and requiring the Swedish Migration Agency's staff to be well trained and accurate in each individual case.

Då asylsökande åberopar sexuell läggning eller könsidentitet som asylskäl, är den egna berättelsen inte sällan den enda bevisning som finns att tillgå. Detta innebär att trovärdigheten i den asylsökandes framförande av sin berättelse tillmäts stor vikt. Tidigare forskning har funnit att trovärdighetsbedömningen i västerländska länders asylprövning påverkas av vilken handläggare som hanterar ärendet, och dennas stereotyper av sexuell läggning och könsidentitet. Förekomsten av stereotyper har härletts till kompetens- eller rutinbrist. Exempelvis har det anförts att asylprövande myndigheter och domstolar lider brist på normkritik och nyanserad kunskap i hbtq+-personers olika omständigheter och leverne. Denna studie erbjuder en annan hypotes, med utgångspunkt i etablerad politisk teori och samtida statsvetenskaplig forskning: Att ideologin romantisk liberalism präglar västerländska länders asylprövning. Det finns empiriskt stöd för att människor i västvärlden i allt större utsträckning värdesätter individuell frihet. Tidigare forskning har antagit att detta värdesättande leder till ökad tolerans och välkomnande av ökad mångfald. Ett sådant positivt förhållande ifrågasätts emellertid av flera statsvetare, däribland den svenska statsvetaren Gina Gustavsson. I en avhandling från 2014 presenterar Gustavsson en beskrivning av en romantisk gren inom liberalismen. Denna ideologi framhåller ett obevekligt, provokativt och kreativt uttryck för individens originalitet: både vad avser beskrivningar av vad människan är, och värderande utsagor om hur människan bör vara. En sådan syn, menar Gustavsson, är en förrädisk förståelse för frihet som kan urarta i intolerans, trots att den utges för det motsatta. Med ideologianalys prövas rätts- och myndighetsmaterial från ett urval västerländska länders asylprövning mot en idealtyp av den romantiska liberalismen. Resultatet är att den romantiska liberalismens frihetsideal i flera avseenden kommer till uttryck i urvalet västerländska länders asylprövning. Slutsatsen är att beslutsfattare och utredares upptagenhet av särskilda uttryck för den asylsökandes identitet, kan förstås som en manifestation av den romantiska liberalismens frihetsideal. Detta snarare än som uttryck främst för kompetens- och rutinbrist, såsom tidigare forskning konstaterat. Vidare förs en diskussion kring betydande spänningar mellan den romantiska liberalismen och mänskliga rättigheters universella anspråk. Detta särskilt avseende asylsökandes begränsade möjlighet eller avsikt att leva upp till romantiskt liberala frihetsideal. As asylum seekers invoke sexual orientation or gender identity as a reason for asylum, their own story is often the only evidence available. This means that the credibility of asylum seeker's presentation of their story, often is given great importance. Previous research shows that credibility assessments in Western countries can differ depending on the sexual orientation and gender identity stereotypes of the case officer who is handling the case. The existence of stereotypes has been related to lack of skills or routine. For example, it is in previous research stated that asylum reviewing authorities and courts suffer from a lack of norm criticism and nuanced knowledge of lgbtq+-persons' different circumstances and living. This study offers another hypothesis, based on established political theory and contemporary political science research: That the ideology romantic liberalism characterizes the asylum procedure in Western countries. There is empirical support for the fact that people in the Western world increasingly value individual freedom. Previous research has assumed that such values leads to increased tolerance and a welcoming of diversity. However, such a positive relationship is questioned by the Swedish political scientist Gina Gustavsson. In Gustavssons’ dissertation from 2014, a description of a romantic branch of liberalism is presented, which elevates a relentless, creative and provocative expression of the individual's originality: both in terms of descriptions of what an individual is, and evaluative statements about what an individual should be. Such a view, Gustavsson says, is a treacherous understanding of freedom that can degenerate into intolerance, even though it is issued to stand for the contrary. With ideology analysis, judicial and governmental material from a sample of Western countries' asylum procedures is tested against an ideal type of romantic liberalism. The results of the analysis show that the ideal of freedom of romanticism, in several respects, can be found in the asylum procedure in a sample of Western countries. The conclusion is that decision makers and investigators' preoccupation with specific expressions of the identity of the asylum seeker can be understood as a manifestation of the freedom ideals in the romantic liberalism. This rather than a lack of skills and routine, as previous research has found. Furthermore, a discussion is held regarding that there is considerable tension between romantic liberalism and the universal claims of human rights. This particularly regarding the asylum seekers' limited ability or intention to live up to the freedom ideals of the romantic liberalism.

The so-called Swedish model of trust is characterised by strong public support for the idea of an individual-based and extensive welfare state, well-developed state individualism, high levels of social trust, widespread appreciation of the judiciary, openness, tolerance, and a free and independent press. Today, Swedish society faces several challenges. Will the Swedish model of trust be eroded or is it relatively resilient to stress? A Novus survey from 2019 found that a total of 74 percent of the Swedish population were very or quite worried about Islamic extremism, 66 percent very or quite worried about right-wing extremism and 46 percent very or quite worried about left-wing extremism. Other surveys show that the public is also concerned about the deterioration of the welfare state, social gaps, the increased number of refugees to Sweden and xenophobia. Moreover, the Novus survey shows that 65 percent believe that violence-promoting extremism will increase in Sweden in the coming ten-year period. 22 percent indicate that they have become suspicious of people they have encountered in everyday situations and 15 percent have avoided large crowds, e.g. shopping malls, pedestrian areas and subways. When asked which measures are good for increasing security in society, common answers were to reduce social exclusion, increase camera surveillance in public places and provide more information on democratic principles and values. These answers indicate that Swedish public opinion has a relatively balanced view of public measures against violent extremism, which is consistent withthe Swedish model of trust. In general, the public does not propose the implementation of overly excessive measures against violent extremism. However, given continued public concern over the development of violent extremism, the long term stability of the Swedish model of trust remains in question.

I denna masteruppsats genomförs en kritisk granskning av den svenska integrationsstrategin och dess förenlighet med en etisk förståelse av de mänskliga rättigheterna. Genom en textanalytisk granskning av de statliga propositioner och dokument som ligger till grund för integrationsstrategin analyseras hur väl denna tillgodoser och skyddar flyktingars mänskliga rättigheter. Analysen genomförs med hjälp av två teoretiska perspektiv: ett integrations-perspektiv för att fastställa vilken förståelse av integration som kan återfinnas i strategin och ett etiskt människorättsperspektiv för att göra en bedömning av dess förenlighet med den etiskaförståelsen av de mänskliga rättigheterna som drivs i denna studie. Resultatet visar att strategin har en stadig grund med ett imperativ om flyktingars lika mänskliga värde och lika rätt till rättigheter som medborgare, men att detta inte får gehör i det faktiska genomförandet av strategin. Istället för att bryta flyktingars utanförskap finns det element i strategin som bidrar till att förtryckande strukturer upprätthålls och flyktingars rättighetsskydd försvagas. Även om det inte kan återfinnas någon uttalad avsikt till detta i de granskade texterna är utfallet densamma, vilket gör att strategin inte bedöms vara förenlig med en etisk förståelse av de mänskliga rättigheterna. För att strategin ska kunna bedömas vara förenlig måste starkare åtgärder vidtas än vad som redan görs för att stärka flyktingars rättighetsskydd och lika möjligheter att delta i samhället. In this master’s thesis a critical study of the Swedish integration strategy and its combability with an ethical understanding of human rights is conducted. By using a text analytical review of the government bills and documents that form the basis of the integration strategy, the study analyzes how well it provides for and protects the human rights of refugees. The analysis is carried out using two theoretical perspectives: an integration perspective in order to determine the understanding of integration that can be found in the strategy, and an ethical human rights perspective to make an assessment of its compatibility with the ethical understanding of human rights that is used in this study. The results show that the strategy has a solid foundation with an imperative about refugees’ equal human value and equal right to have rights as citizens, however this is not carried out in the actual implementation of the strategy. Instead of working against the exclusion of refugees there are elements present in the strategy that contribute to maintaining oppressive structures and weakening the protection of refugees’ rights. Although there cannot be found any pronounced intent to this in the texts examined, the outcome is the same, and with this the strategy is not considered compatible with an ethical understanding of human rights. For the strategy to be deemed compatible, stronger measures must be taken than are already in place to strengthen protection of refugees’ rights and equal opportunities to participate in the society.

Over the past few years, children and youths have been forced to escape their homes. On arrival in Sweden it is important that they become included into the Swedish society. The organization ‘Save the Children’ has developed a project to include these newly arrived children through organized sport activities. The main purpose of this study is to examine whether the leaders involved in this project experience that sport can promote integration for these newly arrived children. This qualitative study is based on 5 semi-structured interviews with the leaders. The main results are as follows: Most of the leaders find that this contributes to a certain level of integration in the society, the project contributes with knowledge despite some obstacles and the leaders have gained a greater cultural understanding and are assisting these children and youths in their everyday life. Barn och ungdomar har tvingats fly sina länder de senaste åren. En viktig del när dessa barn och ungdomar kommer till Sverige är att de integreras i samhället. UngPåVäg är ett projekt skapat av Rädda Barnen som syftar till att inkludera nyanlända barn och ungdomar i idrottsföreningar. Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida ledare involverade i detta projekt, upplever att föreningslivet främjar inkludering och integrering av nyanlända samt ensamkommande barn och ungdomar. Denna kvalitativa studien baseras på fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med ledare involverade i idrottsföreningar med kopplingar till UngPåVäg. Studiens resultat påvisar att de flesta ledarna upplever att föreningslivet bidrar till en väg in i samhället för dessa barn och ungdomar, att UngPåVäg har bidragit med kunskap för att genomföra detta trots en del hinder samt att ledarna har fått en större kulturell förståelse och gör insatser utanför idrotten i sig.

