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The issue of the written sources of hadiths in the Islamic world is a prominent issue primarily with Fuad Sezgin (d. 2018) and later with M. Mustafa al-A'zamī (d. 2017). Sezgin has brought along a revolutionary change in our understanding of traditional narration with his work named "al-Bukhārī's Sources" (Buhârî'nin Kaynakları). He objected to the claim that the narrations which were previously argued were only orally transmitted for about a century, according to him, hadith works written in the third century of Hijrī were actually compiled based on sources which had been written off previously such as in the case of Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. However, Sezgin brought this claim to such a point that he said that the whole of al-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥīḥ belonging to Imam al-Bukhārī was based on foregoing written sources. It is an issue of concern that whether and to what degree it reflects truth. Had the oral narration of the hadiths completely been disappeared in that period and al-Bukharī written the so-called work based only on written sources? In this paper, we hope that we will be able to answer the aforesaid questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, membrane-based tubular liquid desiccant dehumidification system was designed, and its dehumidification performance was investigated. In the manufactured system, two different membranes, synthetic sausage casing and Tyvek® Solid were used. The air Reynolds number (Re) was varied during the experiments to investigate effect of air velocity on the system performance. In addition, temperature changes in the membrane were observed by images taken with thermal camera. According to the experimental data obtained, the dehumidification efficiency of the system was calculated in between 4.5-6% at 200 Re number for synthetic sausage casing and approximately 18.5% at the same Re number for Tyvek® Solid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jarīr ibn ʿAṭiyya al-Tamīmī (d. 110/728 [?]) was among the most well-known Arab poets of the Umayyad Period. It is possible to say that Jarīr, who is known for his praise and satire poems in Arabic literature, was among the few greatest poets of the Islamic Period, considering the voluminous poetic legacy he left behind and the wide recognition he has achieved. This academic study aims to focus only on the analysis of Jarīr’s naqāʾiḍ (flytings). Therefore, due to the limitations of the article, it is planned not to give any detailed information about the poet’s comprehensive biography or his activities in other poetic themes, apart from the brief information given in the introduction. The method adopted in the study aims to prove the arguments through the poet’s odes. For this reason, within the scope of this paper, it is planned to translate and analyze two naqīḍas of Jarīr in their full form. Jarīr’s naqāʾiḍ occupy an extremely important place in classical Arabic literature. Therefore, it is extremely important to examine these poems through concrete examples. The primary source of this research is the classical works recording Jarīr’s naqāʾiḍ with his rivals and the poet’s dīwān. In addition, modern academic studies on the subject will also be used. In this study, it is planned to select the samples based on Jarīr’s two naqīḍas, one targeting al-Farazdaq and the other al-Akhṭal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who are able to understand and explain the religion of Islam are in a position in which they should know commands that are predicted by the Holy Quran and Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). They should know well of the methods of communication that Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) used. Moreover, they should consider the structure of a person and develop suitable communication skills by considering his interests, desires and ambitions. Otherwise, it would not be possible to provide an influential example or message on the believers. In this study, the communication of Imam Hatip and muezzin kayyims, who perform religious duties under the service of the Directorate of Religious Affairs (DIB) with their colleagues and the society, especially their superiors in the provincial organization, is specifically addressed through the example of narratives. Muftis regarded as the first superiors of Imam Hatips who have just started their profession, institutions in their areas of service, principals, youngsters, middle and elder age groups, immigrants and their families are shown how exemplary communication should be. In addition, this study not only aims to examine the difficulties that religious officials face in this field, but it also proposes solutions to these problems. In order to strengthen the sense of belonging of the presidential staff, the responsibilities of the institutional structure and the duties/influence of the staff is highlighted. In this manner, being as "inviter" in religious sense, the religious officials will be carefully explained the utter importance of their task, which in turn enables them to cope with the possible problems they deal with. Moreover, this paper aims to guide religious officials who serve to preach Islamic faith, worship God, and better their moral principles even in the remotest corners of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of Islamic economic order, which may be defined as an economic system that operates in complete conformity with Islamic tradition and religion, is steadily becoming more and more popular and diverse. The utilization of financial tools and fundamental strategies created from the standpoint of Islamic law is highlighted in Islamic Finance at this stage. Basic financial needs nevertheless exist among market participants, just as they do in traditional financial markets, despite the fact that interest, garar, and gambling bans are all taken into account as part of Islamic finance's major principles. Islamic financial instruments are being currently produced as an alternative to standard financial instruments to fulfill the demands in other sectors including money and capital markets. In this context, Takaful (Islamic insurance) has been developed as an alternative to insurance transactions applied using traditional methods, in an effort to try and eliminate risk, to find a cure for the future's uncertainty, and to prevent the interruption of both individual and commercial activities, within the confines of Islamic law. In contrast to conventional insurance, Takaful (Islamic insurance) operates within the bounds of its own principles and norms and is free from elements like interest, risk, and gambling that are against Islamic law. Islamic insurance is founded on the tenets of using non-interest market mechanisms to evaluate premiums obtained from shareholders and insured parties, aiding one another, and choosing economic assets that are not deemed immoral or improper in situations for which insurance coverage is provided. Islamic insurance comes in a variety of forms, each with its own guiding principles. Although all of these models adhere to the sharia-compliant contract forms, the wakalah, mudaraba, and hybrid models are the most often employed ones (mixed takaful, which is a combination of these two models). While the relatively constant size of the Takaful markets between 2015 and 2019 is noticeable, it is important to recognize that this size may expand quickly in the years to come. Also, the Middle East and North African nations of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Iran, and Egypt top the list of places where these applications are most often utilized. The takaful industry in Turkey now has a fund size of more than 2 billion USD. Given the recent growth of attention in Islamic insurance as well as the market's potential for expansion, both the methodologies and the instruments produced have been broadened, and the number of scholarly publications has expanded. The research's objective is to analyze the academic literature on Islamic insurance in the WOS database using bibliometric and visualization techniques, and to present a contextual analysis. Tables were used to convey information about the years, number of citations, authors, subject areas, categories, and nationalities of the research on the topic. The VOSViewer tool was also used to illustrate the analyses. The findings demonstrate that the least studies were conducted in 2010, and the most were completed in 2019. The greatest number of articles were published in the field of takaful. In addition, it has come to light that Malaysia is the country with the highest number of papers published worldwide. The most popular keywords were Takaful, Islamic insurance, and Islamic finance, Malaysia produced the most articles in the nation mapping, and Billah was the most referenced author with the strongest links, according to the visualization data. When we look at the research as a whole, we can see that the market participants' interest in the expanding Takaful industry has grown in this direction in academic studies, which means that both theoretical and practical applications are moving in the same way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various residential loads such as inductors, capacitors, transformers, rectifiers, uninterruptible power supplies, electrical machines and fluorescent lights result in power factor deterioration and harmonics. Reactive loads linked to the electrical power systems produce reactive power, which declines the current/power quality and power factor in the main network. Therefore, adequate reactive power is required to provide a stable and reliable electric grid. In this paper, an improved control method is proposed to eliminate harmonic effects of different loads, to provide reactive power compensation and effective reactive power flow with a three-phase shunt active power filter (SAPF). The performance results of the proposed control method is examined and compared with the conventional control under comprehensive case studies such as resistive-capacitive linear load (R-CLL), resistive-inductive linear load (R-ILL), non-linear load (NLL) and highly inductive NLL. With the proposed control method, the SAPF supplies adequate reactive power without being drawn power from the main grid to provide a high power factor. Various case studies indicate that the proposed control method can decrease phase discrepancy between grid current and voltage as well as reduce grid current harmonics. Under the impact of different load groups, approximately 0.99 power factor values have been obtained by the proposed control method, while lower power factor values such as 0.79 and 0.81 have been obtained by the conventional control method. In addition, with the proposed control method, the effect of different harmonic loads has been eliminated and the THB of current harmonics has been reduced below 1.0%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In German law, during the Covid-19 pandemic, temporary regulations on the virtual