In the autumn of 2015 one of the largest waves of refugees ever occurred in Europe. Sweden was the country that received the second highest number of refugees, which led to significant changes in Swedish refugee policy as an effort to reduce the number. This highlighted an issue; Has Sweden become less attractive as a country to immigrate to? The thesis analyses whether Sweden has potentially become less attractive as a country to seek refuge in after the implementation of the stricter refugee policy in 2015. This case study uses a theory-consuming research design and a qualitative content analysis as a method. The analytical model used in the study is the push and pull model, as this model in connection with the empirical material deals with how Sweden's changed refugee policy influences the Swedish pull factors. This qualitative study shows that the changes in the refugee policy does not affect the incentive structure much as only two pull factors, social rights and political stability, are affected by the changes in refugee policy.

Bakgrund: Antalet flyktingar har ökat och hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal beskriver erfarenheter av bristande förtroende, kommunikationssvårigheter och kulturers påverkan i möten med patienter. Tidigare forskning beskriver hälso- och sjukvårdspersonals erfarenheter av möten med patienter med flyktingbakgrund, dock behöver även patienternas erfarenheter belysas. Förhoppningsvis kan inhämtad kunskap från patientperspektivet underlätta vårdandet. Metod: En beskrivande systematisk litteraturstudie utifrån 12 vårdvetenskapliga artiklar har analyserats enligt Evans (2002) analysmodell. Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva erfarenheter av möten mellan patienter med flyktingbakgrund och hälso- och sjukvården i det nya landet. Resultat: Ur analysen framkom tre teman; Otillräcklig vård, Svårigheter i kommunikationen och Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonals attityder. Otillräcklig vård innefattade ett ovetande om hur hälso- och sjukvården i det nya landet fungerade och att patienternas förväntningar på vården inte alltid uppfylldes. Patienterna erfor svårigheter i kommunikationen i relation till att förstå, förklara och en rädsla över vad som kunde förmedlas. Därtill erfor patienterna att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonals attityder varierade. Slutsats: Patienterna erfor huvudsakligen bristfälliga möten med hälso- och sjukvården. Ett gott möte grundades i att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal visade respekt, intresse och empati för patienterna.

Bakgrund: Antalet ensamkommande barn som söker asyl i Europa har ökat de senaste decennier och nådde sin topp hittills år 2015 med 90 000 ensamkommande asylsökande av vilka 35 000 kom till Sverige. Ensamkommande som flydde krig, konflikter och fattigdom. Den långdragna asylprocessen, tillfälliga uppehållstillstånd och tidigare trauman ökar risken av att bland annat drabbas av depression och PTSD. Trots det finns det ensamkommande barn som lyckas motstå olika påfrestningar. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats var att belysa skyddsfaktorer som främjar psykisk hälsa och välbefinnande hos ensamkommande barn. Metod: Denna studie är en systematisk litteraturstudie där 16 vetenskapliga artiklar har ingått i analysen. Resultat: Fyra teman identifierades som skyddsfaktorer; Socialt stöd, motivation, religion och distraktion. Socialt stöd visade sig vara bland det viktigaste skyddsfaktor för ensamkommande barns psykisk hälsa och välbefinnande. Diskussion: Resultatet av denna studie visade att ensamkommande trots svårigheter som de har genomgått, har styrkor och strategier som hjälper dem att gå vidare och kämpa i sina liv. Studien visade även vikten av att skapa trygga relationer och att få stöd av förtroende personer i ensamkommande barns omgivning. Denna studie kan med fördel förse aktörer som direkt eller indirekt berör ensamkommande barns situation, med kunskap och förståelse vilket kan förhoppningsvis bidra till ökad mental hälsa och välbefinnande hos ensamkommande barn. Background: The number of unaccompanied children seeking asylum in Europe has increased over the last decades and reached their peak so far in 2015 with 90,000 unaccompanied asylum seekers, of whom 35,000 came to Sweden. Unaccompanied children, who fled request asylum because war, conflict and poverty. The prolonged asylum process, temporary residence and previous trauma increase the risk of depression and PTSD. Even so, there are unaccompanied children who manage to do well in very difficult circumstances. Aim: The purpose of this paper was to highlight protection factors that promote mental health and well-being of unaccompanied children. Method: This study is a systematic literature review and 16 scientific articles have been included in the analysis. Results: Four themes were identified as protection factors; Social support, motivation, religion and distraction. Social support proved to be among the important protection factor for the mental health and well-being of unaccompanied children. Discussion: The outcome of this study showed that unaccompanied children in spite of the difficulties they have undergone, have strengths and strategies that help them to new circumstances. The study also demonstrated the importance of creating secure relationships and obtaining support from trusted persons in unaccompanied children's surroundings. This study can advantageously provide actors who directly or indirectly work with unaccompanied children, with knowledge and understanding which can hopefully contribute to increased mental health and well-being of this vulnerable group.

Här presenteras ett ramverk för beslutsanalytisk metod baserad på principen om maximering av den förväntade nyttan gällande värdering av olika alternativ för åldersbedömning av ensamkommande inom asylprocessen. Med detta ramverk som utgångspunkt görs en jämförelse mellan ett antal metoder (mognad hos visdomstand, knäled och handled samt Rättsmedicinalverkets metod baserad på både visdomstand och knäled) för medicinsk åldersbedömning. Dessa metoder jämförs vidare med tre referensalternativ (i) lita på den ensamkommandes åldersuppgifter vilket i praktiken innebär att bedöma alla som barn, (ii) bedöma alla ensamkommande som vuxna och (iii) det absurda alternativet att singla slant för att avgöra vem som är barn eller vuxen. Det som behövs för beslutsanalysen är antaganden och/eller skattningar på åldersfördelningen av ensamkommande som åldersbedöms samt skattning för de olika metoderna på hur stor sannolikheten är att en person bedöms som vuxen givet den faktiska åldern. Vidare krävs en kvantifiering av nyttan för en felklassificering av en vuxen, då en felklassificering av ett barn antas ge lägst nytta och en korrekt klassificering antas ge högst nytta. Åldersfördelningen av ensamkommande som åldersbedöms antas här bestå av en kombination av två likformiga och kontinuerliga fördelningar, där intervallen är 15-18 år (barn) respektive 18-21 år (vuxna). Två nyttomodeller undersöks, en diskret som endast tar hänsyn till om individen är barn eller vuxen samt en kontinuerlig linjär nyttomodell som tar hänsyn till åldersskillnaden från 18-årsgränsen vid en felklassificering. De genomförda analyserna demonstrerar hur ramverket kan användas i praktiken. Givet de antaganden som gjorts är slutsatsen att det alternativ som ger högst förväntad nytta i stor utsträckning beror på prevalensen (andelen vuxna) tillsammans med hur nyttan för en felklassificerad vuxen värderas. Oavsett värdering, vid prevalens nära 0 bör alla bedömas som barn, för att när prevalensen ökar ersättas ersättas av en metod som i stor utsträckning klassificerar barn korrekt, när prevalensen ökar ytterligare ersättas av en metod som i större utsträckning klassificerar vuxna korrekt och slutligen när prevalensen är nära 1 bör alla bedömas som vuxna. A framework for a decision analysis method that is based on the principle of maximization of the expected utility regarding alternatives of age assessment for unaccompanied asylum seekers is here presented. Using the framework, different methods (dental, knee joint, hand wrist and the method used by The National Board of Forensic Medicine (RMV) that combines the methods for dental och knee joint) for medical age assessment are compared. These methods are further compared with three benchmark alternatives, (i) to trust the age given by the unaccompanied asylum seeker which results that all are considered to be children, (ii) to consider all the unaccompanied asylum seekers as adults and (iii) the absurd alternative to flip a coin to decide who is a child or an adult. For the decision analysis, assumptions and/or estimates for the age distribution of the unaccompanied refugees are needed and estimates for the different methods regarding how probably it is to be considered an adult given the actual age. The outcome of a child that is incorrectly classified is assumed to give the lowest utility and a correct classification (both children and adult) is assumed to give the highest utility. The utility of the outcome of an adult that is incorrectly classified as a child needs to be quantified. The age distribution of unaccompanied refugee, considered for age assessment is here assumed to be a combination of two continuous uniform distributions, with the interval 15-18 years (child) and 18-21 years (adult). Two utility models are examined, a discrete model that only consider if the individual is a child or an adult and a continuously linear utility model that consider the age difference from 18 years given an incorrect classification. The analyzes carried out demonstrates how the framework can be used in practice. Given the assumptions that are made the conclusion is that the alternative that gives the highest expected utility depends on the prevalence (proportion of adults) together with the valuation of the utility for an incorrect classified adult. Regardless of the valuation, when the prevalence is close to 0 all should be considered to be children, when the prevalence increases should be replaced with a method that largely classifies children correct when the prevalence is further increased should be replaced with a method that largely classifies adults correct and finally, when the prevalence is close to 1 all should be considered as adults.

The aim of this study is to map the municipalities’ public health supervision regarding apartments which is rent to persons who have a residence permit (previous asylum seekers). Municipalities were selected by using statistics over numbers of residence permit which were obtained from the Swedish Migration Agency. To find out how the municipalities works with supervision on this type of apartments, a survey was sent to the concerned municipalities. The result of the study was that 8 of 64 municipalities operate supervision on this type of apartments. To operate this kind of public health supervision the municipalities can e.g. use The Public Health Agency of Sweden’s supervisory guidance as a tool. Even though there are supervisory guidance, which can be used to operate public health supervision, there were municipalities who considered it insufficient.Which may be due to the fact that The Public Health Agency of Sweden does not have a specific supervisory guidance for apartments which is rent to persons who have a residence permit (previous asylum seekers). To make public health supervision on this type of apartments more efficient, the municipalities should cooperate with stakeholders e.g. Social Services Department and the Swedish Migration Agency to easily find this type of apartments. To make the supervision more effective, one can look after the good examples like the eight municipalities, among other things like send out letter with a prebooked date and the aim of the supervision to the real estate owner, operate supervision in project form, using checklist when operating supervision.

Under 2016 var över 65 miljoner människor på flykt världen över. Personer som flyr har en ökad risk för ohälsa och för att hantera den nya situationen beskrivs värdet i att ha fritid och engagera sig i aktiviteter, då fritiden är en central del av livet under ungdomstiden. Studiens syfte var att undersöka vilka aktiviteter som unga vuxna, nu boende i Sverige på grund av flykt, utövar på fritiden samt hur dessa aktiviteter upplevs. Data samlades in genom 18 aktivitetsdagböcker och sex intervjuer. Insamlad data analyserades genom deskriptiv kvantitativ analys och deskriptiv kvalitativ analys. Resultatet visade att deltagarna till största del (59%) skattade fritiden som “extremt meningsfull” och “meningsfull”. Möjligheten till självbestämmande och den sociala miljön hade inverkan på upplevd meningsfullhet av fritid. Exempel på aktiviteter som genomfördes mest på fritiden var att spela fotboll, spela spel och religiösa aktiviteter. Vilka aktiviteter som utfördes samt den mängd fritid deltagarna hade varierade beroende på hur varje individ såg på sin fritid. Upplevelsen av aktivitet och fritid är subjektiv och påverkar vilket värde aktiviteten har för individen. In 2016, more than 65 million people were refugees for reasons of feared persecution, conflict, violence etc. Refugees have an increased risk of decreased health, and for them to handle their new situation, it is important to engage in activities. Leisure is an important part of life during adolescence and the aim of this study was to investigate what activities young adults who had fled to Sweden performed in their leisure time and how these activities were experienced. Data was collected through 18 activity diaries and six interviews. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive quantitative analysis and descriptive qualitative analysis. The results showed that the participants mostly (59%) perceived their leisure activities as "extremely meaningful" or "meaningful". The ability of self-determination and the social context had impacts on the perceived meaningfulness of leisure. Examples of activities that were performed most in leisure time were playing football, playing games, and religious activities. The amount of leisure and the activities that were performed in leisure time varied depending on how each individual perceived their leisure. The perception of activity and leisure is subjective and affects the value of each activity for the individual.

I denna kvalitativa studie intervjuas sex flyktingguider som deltar i projektet Flyktingguide i Falu kommun. Studien syftar till att se vilken betydelse projektet haft för flyktingguiderna samt att utifrån deras perspektiv få förslag på hur man kan förbättra projektet för en ökad integration. Resultatet som framkommer i denna studie visar på att flyktingguiderna känner en tillfredsställelse av att kunna hjälpa flyktingar, att de finner att projektet Flyktingguide bidrar till integration i längden, samt att projektet har utvecklingspotential. Genom intervjuerna målades det upp en bild av många lyckade möten över kulturgränserna där respondenterna uttryckt allt ifrån att de fått nya sociala nätverk i form av vänner, så väl som känslan av att ha fått en helt ny familjemedlem. In this qualitative study, six refugee guides are interviewed as participants of the Refugee Guide project in the municipality of Falun. The study aims at seeing the importance of the project for the refugee guides and, from their perspective, suggesting ways to improve the project for increased integration. The results found in this study show that the refugee guides feel a sense of satisfaction, that they find that the Refugee Guide project contributes to long-term integration and that the project has development potential. Through the interviews, there was a picture of many successful meetings across the cultural borders where respondents expressed everything from gaining new social networks in the form of friends as well as the feeling of getting a whole new family member.

This thesis examines the migration policy changes that were adopted by the European Union during the so called ‘refugee crisis’ 2014-2016 and problematises the discourses that were deployed by EU policy makers. It builds the method and theoretical framework around Vivien Schmidt’s discursive institutionalism, and complements it with constructivist conceptual theories around discourses that are identified through the researched empirical material. The primary material is to a large extent based upon official documents from the EU such as regulations and communications, but also includes speeches from officials such as Jean Claude Juncker (President of the Commission), Donald Tusk (President of the Council) and Martin Schulz (President of the European Parliament). The findings are comprised of discourses that can all be connected to the EU imaginary. The thesis also concludes that there has been a continuation of the securitisation of migration during the ‘refugee crisis’ as well as a normalisation of this discourse. In regards to the communicative and coordinative skills of the EU actors, it becomes clear that the former still is problematic, whilst the coordinative discourses have increased the cooperation within the EU institutions during the time period studied.

The study is based on a qualitative case study and is based on a social science perspective. The method of study is a comparative study; content analysis focused on document analysis. Interest is based on examining local basic policy programs for integration, as integration has become more noticeable in recent years, and has become increasingly important for science. The survey will be based on Ager and Strang's framework "good integration". Under the analysis section, various regulations, local action programs and tasks will be understood and explained from different criteria, based on the perspective of integration. The theoretical framework for "good integration" as proven to be very useful, and a high explanation factor. In summary, the analysis shows that the action programs for Malmö and Umeå, differ between each other, in relation to the framework for "good integration". The action Programs in the municipality of Malmö, complies with 3 of 4 categories in the theoretical framework. The categories fulfilled are Employment, Education and Housing. The action programs within the municipality of Umeå however, fulfill only one category; Employment. Both Malmö and Umeå’s action programs demonstrate differences and similarities against "good integration". Accordingly, Umeå's action program has more deficiencies in relation to the criteria for "good integration", in comparison with Malmö's action program. The conclusion is that Malmö's basic policy documents, at a local level; for integration, can be explained to more conditions for a successful integration, in comparison with Umeå's policy documents. However, something that both Malmö and Umeå should focus on is what the analysis showed for the category Health; develop policy documents for dissemination of information, which should include, inter alia and languages other than Swedish, to create conditions that achieve successful integration, according to the framework of "good integration".

During the refugee crises in Sweden 2015, it became clear that there are several disadvantages with the Swedish reception system. It is well known that refugees and other immigrants are not distributed equally among the country's municipalities. An even distribution is important for a successful reception and integration according to the Swedish Authorities and Regions. The purpose of this paper is to analyze what factors could be the reason for an uneven distribution of refugees in Sweden. To analyze the question, secondary data is used from 2006 to 2015 in order to make pooled regressions and Least Squares Dummy Variable (LSDV) models. Different data is collected that may be related to the dependent variable of new arrivals per capita based on previous studies and theories. In addition, we are aware that there are more aspects that can affect the municipal reception but cannot be measured in this study. The study found that the following investigated variables are associated with the number of arrivals received in a municipality. It was shown that the percentage of former foreign-born in the municipality had a positive correlation with the proportion of new arrivals and it also suggested that these new arrivals settle in areas with others from similar backgrounds. An unexpected result was the percentage of seniors in a community that affects the dependent variable positively. Additionally, the average income in a municipality shows a negative correlation, whereby this result could be explained from people with similar incomes living in similar areas. The study also analyzed the education level of people which shows a negative relationship that can be justified in a similar way. It was also found that unemployment affects new arrivals positively but the results are not clear. It was found that housing deficits have a negative relationship with the dependent variable, whilst housing surplus has a positive correlation which was expected. Countryside municipalities show a positive result that is statistically significant and the metropolitan municipality has a negative impact, however this result is not statistically significant. As for political power, this does not show any connection with the dependent variable on new arrivals. It can be explained by using the median voter theorem which explains how the parties attract the greatest number of voters. Keywords: Refugee policy, Refugee, Municipality, Regression analysis. Under flyktingkrisen i Sverige 2015 blev det påtagligt att det finns brister i det svenska mottagningssystemet, det uppmärksammades att nyanlända inte fördelas jämnt mellan landets kommuner. En jämn fördelning är enligt Sveriges kommuner och landsting (SKL) viktig för ett lyckat mottagande och integration. Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka frågan: ”Vad kan den ojämna fördelningen av nyanlända mellan landets kommuner bero på?” För att analysera frågeställningen används i uppsatsen sekundärdata mellan 2006–2015, metoden som används är poolade regressioner och minsta kvadratdummyvariabel (LSDV) modellen. Data samlas över sådana variabler som bör ha ett samband med den beroende variabeln nyanlända/capita utifrån tidigare studier samt teorier. Utöver valda variabler är vi medvetna om att det finns fler saker som kan påverka kommuners mottagande men som inte mäts i denna studie. Studien finner att ett antal av de undersökta variablerna har ett samband med antalet nyanlända som mottages i en kommun. Andel tidigare utlandsfödda i kommunen har ett positivt samband med andel nyanlända vilket kan bero på att många nyanlända bosätter sig i områden där det finns personer med liknande bakgrund. Medelinkomsten i en kommun visar sig ha ett negativt samband till den beroende variabeln vilket möjligen beror på att personer med liknande inkomst bosätter sig i liknande områden. Utbildningsnivå är också negativt relaterat till andel nyanlända som mottages i en och kan motiveras på liknande sätt som medelinkomst. Andel pensionärer i en kommun har ett positivt samband med den beroende variabeln vilket är ett oväntat resultat. Arbetslöshet har också ett positivt samband med andelen nyanlända men resultaten är otydliga. Bostadsunderskott har ett negativt samband med den beroende variabeln medan bostadsöverskott har ett positivt samband vilket var väntat. Landsbygdskommuner visar ett positivt samband som är statistiskt säkerställt, storstadskommun har ett negativt samband men resultatet är inte signifikant. Politiskt styre visar inte något samband till den beroende variabeln nyanlända per capita vilket kan förklaras med hjälp av medianväljarteoremet. Nyckelord: Flyktingmottagande, nyanlända, kommuner, regressionsanalys.