general assembly were introduced to minimize the risk of contagion; as a result of the positive feedback from the practice, the virtual general assembly was made permanent through amendments to the German Shareholders’ Meeting Act (Aktiengesetz-AktG) with the “Act on the Implementation of Virtual General Assembly Meetings in Joint Stock Companies and Amendments to the Provisions of the Cooperatives and Bankruptcy and Restructuring Act”. A virtual (online) general assembly is a general assembly meeting held online on the internet without the physical attendance of the shareholders. In this sense, it differs from the electronic general assembly, which is also practiced under Turkish law, in that in a virtual general assembly, no shareholder physically attends the general assembly meeting, in other words, there is no physical meeting for the shareholders. While this practice has many benefits, it also has its drawbacks. While it can be said that it facilitates the participation of shareholders in the general assembly and thus prevents the power gap that may occur in the company, the lack of clear and sufficient regulations regarding the exercise of shareholders’ rights may cause shareholders to lose their rights. In this paper, we will examine the new regulations introduced in German law on virtual general assembly meetings and try to explain the benefits and drawbacks of virtual general assembly meetings and its applicability in Turkish law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 11th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation upheld the two lower court decisions: one being on the non-existence, and the other being on the rejection of a claim of non-existence of two general assembly resolutions. Both resolutions were claimed to be unlawful based on the breach of the same legal rule. In this paper, possible reasons for the varying decisions will be examined. Pursuant to the provisions of the TCC and their corresponding preambles, failure to abide by a procedural rule would amount to a lighter sanction than nonexistence. Additionally, breach of legal rules regarding capital increase should only amount to annulment. If the invalidity types are determined as such, an abuse of right defense could undoubtedly be considered. However, even in a possible case of nonexistence, the specificities of an individual case may legitimize the consideration of an abuse of right defense. Moreover, entry to the trade registry of the capital increase resolution would remedy its unlawfulness. Finally, the principle of trust in legal appearance dictates that the entitlements of the third parties should be protected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the novelties introduced by the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC) No 6102 relates to the subscription right. The subscription right (Bezugsrecht) regulated by Art. 652b of the Swiss Code of Obligations, pursuant to which “every shareholder is entitled to the proportion of the newly issued shares that corresponds to their existing participation”, has been wrongly cited in the TCC as the “pre-emption right” (Vorrecht), which has been discussed by legal scholars. The focus of the discussion is that while the heading of Art. 461 reads “pre-emption right”, the first paragraph talks about the “subscription right”, and the second paragraph talks about the “restriction or cancellation of the pre-emption right”. This paper aims to examine the purpose, content and extent of the “subscription right”, which is provided to shareholders by operation of law in the context of capital increases and the pre-emption right provided by the articles of association. In addition, we shall explain what the upper limit should be with regard to shares with privileged subscription right and shares with privileged dividend right, as well as the related legal drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışma, Beckçi "Risk Toplumu" konseptinin, genelde ekolojik kriz özelde ise iklim mülteciliği meselelerine karşı önemli imkânlar barındıran bir teorik arka plan sağladığını gösterme amacıyla yazılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında bu temel amaç doğrultusunda iki ana meseleye odaklanılmıştır. Bunlardan ilki olarak, Beckçi kuramsal çerçevede merkezi bir yeri olduğunu düşündüğümüz ekolojik risklerin risk toplumu kategorileri etrafında genel bir değerlendirilmesi yapılmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci olarak ise, Beckçi çerçeveden genelde iklim krizinin, özeldeyse iklim mülteciliğinin, küresel risklere karşı ne gibi yeni imkânlar ve alanlar açabileceği sorgulanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma bu ana tartışmalar etrafında, iklim krizine ve iklim mülteciliğine yönelik gelecek yıllarda iki birbirinden taban tabana zıt yaklaşımın eşanlı olarak bir arada bulunabileceği sonucuna ulaşmıştır: İlk olarak, hâlihazırda zaten dolaşımda olan yabancı düşmanı ve göç karşıtı söylem ve eylemlerin, iklim krizine bağlı yer değiştirmeler ile daha da tırmanması; ikinci olarak ise, tüm bu olumsuz tabloya rağmen iklim krizine bağlı risklerin, kozmopolit bir dayanışma ve sorumluluk atmosferini de tetikleme ihtimalinin bulunması. This paper aims to show that the Beckian idea of the "Risk Society" offers a valuable theoretical framework for tackling the ecological crisis, especially regarding climate refugees. The study centers around two primary concerns in pursuit of its primary objective. Initially, we attempted to conduct a comprehensive assessment of ecological risks within the framework of Beck's theory, with a particular focus on the risk society categories. Furthermore, the Beckian framework aims to explore the potential opportunities and areas that may arise from the climate crisis and climate refugeeism in addressing global risks. The study has found that two conflicting approaches to the climate crisis and climate refugeeism may exist simultaneously in the future. The first approach is that the already existing xenophobic and anti-immigration discourses and actions will worsen due to the displacement caused by the climate crisis. The second approach is that despite this pessimistic outlook, the risks associated with the climate crisis may lead to a sense of global solidarity and responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low corrosion resistance limits the service life of parts made of alloy steels. In this study, Vanadium nitride (VN) was successfully coated on the surface of AISI 4140 steel by thermo-reactive deposition. The microstructural, chemical, and corrosion properties of the coating were studied in detail and compared with those of AISI 4140 steel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations showed that the coated sample consists of three regions: the VN layer, the nitriding region, and the substrate material region. For 1000 °C temperature and 2 h coating parameters, the layer thickness is 5.69 µm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis show that the coating consists of VN compound. According to Tafel extrapolation, the corrosion potential (Ecorr) of the VN coating was measured -0.604 V, which is significantly higher than that of AISI 4140 steel, which is -0.717 V. According to electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), coating corrodes under charge-controlled in 0.5 M NaCl aqueous solution. When Nyquist curves are compared, the corrosion resistance of VN coating is higher than that of AISI 4140 steel. According to the results, VN coatings can increase the life of AISI 4140 steel for use in corrosive environments, such as pumps used in sludge discharge, paper cutting machines, and agricultural tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name of Korkut has long attracted the attention of the world scientific community. In the folklore of many Turkic peoples related to the ancient Oghuz tribes, there are legends and myths about Korkut, which describe the heroic deeds of the Oghuz heroes. The legacy of the legendary Korkut's music and epic has attracted the attention of researchers since the middle of the 19th century. Scholars from Russia, Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have written a wide number of research papers, which highlighted the problems associated with the main epic legacy of Oghuz antiquity -- "The Book of Dede Korkut" or "The Book of Korkut Ata". The literary artifacts associated with the name of the legendary Korkut have gained worldwide fame. Both versions of the Oghuz manuscript "Kitab-ı Dede Korkut Ala Lisan-ı Taife-i Oğuzan" (Dresden) and "Hikâyat-i Oğuznâme-i, Kazan Beğ ve Gayrı" (Vatican), which have come down to us, are now the focus of scientific consideration. The abundance of cognitive information and onomastic names in the epic increasingly attracts the attention of folklorists. It is no secret that in the Kazakh folklore of the early 20th century, the Soviet ideology imposed a ban on the development of the epic heritage of Korkut. Moreover, closer to the middle of the 20th century, the Oghuz heroic epic was evaluated as a creative product of the feudal era. For this reason, some peoples of Oghuz origin openly ignored the folk heritage. Korkut is a representative of the Oghuz tribe. In addition, his name has existed in Kazakh folklore for a very long time. Even before the 1917 Revolution, several legends about the Korkut tombstone were recorded by famous ethnographers. Kazakh scholars began to study folklore materials about Korkut at the turn of the 1970s. This topic was first voiced by Professor Auelbek Konratbayev, who published several articles, then translated V. V. Bartold's edition of "The Book of my grandfather Korkut" into Kazakh. In recent decades, especially after the gaining of independence, folklorists, musicologists, and performing musicians have begun to deal with this problem. It got to the point that some of them started talking about the newly found legacy of the legendary Korkut - musical compositions for the bowed instrument - kylkobyz. Without referring to reliable sources, without arguing the origin of the newly discovered musical compositions attributed to Korkut, individual authors began to publish their rather detailed research in the form of scientific articles and even books. Despite the existing criticism in international publications, the wave of pseudo-researchers is growing. The questions related to the heritage of Korkut are overgrown with all sorts of tall tales of indefinite origin. This article attempts to conduct a scientific analysis of numerous studies published in the recent years on the pages of both foreign and local press. The works of individual novice authors who are engaged in inflating the number of legends associated with the name of Korkut are subjected to special consideration. In this regard, the article emphasizes that the classic version of the Kazakh legend of Korkut was published by V. Velyaminov- Zernov in the second half of the 19th century. Despite the presence of a published text, this legend has been freely interpreted by individual authors. Another legend, once published by A. Zhubanov