De senaste åren har flyktingströmmen till Sverige ökat då många människor sökt asyl i landet. Flyktingar som fått permanent uppehållstillstånd i Sverige har påbörjat en krävande integrations- och etableringsprocess. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att utifrån ett salutogent perspektiv utforska flyktingars upplevelser av att etablera sig i Sverige. Data insamlades via semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem deltagare som var inskrivna på en arbetsförberedande verksamhet. Materialet analyserades med Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Fem teman identifierades: Hantering, Aktivitet och sysselsättning, Förståelse, Drivkraft och motivation till livet i Sverige och Den sociala kontakten. Resultatet diskuterades i relation till Antonovskys Känsla Av Sammanhang (KASAM), Locus of control och tidigare forskning. Förslag på åtgärder vid olika etableringsinsatser var att flyktingar bör få tillgång till sociala sammanhang genom sysselsättning och svenska språkstudier samt att flyktingars värdegrunder bör utforskas för att kunna finna deras drivkrafter i vardagen. Slutsatsen var att trygghet och social gemenskap krävs för flyktingar, och när de behoven är tillgodosedda skapas en mottaglighet för utveckling vilket därigenom ökar välbefinnande och hälsa. During recent years the influx of refugees has increased in Sweden where many individuals have applied for asylum in the country. Refugees that have received permanent residence permits in Sweden have begun demanding integration and establishment processes. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore through a salutogenic perspective refugees experiences of settling in a new country. Data was collected using semistructured interviews with five participants registered in a job preparatory organization. The material was analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Five themes were identified: Manageability, Activity and Occupation, Comprehensibility, Incentive and Motivation for a life in Sweden and Social contact. The results were discussed in relation to Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence (SOC), Locus of control and previous research. Proposals for interventions in the establishment process were to let refugees receive access to social contexts through occupation and Swedish language studies and to explore the value-systems among refugees in order to find their life incentives. The conclusion was that security and social community are necessary for refugees, and when those needs are accommodated a receptability for development is formed which increases health and well-being as a result.

Problem The recent large influx of refugees to Sweden has contributed to major societal challenges. One of these challenges is a refugee child's multicultural background and lack of Swedish language skills. Preschools in Sweden have during a short period of time received a large number of children coming to take part in the activities with an absence of the Swedish language. Whether there are preparations for this and if adequate methods are implemented will be the central focus of this study, based on nine preschool teacher’s perceptions of their knowledge of handling the challenges faced, when dealing with the language development of refugee children. TheoryMy hypothesis is that the preschool teacher’s perceives it difficult to create sufficient conditions for refugee children to acquire the Swedish language. These difficulties may involve lack of both teacher’s experience and knowledge of difficulties and obstacles during the refugee child’s initial period in a new country, as well as resources. In order to examine the relevance of this hypothesis, theories of language development and learning are used, along with previous research studies related to the area. As a theoretical base, Vygotskij’s theory of language, culture and learning is chosen.Method To acquire answers to my questions, I chose to distribute a questionnaire with eleven questions to ten preschool teachers in four kindergartens in southern Sweden, which was combined with a brief dialogue with each respondent answering the questionnaire.

Inledning: Behovet av traumabehandling till flyktingar har ökat. Psykoterapeuten blir vittne till berättelser som handlar om lidande, rädsla och smärta. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur psykoterapeuter upplever sitt arbete med behandling av krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar. Frågeställningar: 1. Hur upplever psykoterapeuter arbetet med krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar? 2. Använder sig psykoterapeuter av bemästringsstrategier för att hantera sina upplevelser i arbetet med krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar? Om så är fallet, vilka? Metod: Kvalitativ metod med fenomenologisk, deskriptiv ansats valdes. Fem psykoterapeuter som arbetar med krigs- och tortyrskadade flyktingar intervjuades. Resultat: Studiens resultat har en manifest del och en latent del. ”Att pendla mellan vanmakt och skapande förändring” är ett tema som representerar det underliggande, latenta budskapet, d.v.s. det som sägs ”mellan raderna” och representerar den röda tråd som finns i samtliga intervjuer. Det manifesta resultatet visar att terapeuterna upplever sitt arbete som ett privilegium och som betungande. Terapeuterna använder medvetna bemästringsstrategier för att hantera känslomässig stress. Diskussion: Terapeuternas beskrivning av sitt arbete med krigs- och tortyrskadade stämmer väl överens med tidigare forskning. Terapeuternas upplevelse av sitt arbete kan förstås genom begreppen motöverföring, projektiv identifikation, vikarierande traumatisering, sekundär traumatisk stress och posttraumatic growth. Introduction: The need for trauma treatment for refugees has increased. The psychotherapist testifies to stories that concern suffering, fear and pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate how psychotherapists experience their work in dealing with war and torture injured refugees. Research questions: How do psychotherapists experience the work of war and torture injured refugees? Are psychotherapists using coping strategies to handle their experiences in the work of war and torture-injured refugees? If so, which? Method: Qualitative method with phenomenological, descriptive approach was chosen. Five psychotherapists working with war and torture injured refugees were interviewed. Results: ”Oscillating between powerlessness and creative change" is a theme that represents the underlying latent message, what is said "between the lines" and represents the red thread found in all the interviews. The manifest results show that the therapists experience their work as a privilege and as burdensome. The therapists use conscious coping strategies to deal with emotional stress. Discussion: The therapists' description of their work on war and torture injured is in line with previous research. Therapists' experience of their work can be understood by the concepts of transference, projective identification, vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress and posttraumatic growth.

Ohälsa bland nyanlända barn och segregation i mottagarlandet är ett folkhälsoproblem. Den stressfyllda situation som immigrerade barn lever i gör dem extra utsatt för en rad psykosociala problem och de har generellt sämre hälsa än barn som bor i landet. Barn som flyr ensamma har sämre hälsa än barn som har familjen med sig. Under år 2015 var flyktingströmmarna mot Sverige stor och de flesta barn som började i skolan var asylsökande från utomeuropeiska länder. Integrationen av nyanlända barn möter hinder i form av segregerade skolor, kulturella krockar och svenska språket. Många skolsjuksköterskor har erfarenhet av att arbeta med nyanlända barn men det fanns lite forskning i ämnet, och ingen forskning om skolsjuksköterskans perspektiv. Syftet med studien är att få kunskap om vad som främjar hälsa och integration för nyanlända barn i skolan utifrån skolsjuksköterskans perspektiv. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med en semistrukturerad intervju av sju skolsjuksköterskor i Mellansverige år 2015. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys valdes som metod. Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier: 1. Vikten av ett bra mottagande. 2. Skolsjuksköterskan står för en helhetssyn. 3. Att kunna bli en del av svenska samhället. Skolsjuksköterskans arbete består till största delen av förebyggande arbete och då framförallt vaccinering av nyanlända barn. Jämlikhet i hälsa är framträdande i skolsjuksköterskornas arbete. Skolsjuksköterskan tycker det är viktigt att inge förtroende och ha bra relationer till nyanlända barn. Det som främjar integrationen i skolan är skolklasstillhörighet, kamrater, stöd av studiehandledare i modersmål och att barnet hamnar på rätt nivå i sin utbildning. Skolsjuksköterskans kunskap och kompetens är dåligt utnyttjad i skolan, trots att hennes kunskap om vad som främjar hälsa och integration för nyanlända barn stämmer överens med den forskning som finns. Poor health among newly arrived children and segregation in the host country is a public health problem. The stressful situation that immigrant children live in makes them extra vulnerable to a range of psychosocial problems and they generally have worse health than children who already live in the country. Unaccompanied refugee minors have worse health than children who have family with them. In 2015 the flow of refugees to Sweden was large and most children who started school were asylum seekers from non-European countries. The integration of newly arrived children faces barriers in the form of segregated schools, cultural boundaries and Swedish language. Many school nurses have experience of working with newly arrived children, but there is little research done about the topic and no research from the school nurses perspective. The aim of this study is to get knowledge of what promotes health and the integration of newly arrived children in schools from the perspective of school nurses. Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interview with seven school nurses in the mid-region of Sweden year 2015. Qualitative content analysis was selected as the method. The analysis resulted in three main categories: 1. The importance of a good reception. 2. The school nurse stands for a holistic approach. 3. To be able to become a part of Swedish society. The school nurse's work was mainly preventive and especially focused on vaccinating newly arrived children. Health equity was the focus in the school nurses ‘work. The school nurse builds trustful relationship with the newly arrived children. The health promoting integration was school class belonging, peers, supported by educational culture brokers and the child ended up at the right level in its education. The school nurse's knowledge and expertise is poorly used in school even though her knowledge of what promotes health and integration of newly arrived children is consistent with the existing research.