without reference to the original source, also requires close study. This article is based on scientific problems related to the music and epic heritage of Korkut. It highlights the stages of mastering the musical heritage of Korkut and the legends associated with them. Much attention is paid to detailed, comparative analysis and the study of primary sources. In the process of developing the theme, all the changes that have occurred since the beginning of the development of the musical heritage of Korkut are identified. The legends that allegedly arose in connection with his music are also subjected to scientific analysis. Through the prism of hermeneutical analysis, the musical melodies attributed to Korkut are also studied. A special attention is drawn to the reliability of previ ously unknown primary sources that have begun to enter scientific realm. At the same time, the artistic features and scientific significance of these musical tunes are analyzed. Only in recent years, several articles about Korkut's musical heritage have been published on the pages of foreign scientific publications. They have become the focus of this article. In the recent years previously unknown legends, which have been claimed to be preserved in Kazakh folklore, have appeared in the literature. The admirers of Korkut's name are trying hard to connect these immature plots with the name of the legendary Korkut. Moreover, some researchers started talking about the musical heritage of Korkut, which is not known not only to the Turkic world, but also to the scientific world. As the primary source, they began to refer to the religious and mystical tunes of Nishan Shamenuly, who lived in the second half of the 20th century, from whom the musical tunes "saryn" and "sarnau" were recorded. This article attempts to determine the origin of the music and religious tunes of Nishan, because the aforementioned sweeping statements are circulated without taking into account the centuries-old performing tradition of the kobyz, some of which has not even reached our times. Without much detailed research so-called previously unknown musical heritage of medieval Korkut have been introduced to the whole world. Moreover, these same tunes, which have nothing to do with the legendary Korkut, were included in the UNESCO list as an example of the intangible culture of medieval antiquity. All these questions formed the main problem of the given article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The matter of eternity is among the issues that started to be questioned in pre-Islamic beliefs and still continue to be discussed in the religion of Islam. The fact that human beings, who would like to reach eternity in the face of the finiteness of life in the world, and who believes that eternity will be in the hereafter according to the teachings of Islam, find eternity in the hereafter has added a different dimension to their searches and therefore required them to direct their actions in the world. The desire to avoid sins and rebellions that will lead them to hell, to do the deeds that will bring them to heaven, and to be blessed with shafa’a (intercession) has consequently arisen. If the destination is hell, it is at least desired not to stay there forever, but to enter heaven by intercession and reach eternity. In this context, Bursevi, one of the well-known commentators of the Ottoman Empire, touched upon this subject in his commentary on Ruhu’l-beyan. This work, which was written by the author himself in about twenty-three years and presented as a sermon to Ottoman people, has been followed with interest from the time it was written until today. In fact, the commentary of Ruhu’l-beyan, which includes wisdom and knowledge, features narration, insight and ishari interpretation, also has important information about eternity. This study, which is on Bursevi’s view of the issue of eternity in the hereafter, is divided into two parts. In the first part, eternal life in the hereafter and the concept of intercession are emphasized and the discussions on the subject are briefly mentioned and the second part explores Bursevi’s views on eternity and intercession. As a result, the commentator’s perception of eternity in the hereafter is revealed, and who will stay in hell forever and whether believers who commit major sins can be included among those who will stay in hell forever are discussed. In addition, this paper aims to reveal the perception of intercession of the commentator by examining the issue of getting rid of hell with intercession. The characteristics of those who will intercede and who will be interceded are specified, and eternity in heaven is emphasized. This study reveals the commentator’s views on the nature of eternity in heaven and the spiritual stages (maqam) to be reached after the blessings of heaven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of Islamic philosophy, the soul, similar to other sciences, has been discussed based on various factors such as human efforts for self-knowledge, the relationship between the human and the soul, whether the soul would be returned in the next world. Sufis were interested in this topic and tried to explain the problems associated with the soul such as its existence, nature, its relationship with the body, and the conferment and punishment of the soul. Ubaid Allah al-Samarkandi, who was not indifferent to this, discussed his ideas about the soul in Risale fi’r-ruh.The paper aims to clarify the views of Ubaid Allah al-Samarkandi, who was an expert in the sciences of Sufism, Fiqh ( Jurisprudence), and Kalam (Science of Discourse), based on his analyses of soul. Furthermore, the study discusses the data on his explanation of the human nature within the framework of the soul. Ubaid Allah al-Samarkandi opposes the views of the philosophers by defending the perspective of Ahl al-Sunnah in his risala. In the risala, the author analyzes the nature of the soul, its ancient and traditional properties, its meaning as “nafs”, and whether a human consists of only the soul or he/she is assumed as whole with the soul and the body together [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the poems written within the scope of Classical Turkish Literature are examined according to their genres, it will be seen that there are many works written to praise Prophet Muhammad (PbuH). It will be noticed that many genres, such as naats, mevlids, hijrat alnabi, esma al-nabi, ghazwat al-nabi, mu'jizat al-nabi, ahlaq al-nabi, hilya, shafaat-nama, forty hadiths, vefat al-nabi, and Muhammadiyye, try to depict Prophet Muhammad's life, and their numbers are also remarkable. This situation that shows the love and value of Muslim Turkish people and divan poets for Prophet Muhammad has spread throughout our literature and has led to the emergence of many works written to reveal this love. His life has been an inspiration not only to literature but also to other fine arts. Many extraordinary events/miracles occurred in Prophet Muhammad's life. One of these, miraj, has been a frequently addressed topic both in Turkish literature and in the literatures of other Muslim nations. Works that tell the story of Miraj have been written mostly in Persian and Turkish literatures, called Mirajname or Miraciye. Although the most works have been produced in the literature field, it has been one of the subjects addressed in miniature, music, calligraphy, and book arts. Miraj, which has become one of the most addressed topics in Turkish literature, was initially considered as a part of siyar (the Prophet's biography), and then became an independent genre. Mirajnames, both in verse and prose, have been written since the 12th century. Miraj poems, which began to appear in divans in Turkish literature in the 16th century, later found a place in almost every divan in the following centuries. The tradition of writing Miraciye among the divan poets continued in the 19th century as well. Zuhrī, one of the 19th-century divan poets studied in this work, is also one of the authors who tell the story of Miraj. Information about Zuhrī's life could not be found in biographical sources. Therefore, although it is not possible to obtain comprehensive information, the information about Zuhrī was taken from his work named Nūr-nāme-i Muhammed. The author used his pen name in two places in the work. It is stated in the last couplet of the work that Nūr-nāme-i Muhammed was completed in 1253/1837. Gazi Sultan Mahmud Han is mentioned in three couplets in the mesnevi. Based on the date of the work, it is understood that this sultan was Sultan II. Mahmud. It is believed that Zuhrī was a Mevlevi because he mentions Mevlana Jalaluddin Rumi and his famous work Mesnevi in his mesnevi, and he addresses the reader as "oh dede" (oh grandpa) in a few places. The Nūr-nāme-i Muhammed is an 860-verse work written by Zuhrī in the form of Mesnevi and in the style of Miraciye. It is the only known work of Zuhrī. The author has divided the work into three sections. In the first section, Zuhrī devotes an important part to the idea of the "nūr-ı Muhammedī" (the light of Muhammad). In the main section, he narrates the story of Prophet Muhammad's journey from the Masjid al-Haram to Masjid al-Aqsa and then to Allah's presence. The work is written in the "fāilātün fāilātün fāilün" form with many redif and various types of kafiyes. No biographical information about the poet or the Nūr-nāme-i Muhammed can be found in the sources. Although the work often uses suffixes such as "-ısar/-iser," "-uban/-üben," and "- gıl/-gil," which are characteristic of Old Anatolian Turkish, it was actually composed in the mid-19th century. This paper examines Zuhrī's Nūr-nāme-i Muhammed in terms of its form, content, and language features. Such an analysis will contribute even if in a small way to Islamic Turkish literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to review the book titled "Allah, İnsan ve Tarih: Kur'an da Tarihin Kavramsal ve Meta-Paradigmatik Temelleri [God, Human, and History: Conceptual and Meta-paradigmatic Foundations of History in the Qur'an]". The Qur'an constructs the future by providing examples from past experiences and reveals its own worldview. In this process, certain concepts undertake the task of being the building blocks of constructing the future. The concept of history is one of them. This work at hand deals with the concept of history in the Qur'an in detail. Additionally, it explores other concepts in the Qur'an related to history in accordance with its integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely acknowledged that two methods of writing have emerged in the history of usūl literature: Juristic method (usūl al-fuqahā) and theological method (usūl al-mutakallimīn). Although there are some attempts to determine the typical features of these methods, we do not have a comprehensive explanation regarding the criteria of this distinction, the motivation behind it and the period when these methods have become prevalent. This paper aims to shed light to certain dimensions of the issue and focuses especially on the impact