Denna studie sker med bakgrund av den flyktingsituation som uppstod i världen under 2015 och som kom att kallas den värsta flyktingkatastrofen sedan andra världskriget. Många länder i Europa, Sverige inkluderat, upplevde ett ökat antal asylsökande under denna period och detta blev föremål för en intensiv mediabevakning och en rad politiska åtgärder. Syftet med denna uppsats är att kritiskt granska hur flyktingar och flyktingmigrationen till Sverige under hösten 2015 konstrueras genom den offentliga diskursen som förekommer i svensk nyhetsrapportering. Syftet är även att undersöka hur dessa konstruktioner kan komma att skapa en bild av människor på flykt som ”den andre”. Detta kommer göras genom att undersöka på vilket sätt flyktingmigrationen framställs i Aftonbladet med utgångspunkt i två av de politiska beslut som togs 2015, nämligen införandet av ID-och gränskontroller. Detta har gjorts genom en kvalitativ textanalys med hjälp av en perspektivanalys. Två perspektiv kunde identifieras i de undersökta artiklarna, Hot-perspektivet, där flyktingmigrationen till Sverige framsälldes som ett hot mot Sverige och den svenska välfärden, och Humanitetperspektivet, som fungerade som ett motperspektiv till Hot-perspektivet där Hot-perspektivets problemformulering ifrågasätts och den problematiska situationen anses vara att i och med de politiska besluten om att begränsa antalet asylsökande hotas flyktingars grundläggande mänskliga rättigheter. Studien kom fram till att Hot-perspektivet präglas starkt av en nationalstatlig uppfattning med spår av en rasistisk diskurs som bidrar till att sprida en uppdelning mellan ”vi” och ”dem” som i sin tur kan leda till spridandet av en exkluderande inställning gentemot asylsökande. Genom att beskriva flyktingmigrationen som ett hot mot det svenska samhället bidrar perspektivet till att legitimera en mer restriktiv hållning då dessa beslut framstår som rimliga och möjliga. Humanitetperspektivet präglas av en mer global syn som erbjuder en mer inkluderande uppfattning av flyktingar och asylsökande. Genom att lyfta problemformuleringen och placera den problematiska situationen både i och utanför Sverige bidrar Humanitetperspektivet med men mer global syn på flyktingmigrationen som sammanfogar världen till ett mer sammansatt samhälle istället för att se den som uppdelad i nationer.

Bakgrund: Generellt betraktas flyktingar, asylsökande och papperslösa ingå i en sårbar population. Med hänsyn till det ökande antalet asylsökande i Sverige det senaste decenniet, kommer de flesta som arbetar inom hälso- och sjukvård troligen att möta patienter som har en flyktingbakgrund. Många yrkesgrupper i vården saknar däremot kunskaper om migrationens påverkan och vilka rättigheter patienten har. Sjuksköterskor måste ha förmågan att tillgodose patientens såväl fysiska, psykiska, sociala, andliga som kulturella behov, och göra detta på ett kulturellt känsligt sätt. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att vårda flyktingar, asylsökande och papperslösa. Metod: En litteraturöversikt enligt Fribergs metod genomfördes. Arbetet baseras på tolv vetenskapliga artiklar av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod från databaserna CINAHL och PubMed. Efter analys av materialet utkristalliserades teman och subteman. Resultat: Resultatet redogörs i form av två huvudteman med tillhörande subteman. Det första huvudtemat Erfarenheter av hinder i vårdmötet behandlar de olika hindrande faktorer för sjuksköterskan i mötet med patienter som är flyktingar, asylsökande och papperslösa. Det andra huvudtemat Sjuksköterskors känslomässiga reaktioner behandlar de subjektiva känslorna som väckts hos sjuksköterskorna i arbetet med denna patientgrupp. Diskussion: Resultatet tyder på att sjuksköterskorna erfor svårigheter i kommunikationen, samt svårigheter i att vårda på grund av olika syn på hälsa. Stereotypbilder och föreställningar om patienter kunde även förekomma, vilket påverkade vårdandet negativt. Dessa betydande fynd diskuteras i relation till Leiningers teori om transkulturell omvårdnad. Background: In general, refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants are considered to be a vulnerable population. With regards to the increasing number of asylum applicants during the last decade in Sweden, health care staff is likely to encounter individuals with a refugee background. Although, many working in health care have limited knowledge about the effects of migration and legal rights. Nurses are required to have the ability to meet patients’ physical, psychological, social, spiritual as well as cultural needs, and to deliver the care in a culturally sensible way. Aim: The aim of this bachelor’s thesis was to illustrate nurses’ experiences of caring for refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants. Method: A literature review according to Friberg’s method was conducted. Twelve scientific articles of both qualitative and quantitative design are the foundation of this paper. Data was collected from the databases CINAHL and PubMed. Themes and subthemes were then formed after analyses of the material. Results: The results are presented in two main themes along with their subthemes. The first main theme Experiences of obstacles in caring describes various difficulties the nurses encountered while caring for patients who are refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants. The second main theme The nurses’ emotional reactions describes subjective feelings the nurses expressed while working with patients who have this background. Discussion: The results show that nurses experienced difficulties in the communication and difficulties giving care related to different cultural views on health. Stereotyping and bias of patients could also occur among nurses, which affected the care negatively. These consequential findings are discussed in relation to Leininger’s theory of transcultural nursing.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to examine how the swedish newspaper Aftonbladet constructed the discourse of the refugee crisis in Europe during the year 2015. By using a critical discourse analysis of nine articles the study was able to show how the newspaper portrayed the power relationship between the characters. The following questions was examined: How does Aftonbladet construct the refugee crisis as an event? How is the relationships between the characters within the text portrayed? The result showed that there were five different discourse patterns that appeared which constructed the refugee crisis as a problem and a threat for the European Union and the member countries. The relationship between the different characters within the text was embossed by hegemony because the refugees was represented as helpless and the authoritative countries talked about how the refugees affected their everyday life. Therefore Aftonbladet embedded the refugees in archetypes and like they were subordinate to the national states, which lead to a portrayal of the crisis as a international discussion more than a catastrophy for humanity.

Denna studie syftar till att analysera hur flyktingar framställdes i svensk dagspress under perioden 1:a augusti 2015 - 1:a december 2015. Genom ett kvalitativt diskurspsykologiskt angreppssätt med i huvudsak socialkonstruktionistiska utgångspunkter undersöker vi hur språket konstruerar olika framställningar av flyktingar i artiklarna. Det empiriska materialet består av 51 artiklar från svensk dagspress; 17 artiklar från Dagens Nyheter, 17 artiklar från Svenska Dagbladet samt 17 artiklar från Göteborgsposten. Artiklarna har genomgått en tematiserad kodning och analyserats med hjälp av analysverktygen tolkningsrepertoarer och ideologiska dilemman. Resultatet av denna studie visar att flyktingar framställdes utifrån sex olika tolkningsrepertoarer; belastning, kontroll, offer, förmänsklingande, behövande samt hot & rädsla. Tre av dessa tilldelades underkategorier då porträtteringen kunde uppfattas från två olika håll; kontroll delades in i bristande kontroll och den existerande kontrollen och dess förstärkning, förmänsklingande delades upp i engagemang av civilsamhälle och individer och behövande delades in i behov av samhälleliga resurser och behov av humanitära åtgärder. Vi noterade även en motsättning mellan dessa tolkningsrepertoarer, något som kunde tolkas som ideologiska dilemman; repertoarera belastning och behövande, kontroll och humanitet samt hot & rädsla och offer upplevdes vara oförenliga och kunde i vissa fall ses som varandras motsatser. The aim of this study is to analyze how refugees were presented in the Swedish daily press during the period between August 1, 2015 – December 1, 2015. Through a qualitative discursive psychology perspective with mainly a social constructionistic basis, we researched how the use of language creates diffirent presentations of "the refugee" in the articles. The empirical material consists of 51 articles from the Swedish daily press; 17 articles from Dagens Nyheter, 17 articles from Svenska Dagbladet and 17 articles from Göteborgsposten. All of the articles have been coded on a thematised basis and then analyzed through the analythic tools interpretation repertoires and ideological dilemmas. The result showed that refugees was presented on the basis of six different interpretation repertoires; liability, control, victim, humanization, in need and threat & fear. Three of these was also assigned subcategories due to the fact that the presentation could be interpretaded from two different perspectives; control was divided into lack of control and the existing control and its reinforcements, humanization into the commitment of civil society and individuals and in need into in need of community resources and in need of humanitarian measures. Furthermore, we noted a contradiction between some of the interpretation repertoires, which could be interpreted as ideological dilemmas; the repertoires liability and in need, control and humanization and threat & fear and victim could be seen as incompatible because of the opposites in their presentation.

This investigation is about how the Civic Orientation Course within Umeåregionen has been received among newly arrived refugees. The purpose of the essay is to research how the Civic Orientation has worked within the Umeåregion with focus on the municipality of Umeå, with both a perspective of transmitter and receiver. The Civic Orientation Course is a legal right for all refugees between 18-64 years in Sweden and it is an introduction to the Swedish society. To do this, interviews have been done with one Social Consultant from Umeå kommun and three newly arrived refugees. The requirements on interviewed newly arrived refugees have been that they have finished the Civic Orientation course and are over 18 years. To answer the investigation questions; what kind of information and through which communication channels have Umeå kommun addressed their communication to newly arrived refugees, how have the information from Umeå kommun been received among the newly arrived refugees and how cultural and social differences may matter in the receiving of the information, three theories have been used; orientalism by Said, Shannon and Weaver “Model of Communication” and the Encoding/Decoding by Hall. The result shows that language is the largest barrier for newly arrived refugees to interact within the Swedish society, even though it is not the purpose of the Civic Orientation to teach Swedish the course has to give ideas about where interaction can happen with other Swedes. Overall social and cultural experiences have been the purpose to the distance between refugees and Swedes. The interviewed are pleased with the course and the teachers but lack information about how they in certain specific situations are supposed to act in the Swedish society.

Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa barnmorskans upplevelse av att möta flyktingfamiljer på BB.Design: En intervjustudie baserad på enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Omgivning: Två BB-enheter varav en i södra och en i norra Sverige.Deltagare: 10 barnmorskor, varav fem i södra och fem i norra Sverige intervjuades. Samtliga deltagare gav sitt muntliga och skriftliga samtycke till att delta i studien.Resultat: Barnmorskorna upplevde att de hade samma resurser som tidigare trots en ökad arbetsbelastning sedan flyktingkrisen. Vidare upplevde barnmorskorna svårigheter att kommunicera med flyktingarna trots professionell tolk vilket kunde leda till risker inom vården. Det önskades utbildning inom kulturella skillnader samt information och ett fördjupat samarbete med migrationsverket. Barnmorskorna upplevde möten med flyktingar lärorika och spännande samtidigt som det fanns en splittring inom arbetsgruppen vid vård av flyktingar som var svår att hantera. Majoriteten av barnmorskorna ansåg att de kunde ge en ändamålsenlig vård men att flyktingarna behövde få en ökad kunskap om det svenska vårdsystemet.Slutsats: Resultatet visar vikten av utbildning och samarbete. Barnmorskorna måste få bättre kunskap inom kulturella skillnader samt få redskap från arbetsgivaren för återkoppling och återhämtning. Det anses även vara av stor vikt att minska barnmorskornas ökade arbetsbelastning och fler tolkar behövs med bättre tolkkunskaper.Klinisk betydelse: Det behövs mer utbildning bland barnmorskorna för att möta kulturella skillnader på BB-enheter. Vidare anses det vara av stor vikt att barnmorskor får mer resurser i form av tid och mer personal för att minska barnmorskornas ökade arbetsbelastning. Barnmorskorna behöver en mer organiserad återkoppling på arbetsplatsen samt utbildning i hur de ska hantera familjer utsatta för traumatiska händelser. Studien skulle kunna leda till ny kunskap som kan vara ett redskap för att förbättra barnmorskornas arbetssituation samt flyktingfamiljers omhändertagande på BB. Objective: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the midwife experience to meet refugee families in postnatal ward. Design: An interview based on individual semi-structured interviews with qualitative content analysis. Setting: Two maternity units, one in southern and one in northern Sweden. Participants: Ten midwives, five from southern Sweden and five from northern Sweden were interviewed. All participants gave their verbal and written consent to participate in the study. Findings: The midwives experienced that they worked with the same resources as before the refugee crisis despite the increased workload at the maternity unit. Furthermore, the midwives experienced difficulties in communicating with the refugees despite professional interpreter which could cause damage within the given care. The midwives request education in cultural differences and an enhanced information and cooperation with the immigration office. The midwives experienced the meetings with the refugee families as exiting and educational but they had noticed there was a split within the working group about the refugee families that was difficult to handle. The majority of the midwives felt like they could provide the appropriate care but that the refugees needed to get a better knowledge in the Swedish health care system. Key conclusion: The results show the importance of education and cooperation. The midwives must have improved knowledge of cultural differences and get improved ways of feedback and recovery from the employer. It is also considered to be of great importance to reduce the midwives increasing workloads and additional interpreters is needed to receive feasible interpreting skills. Implications for practice: We need more education among midwives to meet the cultural differences in maternity units. Furthermore, it is considered essential that midwives receive more resources in terms of time and more staff to reduce the midwives' workload. The midwives need a more organized feedback in the workplace and training in how to deal with families exposed to traumatic events. The study could generate the new knowledge that can be a tool to improve the midwives work situation and the refugee families’ disposal at prenatal ward.

Denna studie lägger fokus på lärares lärande under en hastig förändring i skolan. Antalet flyktingbarn har ökat under år 2014-2016 vilket givit konsekvenser även i skolorna (Diagrammet bilaga 4; Migrationsverket, 2014; Migrationsverket, 2015; Migrationsverket, 2016a; Migrationsverket, 2016b). Det har blivit högre tryck på skolorna och lärarna där de fått fler elever men även nyinkomna flyktingar. Därför är det intressant att studera lärares hantering av ökat antal nyinkomna flyktingar och ifall de utvecklas yrkesmässigt. Forskningsfrågorna som används är: "Vilka utmaningar ställs lärarna inför på grund av den ökade strömningen av ensamkommande flyktingbarn? Vilka kompetenser har de utvecklat? ". I studien används det teorier om lärande, förändring och kompetens. Lärande eftersom det handlar om lärares lärande, förändring då det skett en förändring och kompetens för att det handlar om lärarnas kompetens och dess utveckling. Sedan relateras studien till fem studier som handlar om olika slag av lärares upplevelser av arbete med flyktingar. Detta är en kvalitativ studie med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där 7 lärare intervjuades. Resultatet har analyserats fram genom en tematisk analys, där det utförts en innehållsanalys. Denna studie är baserad på användningen av den abduktiva forskningsmetoden eftersom jag anser att det behövs både den induktiva och deduktiva forsknings metod. Studien resultera i fyra kategorier av kompetenser som lärarna ansåg är viktiga i arbete med flyktingar, Socialförmåga, planera och prioritera, flexibilitet och didaktik. Dessa kategorier har underkategorier där den första har genuint intresse och lyhördhet, relationskapande och ödmjukhet och förstående. Den andra har inga underkategorier och den tredje har språkutveckling och kulturkompetens samt den fjärde har underkategorin tålmodig och tydlighet. Dessa underkategorier baserades på respondenternas svar, av att vara lyhörd och genuint intresserade för elevernas nuvarande situation likaså om deras bakgrund. Viktigt är det att lyssna in likheter och skillnader i grupperna och fokusera på det mellanmänskliga aspekt när man arbetar med elever speciellt flyktingbarn. Språk- och kulturkompetens var även viktig för att kunna förmedla kunskap. Respondenterna betonade att på grund av tidsbrist är det viktigt att planera så att lektionen medför struktur samt prioritera så att alla får lika mycket hjälp. Viktigt är även flexibilitet eftersom klassen är dynamiskt med stora skillnader i kunskapsnivåer vilket medför en kontinuerlig anpassning. This study focuses on teachers learning during a rapid change in the school. The number of refugee children has increased during the years 2014-2016 which has had consequences in schools (Diagrammet, bilaga 4; Migrationsverket, 2014; Migrationsverket, 2015; Migrationsverket, 2016a; Migrationsverket, 2016b). It has been more pressure on schools and teachers where they have more students but also newly arrived refugees. Therefore, it is interesting to study teachers' handling of the increased number of newly arrived refugees and if they develop professionally. The research questions used are: "What challenges teachers face because of the increased flow of unaccompanied refugee? What skills have they developed? ". The study used the theories of learning, change and skills. Learning as it is about teachers learning, change when there is a change and skills for dealing with teachers' competence and its development. There were found five studies the studies related to the dealing with various kinds of teachers' experiences of work with refugees. This is a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews on 7 teachers. The results were analyzed through thematic analysis, where it conducted a content analysis. This study is based on the use of the abductive research method because this study need both inductive and deductive research method. The study result in four categories of competencies that teachers considered important in the work with refugees, Social Ability, plan and prioritize, flexibility and didactics. These categories have sub categories where the first had genuine interest and responsiveness, relationship-building and humility and understanding. The second have no subcategories while the third have Language Development and cultural competence, the fourth category have patience and clarity. These sub categories were determined based on the respondents answers, of being responsive and genuinely interested in the students' current situation and their background. Important is also to listen the similarities and differences in the groups and focus on the humanitarian aspect when working with students especially children refugee. Language and culture knowledge is as important to be able to convey knowledge. Respondents emphasize that there is often a lack of time and therefore it is important to plan so that the lesson is structured and prioritize so that everyone gets as much help. Important is also flexibility, because the class is dynamic and knowledge levels are uneven which requires continuous adaption.

Based on the Migration Board's statistics report, the number of children that has gone missing within a time interval of 4 years (2010-2014) comprises 1331 children in total, of whom 146 are girls and 1185 are boys. A rising interest about what has happened to those children created a fundamental platform for this thesis. By reading Åkerman’s report from 2012, and the book De förlorade barnen: en rapport by Mikkelsen and Wagner (2013) the curiosity grew deeper. The research questions that were established were divided into three parts. Their aim is to examine which organization or public authority has the main responsibility for asylum seeking children that arrives to Sweden by themselves, if the quality of the reception has changed since the municipalities took over the responsibility, and what is/has been publicly done to strengthen the protection concerning the individual child. The aim of this study is to authentically answer the research questions, using a qualitative text analysis and an implement model. The qualitative textual analysis is primarily based on reports from Gunnarsson (2008), the Cabinet Office (2011), and a report from the National Swedish Board of Health and Welfare published in 2012. Further reports and books are used in order to authenticate the legitimacy of the arguments and facts that is accounted for in this thesis. The implementation model that is used is an implement problem shaped by Pressman and Willdawsky. The model is used in order to force the problems that solemnly appear in this thesis. The conclusion establishes that within the distinctive reports it exists different views, but also similarities. The various texts establish that despite a set of rules and regulations there has been a considerable ambiguity among the involved parties, in who holds the greatest responsibility for the asylum-seeking children. Åkerman claims that when the children arrive in Sweden they stand without any form of social safety net, whereas Gunnarsson (2008), the Cabinet Office report (2011) and the National Swedish Board report (2012) refer to the laws (LMA, SoL).