of juristic disputations and khilāfiyāt on the emergence of juristic method. The discussions about the sources and methods of religious knowledge were a significant part of the heated intellectual debates in the early period of Islamic scholarships. These discussions made by scholars interested in theological matters in kalām context were the matters of usūl, which would have turned into a separate discipline thereafter. The aforementioned period also witnessed Hanafīs completing the first fiqh compilation by recording the body of masā'il in fiqh that they had developed and codified. Hanafīs then involved in the methodological discussions of theologians in the context of justifying their juristic views. The tradition of scholarly discussion that had widely contributed to the earlier period took a new dimension by the introduction of jadal to the Islamic world. First theologians and later jurists adopted the method of jadal in their debates and scholarly works. By the 4th and 5th centuries AH, fiqh became popular more than ever and promoted the juristic disputations in such a way that those disputations turned into a common and significant performance among Islamic intellectuals. Meanwhile, the khilaf genre, in which the disputed juristic matters have been discussed and justified, improved in those centuries as well. Consequently, a new method of usūl writing, namely the method of fuqahā, which can be applied in the justification of the masā'il and in juristic disputations, emerged. Thus, the first and most typical work of that method, Taqwīm al-Adilla by Dabūsī, perfectly addressed the needs of the disputation tradition in the era, by including many chapters that could be regarded as related to the substantial law and many examples from substantial law, by treating the jadal topics in qiyas and 'illa chapters in detail and by avoiding the speculative theological disputes. Later, the method developed by Dabūsī attracted attention and many jurisprudents wrote usūl works adopting the method before the end of 5th century AH. Especially the usūl work of Bazdawī served as a model for the later Hanafī usūl literature. However, the juristic method lost its popularity when the Islamic scholarships fell under the influence of philosophy and logic after al-Gazālī and al-Rāzī. Jadal and 'ilm al-bahth wa'l-munāzara have been treated under the discipline of logic afterwards. Nevertheless, even after the evolution of the usūl perspective, some Hanafīs still wrote usūl works by juristic method and some of them, despite adopting the new philosophical perspective, referred to the usūl of Bazdawī in their "mamzūj" (combined) usūl works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to provide a descriptive analysis of the research output of the accounting audit literature. The metadata obtained by the queries made on the Web of Science (Wos) database using the keywords "audit" and "auditing" was analyzed and evaluated using the "R" library "Bibliometrix". As a result of the first query conducted on the database, metadata of 11940 scientific publications was obtained. The data set covers the years 1999-2021 and includes scientific studies from 1886 different sources. The data set only includes scientific articles and conference papers written in English and Turkish. The growth in the audit literature between the relevant years has been determined as 13.40%. The study findings show that the United States is the most productive country in the field of auditing. The most productive institution in the field has been identified as Monash University. The most productive researchers in the specified period were Warren Robert Knechel, Kannan Raghunandan, Ferdinand A. Gul, and Jean Bedard, and the authors with the highest number of citations were Jere Francis, Kannan Raghunandan, Joseph Carcello, Warren Robert Knechel, and Mark L. DeFond. It was aimed to reveal, with this study, the research dynamics in the field of accounting auditing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Official Gazette dated 02.10.2020 and numbered 31262, the "Communiqué on the Amendment of the Corporate Governance Communiqué (II.17.1.a)" was published in which additions were made to some articles of the Corporate Governance Communiqué numbered II-17.1. With this notification, the principles that must be disclosed in the sustainability report of publicly-held partnerships have been clarified within the scope of the "Sustainability Principles Compliance Framework". The aim of this paper was to determine whether the companies that prepare sustainability reports include the information required to be disclosed within the scope of the "Sustainability Principles Compliance Framework" in their reports and to determine the degree of compliance of those who include the necessary information with the principles in the mentioned framework. As a result of the research, it was seen that the companies that prepared sustainability reports mostly included the information required to be disclosed within the scope of the "Sustainability Principles Compliance Framework" in their reports, and those who included the necessary information largely complied with the mentioned principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkish hand weaving, originating from Central Asia, has an important place in the national culture. They took the weaving that exists in their culture with them wherever they went from Central Asia. Especially the Muğla region has gained an important place in carpet and rug weaving after the Yörük (Nomadic) and Turkmen settlements. The villages of Milas, Fethiye and Bodrum have become important centers for carpet and rug weaving.Most of the local productions belonging to the past, which have ethnological importance such as hand-woven, are generally evaluated through the studies based on the works of that period. Based on archival records, there is hardly any work in this area.In this paper, the content of some of the documents related to Muğla weaving in the Cevdet Classification Military Document of the Presidency Ottoman Archive will be mentioned, and the daily use of hand weaving in Muğla in both military terms and in the Ottoman period and therefore the importance of Turkish culture will be emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Words are undoubtedly one of the most considerable elements of languages. In addition to this, each type of word has its own unique function in expressions. In general, if the necessary amount of vocabulary learning is achieved numerically in the learning of a language, it is considered a natural process to reach correct expressions by using the learned words in positions or forms similar to other languages that are classified in the same way as that language in terms of typological syntax. However, the situation is very different in the Chinese language. Words in Chinese are unlike any other language in the world due to their unusual usage characteristics. This is especially true for separable verbs that express action. Chinese separable words are verbs used to express certain behaviors. This type of verb also has the characteristics of "li (separation)", which means to be used separately, and "he (combination)", which means to be used together. From a pragmatic point of view, they are often influenced by other elements in the process of using them. These influences can cause separable words to be pragmatically different from general inseparable verbs. Therefore, separable words are not only the key content of Chinese teaching, but also a major difficulty for Chinese learners. This paper aim to analyze the example sentences and sorts out the differences between the correct and misused words, and then draws the corresponding pragmatic condi [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, which is described as a "code red" for humanity, also causes many dangerous health problems. Especially in recent years, the world has undergone a great change and extreme weather events are now seen as the new normal. Climate change poses increasing challenges for public health. It is therefore on the international agenda as an important and priority issue. Climate change affects human health and diseases in various ways, along with natural and man-made causes. Some existing health threats are predicted to intensify, and new health threats will emerge. Variables such as age, economic resources and location determine the degree of risk. Climate change has a multifactorial, highly complex matrix of direct and indirect effects that have the potential to threaten international health security, such as global climate change, migration and health emergencies. It encompasses such various patterns that can affect human health synergistically like environmental pollution, the emergence of invasive species and new pathogens, food security, forest fires and a wide variety of devastating weather events. Increasing awareness on the relationship between health and climate change has the potential to have a catalytic effect on the process of combating climate change. In the paper, the effects of climate change on health, health emergencies, migration, health security and its relationship with health systems are focused with the aim of contributing to the literature in the field of deepening climate crisis and its health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In control system design, it is important to determine the controller type and controller parameters appropriately. PID controllers are mostly preferred in many applications. At the same time, it is known that PID controllers are insufficient to control higher order oscillatory systems with time delay. In such systems, PIDA controller is preferred instead of traditional PID controller. This paper presents a hybrid algorithm based optimization method for the control of higher order oscillatory systems with time delay. A hybrid algorithm combining the advantages of firefly and genetic algorithm is used to determine PIDA controller parameters. In the proposed method, a multi-criteria objective function is suggested by taking the settling and rising time, percent overshoot and steady state error criteria from the time response parameters. Two simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, and the results are compared with some studies from the literature. In addition, the parameter uncertainties of the systems are analyzed and the robustness performance evaluations of the designed controllers are made. It is seen from the results obtained that the proposed method improves the transient and steady state response of higher order oscillatory systems with time delay and offers a fast and effective tuning method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, water pollution has become a major problem, especially due to the wastes discharged from different sectors without treatment. Among these, there are various paint wastes used by the textile, leather, paper and cosmetics sectors. Crystal violet (CV) is a widely known cationic dye and is often used as a colorant in industries. CV dye is known to be toxic to