In this qualitative user evaluation participants in the project refugee guide, Falun, was interviewed about their experience of the project and how the project contributed to their integration into society and establishment on the labor market. The collection of empirical data has been made by six interviews. The results of the evaluation indicate that participants feel that they through the project had the opportunity to meet new people, practice the language and learn about each other's culture. The results also show that participants are satisfied with the project. Some participants expressed a desire to meet with several people at once while others don´t have that need. Furthermore, the interviews shows that establishment on labor market occurred through job placement and not through participation in the project. Integration proved to be a difficult concept to define, but the interviews show that the participants have a perception that it is about learning the Swedish language and culture. I denna kvalitativa brukarutvärdering intervjuas deltagare i projektet Flyktingguide i Falun, om deras upplevelse av projektet och hur projektet bidragit till deras integration i samhället och etablering på arbetsmarknaden. Insamling av empirin har gjorts genom tre individuella och tre gruppintervjuer, i varje gruppintervju deltog två informanter. Resultaten från utvärderingen visar att deltagarna upplever att de, genom projektet fått möjlighet att träffa nya människor, träna på språket samt lära sig om varandras kultur. Resultaten visar även att deltagarna är nöjda med projektet. Vissa deltagare uttrycker en önskan om att träffa flera personer samtidigt medan andra inte uttrycker det behovet. Vidare visar intervjuerna att deltagare i utvärderingen har blivit etablerade på arbetsmarknaden via arbetsförmedling och inte genom deltagande i projektet. Integration visade sig vara ett svårt begrepp att definiera för deltagarna, men intervjuerna visar att deltagarna har en uppfattning om att det handlar om att lära sig det svenska språket och kulturen.

Sweden has traditionally been portrayed as a tolerant and generous country in terms of its migration policy. In conjunction with the increased flow of refugees in 2015 this image of Sweden has slowly but surely come to be questioned. Swedish political parties have raised concerns over the increased number of asylum seekers, and stressed the social, political and economic implications it may have for the Swedish society. This essay examines how Swedish political parties frame the refugee issue, and how these frames can be understood from a security lens. The following questions have been examined; How do Swedish parlamentary parties frame the refugee issue? To what extent is the refugee issue securitized in the Swedish context? What consequences can securitization of the refugee issue have for Swedish citizens’ attitudes to the welcoming of refugees? Two complementary methods are used to analyze the material. In the first step, Faircloughs critical discourse analysis uncover Swedish parliamentary parties frames of the refugee issue. In the second step, the securitization theory is applied in order to relate these refugee portrayals to security. Four central refugee discourses are identified in the material, following are; solidarity, responsibility, identity and expenditures. The essay argues that the refugee issue tends to be framed as a security threat of parties on the right wing of the political spectrum. Parties such as the Moderate Party and the Sweden Democrats have securitized the refugee issue. These parties frame the issue in terms of expenditures and identity, which follow a security rhetoric. The remaining parties show a great concern on the issue, but put emphasis on solidarity and responsibility. Successful securitization has thus not taken place among these parties.

Bakgrund: Barn och ungdomar har immigrerat ensamma i flera decennier. Antalet ensamkommande flyktingbarn har ökat de senaste åren i Europa och främst i länder som Storbritannien, Sverige, Österrike och Norge. År 2008 immigrerade 13 400 barn/ungdomar utan föräldrar till Europa och ca 80 % av dem ansökte asyl. Sverige tog enskilt emot ca 3 578 ensamkommande flyktingbarn år 2012 och det väntas öka de närmsta åren. Det har även rapporterats om att ensamkommande flyktingbarn har en ökad risk för psykisk morbiditet. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga faktorer som inverkar på ensamkommande flyktingbarns psykiska hälsa. Metod: Denna studie är en allmän litteraturstudie baserad på åtta kvantitativa och två kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Fem teman identifierades: Traumatiska upplevelser, Migrationsprocessen, Miljön, Ålder och Genus. Traumatiska upplevelser var den mest övervägande faktorn som bidrog till den ökade risken för utveckling av psykisk ohälsa. Vidare spelade migrationsprocessen och miljön i det nya landet stor roll för dessa barn/ungdomars välbefinnande. Ytterligare identifierade faktorer var kön och ålder. Slutsats: Resultatet i denna litteraturstudie visade på att dessa barn/ ungdomar har råkat ut för olika traumatiska upplevelser och att detta var den största bidragande faktorn till att de hade högre risk att utveckla psykisk ohälsa. Vidare framkom det att migrationsprocessen och miljön i det nya landet bidrog till den ökande risken för att utveckla psykisk ohälsa. Klinisk betydelse: Denna studie ska ge ökad förståelse om ensamkommande flyktingbarns psykiska hälsa och belysa faktorer som inverkar på deras mående. Genom att ha kunskap om dessa faktorer kan sjuksköterskan lättare identifiera dessa barns omvårdnadsbehov. Background: Children and young adolescents have been immigrating alone for decades. However the number of unaccompanied refugee children has increased in recent years in Europe, mainly in countries such as Britain, Sweden, Austria and Norway. In 2008, 13.400 children and young adolescents, immigrated without their parents to Europe and about 80% of them applied for asylum. Sweden alone received about 3,578 unaccompanied refugee children in 2012 and it is expected to increase in coming years. It has also been reported that unaccompanied refugee children have an increased risk of psychiatric morbidity. Aims: The aim of this study was to highlight factors affecting unaccompanied refugee children's mental health. Method: This study is a literature review based on eight quantitative and two qualitative studies. Results: Five themes were identified: Traumatic experiences, the Migration Process, Environment, Age and Gender. Traumatic experiences were the most predominant factor that contributed to the increased risk of developing mental illness. Furthermore the migration process and the environment in the new country had a big impact on these children/adolescents well-being. Additional identified factors were gender and age. Conclusion: The result of this study showed that these children / adolescents have suffered from various traumatic experiences highly contributing to an increased risk of developing mental illness. It was also found that the migration process and the environment in the new country contributed to the increased risk of developing mental illness. Clinical significance: This study can provide a better understanding of unaccompanied refugee children's mental health and illuminate the factors affecting their psychological well-being. Having knowledge of these factors, may help the nurses to identify these children's care needs.

1 252 unaccompanied refugee children have disappeared in Sweden since 2007. These children have never been found. Nearly one unaccompanied refuge child disappears per day. This happens during the time they are within the Swedish authorities' responsibility. This thesis uses the framing theory of the mass media regarding the missing unaccompanied refugee children and what the mass media considers to be the cause of their disappearance, the moral aspects of the articles and the solutions to the problem. The study uses a qualitative content analysis to explore the framing theory and the agenda of the mass media to answer the research questions of the thesis. A quantitative analyze has been implemented to present how many articles there are that gets written regarding the missing unaccompanied refugee children. The material used in this thesis is a complete selection of the daily newspapers from Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen, Svenska dagbladet as well as the two newspapers Sydsvenskan and Göteborgs-Posten. The material includes 71 articles that where published from 1st of January 2007 and 1st of April 2015. Thus the material consists of 71 articles from an eight-year period. Nearly one unaccompanied refuge child disappears per day in Sweden while the mass media publishes eight articles a year about this matter. The results of this thesis indicate that the missing unaccompanied refugee children do not get much attention in the agenda of the mass media. The results also show that the reason why these unaccompanied children may disappear while they are within the responsibility of the Swedish authorities is that there is no one who cares about them. Neither the authorities, journalists nor the citizens. 1 252 ensamkommande flyktingbarn i Sverige har försvunnit sedan 2007. Dessa barn har aldrig återfunnits. Det försvinner nästintill ett ensamkommande barn om dagen i Sverige under tiden de är under svenska myndigheters ansvar. I denna uppsats analyseras massmedias gestaltning kring de försvunna ensamkommande flyktingbarnen, vad massmedia anser vara orsaken till att de försvinner, hur de moraliska aspekterna presenteras i artiklarna samt vilka lösningar på problemet som framläggs i media. Studien använder sig av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att analysera gestaltnings teorin samt massmedias dagordningsmakt i uppsatsen material samt för att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar. En kvantitativ analys har även används för att presentera hur pass många artiklar som skrivs kring de försvunna ensamkommande flyktingbarnen. Materialet är ett totalurval från dagstidningarna Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen, Svenska Dagbladet samt ytterligare två tidningar Sydsvenskan och Göteborgs-Posten. Materialet består av 71 artiklar och dessa artiklar är publicerade mellan 1 januari 2007 till 1 april 2015. Materialet består därmed av 71 artiklar från en åtta års period. Det försvinner nästan ett ensamkommande flyktingbarn per dag i Sverige och massmedia skriver Åtta artiklar per år om detta, det innebär att varje tidning skriver 1,4 artiklar var per år. Uppsatsens resultat visar att problemet med de försvunna ensamkommande flyktingbarnen inte får stor plats i massmedias dagordning. Resultatet visar även att orsaken till att dessa ensamkommande flyktingbarn kan försvinna under tiden som de är under svenska myndigheters ansvar är att ingen verkar bry sig. Varken myndigheter, journalister eller medborgare.