humans and animals at 1 ppb. For this reason, it is very important for environmental safety to treat industrial wastewater from crystal violet before discharge. This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two different montmorillonite-based nanoclays (B1 and B2) as a low-cost material for the removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. Structural characterizations of nanoclays were analyzed using FTIR and TGA methods. All parameters that could affect the CV adsorption process were optimized in a batch system. The effects of various factors (adsorbent dose, contact time, solution pH, co-existing ion effects, adsorption temperature, initial dye concentration) on the adsorption process were investigated. Experiments to investigate the mechanism of the CV-nanoclay adsorption system showed that the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium parameters fit better with the Pseudo second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities (qm) of B1 and B2 adsorbents were obtained as 224.63 mg/g at 25°C and 360.30 mg/g at 45°C, respectively. A suitable combination of surface and CV ion charge was obtained at low pH values (=7) of the CV solution. The presence of co-existing NaCl ions did not significantly affect the CV adsorption capacity. When the results were evaluated, it was seen that the montmorillonite-based adsorbents were effective and cost-effective adsorbents for CV dye removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new control mechanism has been proposed for grid-connected three-phase inverter that provides regenerative energy recuperation in direct current (DC) rail transit. In DC rail transit, line voltage can change dynamically depending on the regenerative energy generated by the trains during braking. In order to respond rapidly to dynamic changes in line voltage, a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller designed based on the dominant pole assignment method has been used in the control structure of the inverter. With the proposed control mechanism, the PID controller design has been performed considering the current loop. Thus, the design accuracy has been increased. The derivative effect of the PID provides fast response to these changes in line voltage by increasing the speed of the system response and the slow dynamic response of PI-based control structure has been improved. In addition, a new operating strategy that considers two different voltage values, unlike the systems that operate at constant voltage value in the literature, is proposed. This operating strategy provides more regenerative energy recovery by increasing the inverter operation region and contributes to energy efficiency. Finally, a detailed model of a real system has been developed in Matlab/Simulink environment. The simulation results comparing the performance of the PID-based control structure with the PI-based control has been presented to illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies assist users in applying the intended action when upper extremity movement cannot be fully provided. Electromyography (EMG), a depiction of muscle activity, offers various advantages when employed with AI-based systems like virtual reality applications and prosthetics controls. In this paper, a fuzzy logic (FL)-based decision-making mechanism is presented in order to provide effective control and improve the prediction performance of the stated systems. In this regard, EMG signals were collected from 30 participants when imitating different seven hand gestures. After the necessary preprocessing and segmentation processes, the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method which is the first stage of the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) was applied and Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF) were obtained. High-resolution time-frequency (TF) images were obtained by applying HHT to the IMFs determined by a statistical selection method. Various distinctive features were extracted from the visualized TF images based on the joint representation of the time and frequency domain. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was then fed these features, which used two alternative clustering approaches. For seven hand gesture classifications, the average accuracy scores for the Subtractive Clustering (SC) and Fuzzy C-mean (FCM) clustering methods were obtained as 93.88% and 92.10%, respectively. The proposed feature extraction method based on TF representation combined with FL techniques yielded encouraging results for the classification of nonstationary and nonlinear biological signals such as EMG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health systems are human based systems comprising a high number of stakeholders who interact with each other in complex ways. Due to the stochastic nature of health systems and the complex dynamics and interactions of their inputs, processes and outputs; providers of health services require tools tat allow them to comprehend the said complexity and improve system performance. Intensive care units (ICUs) may fall short in treating patients due to insufficient capacity and patients may be transferred to other hospitals under certain circumstances, and waiting times can get longer. Efficient use and management of a scarce resource such as the ICU is of critical importance for trouble-free operation of a hospital. Capacity planning, in other words, determination of optical bed configuration based on current knowledge of future demand and capacity, is very difficult due to high uncertainty in both bed capacity and demand. The paper at hand proposes a simulation model to allow an easier decision-making process in the planning of bed capacity in ICU. The study focuses on improving the capacity planning of a level III university hospital in Turkey that specializes in education and research. The objective of the study is to determine optimal bed requirement by matching the resources of the ICU with demand. We provide forecasts of ICU capacity by evaluating the simulation models based on patient waiting times and bed quantity. Considered in the context of the vital importance of intensive care units and the uncertainties in their management, it is thought that the use of simulation modeling in the making of capacity decisions can prove useful for decision makers in assessing their resource allocation strategies under different regional and hospital conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether provisions for bad debts are used for earnings management. The main reason for investigating the provision for bad debts is the discretion provided to managers by accounting standards, especially with the adoption of IFRS 9 in 2018. In this study, a modified model was designed with reference to the McNichols & Wilson study, which is the first significant research that guides the empirical literature to investigate earnings management behavior through the provision for bad debts. The reference model and the modified model are tested using pooled ordinary least squares and fixed effects regression models in panel data analysis. Although the outputs of the models are similar and both are significant, the explanatory power of the modified model is higher. The output for both models marks higher values indicating earnings management for companies not listed in stock exchange indexes and those not receiving unqualified opinions in their audit reports. The descriptive analytics confirm this result. This study is the first modeling study that examines earnings management in terms of provisions for receivables in Borsa Istanbul. The model presented in this study forms a framework for future studies investigating excessive provisions with a broader range of variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial markets tend to be affected by political developments. As analysts' forecasts, market announcements, political and corporate news shape the expectations of investors, affect the stock markets. Reports prepared by international organizations are reviewed by investors and taken into account in investment decisions. The European Union, evaluates positive and negative developments in social and individual issues by presenting various progress reports on countries where the membership process. In today's communication age, it is expected that the positive and negative developments in the reports will affect the financial markets and investment decisions. Türkiye is in the category of developing countries and makes reforms to continue the process. Throughout the EU negotiation process, the European Commission publishes reports evaluating the performance of the candidate countries in the autumn months within the scope of the Copenhagen criteria. Are European Union progress reports taken into account by capital markets like financial reports? In study, the answer to the question mentioned was sought. The purposes of the study are to investigate whether the European Union progress (country) reports are priced in the Turkish capital markets. By using the daily MSCITürkiye stock index data, the reaction of the investors to the reports in the 2005-2022 periods was determined by the event analysis method. According to the findings of the paper, while 8 reports did not have a significant effect on the stock market index, statistically significant abnormal returns were observed in 9 reports. Therefore, the result of the study shows that progress (country) reports are taken into account while making investment decisions and priced in Turkish capital markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the global political and economic agenda cycle of the 21st century, interest in the seas has spread rapidly. The security of maritime areas, which are central in issues such as transportation, global trade, natural resource reserves, and transfer, has also become a part of national and international security strategies, especially since the beginning of the 2000s. However, different perspectives on the concept of "maritime security" lead to the lack of a single definition of the concept. Therefore, the factors threatening the security in question should be mentioned differently. The absence of widely agreed upon maritime security threats both complicates global cooperation on maritime security and weakens the fight against these threats. Identifying the most serious and common threats to maritime security is essential for joint action in the fight against them. This study aims to carry out a comprehensive analysis in defining the concept of maritime security and to identify the most serious threats to maritime security in the 21st century. For this purpose, 21st-century maritime security threats have been determined within the scope of academic studies, strategy papers, military documents, and reports published by states and international organizations. Then, the severity levels of these threats were determined through the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) Method. As a result of the study, the three most important factors threatening maritime security in the 21st century are determined as climate change (with a significance level of 0.3169), marine pollution and environmental problems (with a significance level of 0.2104), and sea boundary disputes between states (with a severity level of 0.1783). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The damage of Western merchants departing from Ottoman ports, especially Izmir and Istanbul, and the confiscation of their property by pirates have caused serious problems with European states. Mediterranean piracy, which began to increase in the second half of the 16th century and peaked in the last quarter, continued in the 17th century. In the second half of the 17th century, the Ottomans had to deal not only with the Venetians in the Battle of Crete, but also with problems related to attacks on the ships of some Western merchants by pirates. In our study, an assessment will be made on examples of the fact that some of the British, Venetian, Genoese, Dutch and French commercial ships operating from the Ottoman ports where trade gained intensity in the second half of the 17th century were exposed to attacks by pirates before Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli in the Mediterranean, their property was confiscated by them and its effects on bilateral relations between Western states and Ottomans. The main source of our study will be the letters of embassies and consuls belonging to the Genoa State Archive, their reports, and the registers in the Collection of State Papers in the British State Archive. The study will also benefit from correspondences of especially those who served in Izmir in the second half of the 17th century such as Agostino Spinola, Durazzo, Sinibaldo Fieschi, Pompeo Giustiniani and Ottavio Doria, Luigi Cartabono, Simon Massa and Giovanni Luigi Gentile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic dyes are widely used as colorants in many industrial areas such as paper, plastic, leather, wool and textile. When wastewater containing these dyes is released into the receiving water environment without treatment, it reduces the light transmittance of the aquatic environment, preventing photosynthetic activities in aquatic life, and harming the environment, animal and human life cycles. Therefore, dyes must be purified from water. Adsorption is one of the methods in which cost-effective, easy-to-apply and effective removal efficiencies are obtained. In this study, CTS/nanoclay beads containing chitosan (CTS) and nanoclay were prepared for use in dye adsorption. Acid Violet 90 (AV90), a metal-complex dye, was used in the experiments. CTS and CTS/nanoclay beads were prepared by the drop method. The morphological structures of the beads were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and functional groups were investigated by Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The effect of initial pH and dye concentration on AV90 adsorption with spheres was investigated. Experiments were carried out in batch system. The highest dye removal was obtained at pH 2. Adsorption isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin) were applied to the experimental data obtained and it was seen that Langmuir was the most suitable model for AV90 adsorption. The adsorption capacities (qm, mg/g) obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model are 26.81 mg/g for CTS and 91.74 mg/g for CTS/nanoclay. In this study, it was seen that the beads containing nanoclay can be used successfully in dye adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of nanoscale devices is increasing day by day. Therefore, nanobeams, nanoplates, nanorods have been the focus of engineers in nanoelectromechanical structures. From that point of view, the nonlinear behaviour of three supported nanobeams is investigated in this paper numerically. Firstly, linear natural frequencies were calculated; and then, nonlinear natural frequencies were found thanks to nonlinear correction terms. Nonlinear natural frequencies versus amplitude and nonlinear frequency response curves are plotted to clarify the nonlinear behaviour. Nonlocal parameters, second support position and different modes effects are examined comprehensively. In addition, the different first and last support types are investigated. It is shown that nonlocal parameters and second support position have great importance for nanobeam. The glorious effect is obtained highest modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Covid-19 pandemic, online shopping spread widely, and its quality is later improved and made permanent. Before it is enabled, online shopping is a very expensive and challenging process for businesses to manage, especially since customers can set a time window for their products. Customers may lose business and incur expenditures if the products they requested are not timely and of the appropriate quality supplied to them. Due to this, it is crucial to handle this difficult process well, and for this to happen, both in- and out-of-warehouse procedures must be carried out simultaneously. Order batching, a branch of the order picking process inside the warehouse, and vehicle routing, a distribution problem outside the warehouse, are these processes. The Combined Order Batching and Vehicle Routing Problem arises if these two procedures are considered as being integrated. The linked problem becomes the Integrated Order Batching and Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Window (OB_VRP_TW) when the time component is added. This study categorized and analyzed papers in the literature for OB_VRP_TW and created a novel mixed integer nonlinear programming model. Since just a part of the small data set can be handled by packet encoding programs and this developed model is linearized under specific circumstances, a metaheuristic search algorithm called the genetic algorithm is offered to solve that problem. The test data of the sub-problems were searched for, and the test data for the problem were added to the literature by combining the test data in the literature and some data of a company whose problems were applied, as there were no test data for the current problem in the relevant area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Seru Production System is a cellular production system that originated in Japanese manufacturing industry. Seru Production Systems evaluates the efficiency of assembly line and the flexibility of job-shop production together. Workers must be cross-trained and have advanced competency levels for different operations in Seru Production Systems. In this study, the employees' production rate at different labor competency levels assigned in the Seru Production System is compared with production rate they put forward while working in traditional assembly line production system. This paper examines various competence levels of employees capable of producing the entire product and their effects on total production output. First, traditional assembly line production rates were calculated via integer programming using well-known test problems. Then, these test problems were converted into serus run by workers with different competence levels, relevant operation times were calculated, and production rates were obtained. Paired t test is used to compare the production rates. The results show that Seru Production Systems provided more production than traditional assembly line. Moreover, a 2-way analysis of variance is applied to show that the output rates obtained from the traditional assembly line and Seru production methods are affected by different test problems and different worker competency levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses child-centred education in the frame of philosophy with children’s principles by approaching traditional theories about thought and language development in early childhood from a critical perspective. Firstly, the article suggests reframing the developmental stages of the child’s mind functions of Piaget regarding Vygotsky’s sociocultural approaches. In the following phases, alternative educational understandings are discussed according to brand-new works of contemporary philosophers like Bjorklund and Burman by touching upon individualism and individual differences of children in order to inquiry the effects of child-individuality in the creation of a new pedagogy. Philosophy for/with children methodology carries potentials in the ways of rethinking of early childhood period when individualism and socialization proceed simultaneously. In the pursuit of this linkage, this paper lastly underlines the possibilities of a new pedagogy around “a right to philosophy” by illustrating several practical experiences of a community of inquiry in the early childhood process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing is one of the main indicators of civilization. In this context, writing developed and became widespread among the Arabs with Islam. During the Umayyads period, with Arabic becoming the official language and various peoples adopting Islam, correspondence in Arabic began to be seen in a wide geography. In general, writing, which is used in official works, personal correspondence and scientific-literary work, needs some tools. If we do not count the writing that is written by engraving or carving on a hard ground, three objects are used for writing: a pen, a flat object that can be rolled or folded on which writing is written, and ink. In addition to these, there is a knife for cutting and thinning the tip of the pen, scissors for cutting paper and similar flat objects to the desired size, the inkwell in which the ink is placed, and a tool for preserving all the writing tools used. The writing instruments used in the early Islamic society were generally used before in Arabia. Later on, Muslims encountered new writing tools and did not delay in taking advantage of the advantages provided by them. These tools have been rearranged, depending on the fact that official correspondence and records in state institutions are subject to certain rules. The pen, which was one of the main writing instruments, was obtained by cutting the tip of the reed. In this period, different sized pens were used depending on the writing style. Indeed, some writing styles are named according to the size of the nib. Knife and cutting table were used to cut the tip of the pen. The pen, which has a spiritual value, is also identified with the profession of clerk. Ink, another necessary material for writing, was used in two types as soot (midâd) and metallic-liquid (ḥibr) during the Abbasid period. The inkwells were either manufactured as a standalone object or prepared as a part of the devat in which the writing sets were placed. The object written on it has changed according to time and place. At the beginning of these objects are parchment, papyrus, paper and fabric. In the early days, Muslims preferred the material used by the previous states. Because papyrus was used in Egypt and Syria where Byzantium dominated, and parchment in Iraq where Sassanids dominated. Paper, which is lighter and more