Bakgrund: Det finns 45 miljoner flyktingar i världen. Många flyktingar har svåra upplevelser bakom sig som kan påverka hälsan och de skattar sin hälsa som dålig. Flyktingar möter många hinder när de söker vård. Trots grundläggande rättigheter om bästa uppnåeliga hälsa för alla är vården för flyktingar godtycklig. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva flyktingars erfarenheter av hälso-och sjukvård. Metod: Kvalitativa resultat ur sex kvalitativa och tre mixed-methodstudier kvalitetsgranskades, analyserades och sammanställdes. Sökningar av artiklar gjordes i databaserna PubMed, SocIndex och CINAHL. Manuella sökningar genomfördes även. Resultat: Flyktingar hade olika erfarenheter kring vårdpersonalens bemötande och tillgången till vård. Fyra kategorier identifierades: svårigheter att få vård, kulturkrockar, diskriminerad samt respektfullt bemött. Inom dessa kategorier beskrivs kommunikationssvårigheter, rädsla för deportation, att bli lyssnad på och ekonomiska hinder som faktorer som påverkade vården. Slutsats: Flyktingar upplever att det är svårt att få vård samt att de får sämre vård än medborgare. Resultatet visar att kunskapen om bemötandet av flyktingar behöver utvecklas. Sjuksköterskor kan arbeta för att förbättra flyktingars erfarenhet av vården. Background: There are 45 million refugees in the world. Many refugees have traumatic experiences that might affect their health and their self-rated health is generaly poor. Refugees encounter many obstacles when they seek care. Despite the fundamental rights of highest attainable standard of health for all people, healthcare for refugees is inconsistent. Purpose: The purpose of this literature review was to examine the refugees’ healthcare experiences. Method: Qualitative results from six qualitative and three mixed-method studies were reviewed for quality, analyzed and summarized. Searches of articles were made in the databases PubMed, SocIndex and CINAHL. Manual searches were also conducted. Results: Refugees had different experiences regarding their treatment by health professionals and in their access to healthcare. Four categories were identified: difficulties in accessing care, cultural clashes, discriminated and respectfully treated. Within these communication difficulties, fear of deportation, being listened to and economic barriers were described as factors that affected the care. Conclusion: Refugees experience difficulties getting care and recieve worse care than citizens. The results show that knowledge around the treatment of refugees needs to be developed. Nurses can work to improve refugees’ experiences of healthcare.

According to the immigration service forecasts Sweden faces large refugee influxes in the coming years. This means that educators in the kindergarten, preschool and school, will meat children from the war torn countries. In this study, the purpose is to find out the educators different conceptions of war-affected refugee children, because my theory is that their beliefs influence their actions. I wanted to get answers to their beliefs about the difficulties or challengers that children and educators may be faced with. Furthermore, I wanted to know what educators envisioned about their own role’s importance to the war affected refugee children and their perceptions of the Swedish culture, environment, language and school. All children have the right to go to school and usually begin refugee children in preparatory classes, but when one is six years you start directly in preschool. Internationalization requires people for them to see the values of diversity and raising awareness around a common cultural heritage. Performances means to understand the world and to embrace the world in different ways. The view of other people is deeply rooted within us and is influenced by the traditions we carry with us from teaching and education. In my study, I used qualitative interviews in the meeting with the four educators. In the study there is a research study which deals with relevant literature for my study. Educator’s perceptions showed that communications problems, not having a common language, don’t have a knowledge of what the kids have been through, cultural differences, which requires mutual understanding it was seen as a major difficulty. Their knowledge and ideas based on experience, there was no training how to actively work with war affected refugee children. In summery, I can’t make any conclusions about my theory that beliefs affect their behaviours, but about the need for a little extra commitment about these children, such as to convey security in different ways were considered important as the performances was that there are children who have had a hard time. Their beliefs about war-affected refugee children reflects the need for more knowledge in the form of further education.

Background and aim: The number of refugees and unaccompanied children are increasing in Sweden and these people belong to one of the groups that are at higher risk for developing suicidal behavior. At the same time the lack of research on the subject is mentioned several times by different sources. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate suicidal behavior among young refugees between the ages 13 to 18 years in Sweden, from personnel experiences in social services. Method: We have chosen a qualitative approach with seven narrative interviews that each lasted for about one hour and were recorded. The interview guide was semi structured. The respondents in this study consist of one student counselor, workers from two child psychiatry departments and four different residential care homes for unaccompanied children and young persons. Results and conclusions: The respondents had the understanding that young refugees have been through a lot, lost their families and experienced difficult traumas and a tough refuge. The result from the collected data showed that the personnel thought the cause of the suicidal behavior is the long wait during the asylum process, the trauma they have experienced and lack of social networks. Suicidal behaviors among the young refugees were often thoughts and suicide attempts with pills, through self-starving, hanging, or cutting themselves. We have noticed an opinion that a connection between being a refugee and suicide is possible and that a shorter asylum process might help reduce the suicidal behavior among young refugees., Bakgrund och syfte: Antalet flyktingar och ensamkommande barn ökar i Sverige och dessa människor tillhör en av de grupper som löper större risk att utveckla självmordsbeteende. Samtidigt nämns bristen på forskning inom ämnet av olika källor. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka självmordsbeteende bland unga flyktingar i åldern 13 och 18 år i Sverige, från personals upplevelser i sociala verksamheter. Metod: Vi har valt en kvalitativ ansats med sju narrativa intervjuer, ungefär en timme långa vardera och bandinspelade med diktafon. Intervjuguiden var semistrukturerad. Respondenterna i denna studie utgörs av en kurator, personal från två avdelningar inom barnpsykiatrin (BUP) och fyra olika hem för vård eller boende (HVB-hem) för ensamkommande barn och ungdomar. Resultat och slutsatser: Intervjupersonerna hade uppfattningen att unga flyktingar har gått igenom mycket, förlorat sina familjer och erfarit svåra trauman och en besvärlig flykt till Sverige. Resultatet från insamlad data visade att personalen trodde att orsaken till självmordsbeteende är den långa väntan under asylprocessen, det trauma som de har upplevt och brist på socialt nätverk. Självmordsbeteende bland unga flyktingar var ofta tankar och självmordsförsök genom tabletter, självsvält, hängning eller genom att skära sig. Vi har uppmärksammat respondenters åsikter om att en koppling mellan självmord och att vara flykting är möjlig och att en kortare asylprocess kan bidra till att minska självmordsbeteende bland unga flyktingar.

Vår studie undersöker tolkens betydelse i kommunikationen mellan handledare på HVB och ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Vi fokuserade främst på möjligheter och brister som finns i tolkning idag, men även för att kunna förbättra handledarnas arbetssätt med barnen. Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ studie där vi har intervjuat fyra tolkar och fyra handledare på HVB. För att analysera vårt resultat har vi använt oss av tre kommunikationsmodeller och Habermas teori om det kommunikativa handlandet. Modellerna har använts för att förklara specifika tolkningssituationer mellan barnen och handledare, och Habermas teori har vi använt för att förklara tolkningen utifrån samhället. I studien framkommer det att tolkningen ger goda möjligheter för att skapa en kommunikation mellan två individer. De största bristerna är att det saknas tolkar i vissa språk och att det blir fel i dialekter. Många av handledarna menar att tolkarnas kompetens är bristfällig och att tolkarna behöver vidareutbilda sig. Det framkommer även att många upplever att det är en fördel om tolken har kunskap om kultur och samhällen för att kunna överbrygga mellan barn och handledare. I tolkningen förekommer sällan känslomässiga samtal och att det är individuellt om barnet vill visa sina känslor vilket beror på vilket förtroende de har till tolk och handledare. Det finns mycket att förbättra inom tolkningen och det saknas riktlinjer kring hur man ska genomföra tolkning. Our study investigates the interpreter´s significance in the communication between assistants at residential care homes and unaccompanied refugeechildren. We had our focus mainly on the possibilities and the deficiencies that are in interpreting today, but also to improve the assistants’ way of working with the children. We have implemented a qualitative study where we have interviewed four interpreters and four assistants at residential care homes. To analyze our results we have used three communication models and Habermas´ theory of communicative action. The models were used for explaining specific situations with interpreters between assistants and children, and we used Habermas´ theory to explain interpreting by society. The study reveals that interpreting gives good possibilities to create a communication between two individuals. The largest deficiencies are that there is a lack of interpreters in some languages and there occurs flaws in dialects. A lot of the assistants say that the competences of the interpreters are deficient and that the interpreters need more education. The study also reveals that many of the interviewed experiences that it is an advantage if the interpreter has knowledge about culture and communities to create a bridge between children and assistants. In interpreting, emotional conversations rarely presents and it is individual if the child wants to show its feelings and it depends on the trust they have to the interpreter and assistant. There are a lot of improvements needed and there is a lack of guidelines to how assistants should implement interpreting.

The aim of this study was to explore refugees experiences of an introduction program in a small Swedish municipality. The study was based on semi-structured interviews with six refugees and was conducted to explore how the introduction program contributed or has not contributed to feelings of being integrated. Our informants have got different backgrounds but have all been forced to flee their home country to Sweden. The interview data was interpreted through earlier research, theories about social exclusion and concepts which were relevant for our study. Our study showed that the informants felt kindly received in the small municipality. The informants emphasizes the small village where segregation among Swedes and refugees was less of a problem. The different parts of the introduction program was of importance, according to the informants, but they also stressed that the introduction program, in itself, isn’t enough to become integrated in the Swedish country. The informants explained that the individual person must take responsibility for its own integration beside taking part of the introduction program. The study showed that the most difficult problems occur when the introduction program is ended and the time to find “established” employment has come.

This study analyses social age as a phenomenon and if unaccompanied refugee children has a social age that, according to the Swedish culture, do not correspond with their biological age and if so is, the reason for that. Furthermore, our study has discussed the potential consequences of the effects for the unaccompanied refugee children and the social age when interacting with Swedish society. According to our study, the social age is effected by other factors besides cultural norms, values and role expectations that a society has on a specific biological age. The results in this study shows that social age is a vital component to someone’s identity. Therefore, the social age is an important factor for individuals when it comes to meeting and handling new social environments such as new countries.