useful than these two materials, was used in China. Paper, which started to be produced in Samarkand during the establishment years of the Abbasid State, started to be produced in Baghdad after a while. The rapid spread of paper in the Islamic world during the Abbasid period was clearly reflected in the copyright and translation movement. Apart from these, silk and similar fabrics were also used in official letters sent to neighboring countries. Apart from the clerks working in state institutions, scholars and literati also needed writing tools. In line with this demand, the profession of woodworking, which is engaged in the sale of writing instruments, has emerged. It is stated that there are detached bazaars in Baghdad belonging to this professional, who is also busy with book copying. On the other hand, there was a rich literature on the nature and use of writing materials in the Abbasid period. In this field, the subject is included as a chapter in the handbooks written to guide the scribes and students of science, as well as the individual works were written. The writing materials, which were shaped in the Abbasid period in the Islamic society, continued to be used for centuries in different Muslim states in the later periods. The influence of state institutions and clerks on this issue is clearly visible. The importance of writing materials as an interaction tool between different cultures and civilizations is worth examining as a separate issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of digital divide at the regional level empirically in Turkey. For this purpose, the digital divide of 12 regions at the TR Nuts 1 level was analyzed using EDAS and MAIRCA methods. The analysis was made separately with the 2011 and August 2021 data, and in this way, the ten-year variation of the digital divide between the regions was revealed. As a result of the analysis, it has been revealed that there is a significant digital gap between regions in Turkey and the distribution of this gap within the regions has hardly changed in the last ten years. As of 2021, the ranking of 12 regions regarding digital division has been determined as Istanbul, West Anatolia, East Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean, Central Anatolia, East Black Sea, West Marmara, Southeast Anatolia, West Black Sea, Middle East Anatolia, Northeast Anatolia regions. The parallelism of the results of this study with previous empirical studies in the literature reveals that the digital divide in Turkey has continued with similar differences for many years. This paper is different from other studies in the literature in that it includes the comparison of the last ten years and makes use of multi-criteria decision-making methods in the detection of the digital divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child marriages are not historical issues or a thing of the past. This issue, which has legal, social, economic, psychologic, and anthropological roots and should be examined in this context, stands as a global and burning problem that awaits a solution not only in Turkey but also in all parts of the world including developed countries. Moreover, child marriage did not exist only in Ottoman-Islamic legal regulations but also in Chinese, Japanese, Indian, Roman, Egyptian, and Athenian civilizations. It has also been part of Hebrew or Christian traditions. Therefore, this phenomenon should not be reduced to a single society, culture, civilization, or religious tradition. Child marriage is related to the meaning associated with the concept of marriage and rather than an application that takes religion as a reference. Thus, it is necessary to accurately understand the meaning associated with the concept of child in Ottoman-Islamic law in order to comprehend this phenomenon in the Ottoman history. Those who are considered children in the 21st century was considered adults in the 19th or early 20th century. They were treated as individuals who claimed social and legal responsibilities. Therefore, one should pay attention to historical meanings of childhood in order to understand the teen marriages in the past rather than looking at the present meaning of the term. Otherwise, a contextual understanding of practices of previous centuries will be obscured. In the Ottoman Empire, Hanafism, the official Islamic school of law, had not set an age limit for the eligibility of marriage until 1917 when reformists passed a new regulation, i.e., the Family Law. Again, according to the Hanafi perspective, extended family members or relatives had been empowered to marry off younger members of the family, which is called "velâyet-i icbâr." Consequently, it allowed grandfathers, fathers, or other senior members of an extended family to marry off children. In the Ottoman society marrying off young women was already a custom and it was usual to marry off young girls as well. Various factors played a role for child marriages. Economic considerations were part of familial motivation but there were also considerations of "sexual purity" before marriage or family reputation. In some cases, grooms did not want to miss an opportunity to marry a girl whom they wanted to unite their lives with. In other cases, families simply wanted to ease their "financial burden" on their family budget. The number of orphans among the early marriages in the Ottoman society amounted to a significant rate and it should not be underestimated in general evaluation of the subject. In order to secure the welfare of the orphan girls their guardians usually married them off at an early age with a noble intention. However, ill-tended relatives also involved in marrying orphan girls and abused their legal powers. This paper examines such an abusive case on Nesibe's marriage in the 19th century. When young Nesibe's father passed away, a legal guardian was assigned a legal while her mother Hayriye hanim was alive. When Nesibe was visiting her older sister in Beykoz, her sister married off Nesibe. When her mother and legal guardian were informed about this marriage, Hayriye hanim went to Zaptiye Nezâreti (Ottoman Police Department) along with the guardian Hafiz Halid Efendi to petition about the marriage. In their petition they expressed that they had also married off Nesibe to a "honorable and moral" man three months ago. In this situation, Nesibe was thirteen years old when her mother and legal guardian married off her three months before her sister married off her to another man again. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that how "velâyet-i icbâr," the power of an extended family members or relatives to marry off young members of the family, had been abused in the Ottoman empire as the case of Nesibe's marriage provides some evidence. Islamic jurisprudents, especially those of the Hanafi school of law, drew a very broad framework for the velâyet-i icbâr, which provided the basis of many teen marriages in the Ottoman history. In this regard, this article presents a useful case study to the Ottoman practices of teen marriage. The paper examines the story of Nesibe, a thirteen-years-old girl, who had been married off twice by her elders, and analyzes the subsequent complaints made by petitions to the Ottoman police department. The issue is traced from the official correspondence between Ottoman administrative institutions. Relevant documents are located in the President's Ottoman Archives in the Council of State section by the 782nd file and 26th cover comprising eleven documents in total. Teen marriage is the subject of religious studies because of its direct relation to Islamic law and social history of the Ottoman Empire. The question of teen marriage has already been the subject of detailed discussion among the jurisprudential corpora and books. For instance, the texts on teen marriage constitute a great extend among the published works of Islamic jurisprudence such as "Ahkâmu'l-Tıfl" (Regulations on Minors) and demonstrates the significant relevance of the topic for religious studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore Nicholas of Cusa's, who is regarded as one of the most important philosophers of the fifteenth century, understanding of religious language and opinions on the type of definitions that can be made about God. Considering the abundant Western literature derived from the research on the philosophy of Cusa, it is possible to state that the studies conducted in Turkey have remained quite limited. However, Cusa's views have the characteristics of a transition between the Medieval Age and the Renaissance due to the period he lived in, making his views worthy of exploring for the influence on and a more accurate understanding of the two periods mentioned. Indeed, while Cusa received education on Scholastic science, he recognized the signs of a new world culture that was just about to emerge in Europe in his early academic career and searched for the opportunities to transition to a humanism-based, more liberal way of thinking. The system he introduced was quite different from Scholasticism benefited from Plato for the philosophical background, theology for the topics, and the dialectical method derived by focusing on the cognitive structure of human beings for the methodology. From this perspective, Cusa can be regarded as one of the important figures following the tradition of Platonism; alternatively, he can also be recognized as a significant figure in the way of drawing an intellectual line to make a clear separation between Platonism and Neoplatonism. Effectively applied mathematical knowledge to his philosophy, Cusa tried to develop a Christ-based ontology and epistemology as well as to interpret the key beliefs of Christianity on this particular basis. According to Cusa, the key attribute of God is unity and simplicity, and therefore it is impossible to understand God through multiplicity in things. Thus, God cannot be understood by intellectual abstraction that is derived from things. Here the issue of talking about God in Cusa is based on exploring the possibilities of human cognitive ability in the face of God's infinity. Concordantly, the philosophy of Cusa should be considered a dialectical system that features a realistic view on both the unity of God and the reality and deity of the realm and strives to build a language in accordance with this vision. The manifestation of this dialectic in the language is revealed by bringing the concept of mind forward, on one hand, and through the idea of the ontological source of the Divine mind over things, on the other hand. The idea of the inadequacy of such effort that is realized at the level of representative language is philosophically and experimentally manifested as the first stage, and then as the antithesis, a mystical intellectual effort is established in the sense of spiritual purification and withdrawal of the mind from all affirmative knowledge claims, as the second stage. In other words, Cusa, being inspired by the Platonic ontology, first tried to develop a concept of existence at the level of phenomena through the idea of proportionality that he derived from mathematics to employ a representative language, and then he arrived at a view, which he called "Learned Ignorance" (De docta ignorantia), suggesting that the only knowledge we can have about God is that He cannot be known. This, in turn, led to the emergence of an idea of absolution, at a different intellectual level, that aims to release God from all definitions and an endeavor to develop a language in accordance with such an idea. Herein, according to Cusa, human comprehension can only come into contact with the infinite and absolute through such an idea of absolution. The present paper discusses that Cusa considered both affirmative (representation) and negative (absolution) language as a preliminary stage and proposed such language as required by the dialectical methodology he employed, and he used a representative language as the third way to combine these two ways in the person of Christ as almost the Word of God. This point, which is mostly overlooked in Cusa's use of religious language, is based on the idea of acknowledging God as an intellectual elevation and therefore a subject exceeding the common uses of language, which is achieved as a result of an experimental experience, rather than reaching God through a set of propositions that can be regarded as the product of inferential comprehension. Herein, it seems that Cusa tried to utilize the paradoxical language to the best possible extent and introduced a quite functional and multidimensional language in this sense. Finally, we would like to express the key motivation of the present study, which is our belief that prospective comparisons between the views of Nicholas of Cusa, who can be described as the philosopher of harmony, and several philosophical and religious mystical views that emerged within the Islamic theology, especially with the influence of Platonism, can reveal significant findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to analyze previous studies on the challenges experienced by social studies teachers in values education with the meta-synthesis method and to determine the general trends in the problems experienced in values education. The studies in the literature were determined with Google academic search engine, EBSCOhost and Dergipark databases. In the study, eight articles were analyzed out of 22 papers on the views of social studies teachers on the challenges experienced in values education and published between 2014 and 2020. The findings reported in these papers were analyzed and synthesized based on the basic stages of the metasynthesis method, and a meta-synthesis was conducted with the determined themes. The analysis of the views of social studies teachers revealed that the challenges experienced in values education included the incompetency of the teachers in values education, the problems associated with the curriculum and textbooks, and the incompetency of the parents in value education. The solutions recommended by the teachers included the improvement of the cooperation between the school, teachers, and the parents, parental knowledge, the concretization of the values in courses, association of the course content with life, reorganization of the textbooks, and the curricula for values education, control of the media and support of the media in values education. The recommendations of the authors are also included in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ontic and epistemic, even ethical and aesthetic existence of human beings acquires meaning with identity. Identity is a paradoxical structure that expresses involvement and integrity as well as marginalizing and revealing differences. Common language, values, attitudes, opinions and beliefs are the causes and effects of identification. The individual or micro is surrounded by the society or macro, and macro has introduced to the micro. The macro world constructs the psychological and cognitive structure of the micro world. But at the same time, the background of this macro world is determined by the identities that it shares with the micro world. The identities that make up the collective identities may differ according to the conjuncture. Thus, identity has been built with understanding that changes according to time and society. Religious hegemony was dominant in most parts of the world during the Middle Age. Thus, religion which essentially means transforming chaos into cosmos, was used as the most important tool to maintain order by the states. It retained its dominant position over political and other decisions by the authority for many years. This situation brought a society based on religious identity. This structure had created an organic bond between the state and society. This link was the only representative of identity. The organic bond between the state and society was likewise built on religion in the Ottoman Empire. It was placed as the unique element that shaped the perception of individual or collective identity. Religious differences in Ottoman Empire constitutes the epistemological essence of identity. Placing religion merely in the semantic domain of the concept of identity was making it decisive of identity. The fact that social identity corresponds only to religious partnership, independent of cultural and linguistic partnership, has caused individual reality to deviate from social reality, in the population known as Karamanlides in the current literature that will be used in this paper as the Turkophone Anatolian Orthodoxes. This deviation would be particularly felt in the following centuries, when religious affiliation would be replaced by tribal belonging. This paper takes issue with cultural identities of two communities that were separated by religion. It seeks to reveal cultural identicalness of two communities when religious identity has not been replaced by tribal one. It is based on the work Ανατολ Τουρκιουλερι that was published in 1896 and was the first folk magazine in the Ottoman Empire, points out the commonality, in other words, integration in the individual existence of social identities separated by the religion. A particular focus is on one of the folk songs in the booklet Ανατολ Τουρκιουλερι, which contains folk songs collected through field research among Orthodox people: “A Girl Being Bride”. The Turkish poet in question has a pseudonym with the other image of his poet: The poet has a marginalised alias named: “Kul Shadi”. In the axis of Kul Shadi and his Turkish folk song with Greek Letters known as Karamanli Turkish in the current literature and named in this article as Turkish with Greek Letters, this article aims to determine language and cultural identities between two communities in the Ottoman Empire that had been separated by religious identities, however, essentially they could not be separated. Consequently, it is proper to say that a single subject as the bearer of social idendity is inadequate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every text, in addition to its main idea and notional framework, has a context that reflects the background of the milieu in which it was written. In this respect, it would be paid attention in the identity of the text, which waiting to be discovered like a hidden treasure within lines and reflecting its time, as much as giving importance to the sentences of the text. Adopting such an approach, in a sense, could contribute to a better understanding of the spirit of the text. In addition, this approach is of great importance in bringing the treatises that built our civilization, especially the stories of many manuscripts waiting to be revealed, to modern scholarship. Therefore, each step on this path of discovery makes an outstanding contribution to the understanding of the ultimate extent of our civilization’s history. This paper aims to take a step on this path by examining a manuscript that depicts the Ottoman scholarly environment in the 18th century. Both the critical edition of the treatise, Ilzām al-muʿānidīn wa-ibṭāl zaʿm al-ḥāsidīn, and its translation constitute the scope and focus of this paper. The paper also aims to have a general view of the historical context of the treatise and a concise analysis in light of this information. Later, it is aimed to let the reader be alone with the edited Arabic text and its Turkish translation by leaving her/him alone in this intellectual journey. Another reason for choosing the treatise is that it is related to ʿiṣmah al anbiyā (the infallibility of the Messengers of Allah), which is a highly sensitive issue of kalām in terms of both thematically and methodologically. Moreover, this subject is extremely meaningful in terms of the revelationcentered structure of kalam, the nature of the concept of Messenger of Allah, and the understanding of the issues formed around being a Messenger of Allah. Following both etymological and discursive evaluation based on classical sources (especially related to fiqh), the treatise discusses whether the Messengers of Allah are protected from the faint (ighmāʾ) or not. Its main question is whether the faint be considered in the context of ʿiṣmah al anbiyā or not. First of all, the author explains the reasons for writing the treatise in the introduction and then, underlines prominently the results in the conclusion. Both chapters may be the most significant parts in respect of reflecting the identity of the text. The given messages by determining the causal relations in these chapters provide significant clues about the conflict between the Kadizādeli and the Sivasī, which adversely affected the history of Ottoman thought, and emerged trends as a consequence of that. The most prominent theme is that it is highly recommended to adopt a moderate way to overcome the negative effects of the conflict that polarized many people. Ultimately, the treatise is an extremely important text in terms of being the first witness of a time period, in which one of the greatest turning points emerged in our intellectual history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main problems of the soul theory is how the soul, which has no material properties, interacts with body. Because it is difficult to understand how an immaterial being interacts with matter. In particular, as our scientific understanding of the way the brain works and how it affects our psychology expands, the question of whether a soul is needed for the mind manifests itself more strongly. In this context, current data on the close connection between the brain and the mind is often used as an objection to the understanding of the soul. One of the recent data that has been claimed to have dealt a heavy blow against the understanding of the soul is the split-brain case. The split-brain case is the name given to the condition of patients whose brain hemispheres are surgically separated from each other. The difference of this case from other cases used against dualism is that it pointed out that the integrity of consciousness also depends on the brain. Because although there was a connection between many mental functions and the brain before, it was not between the unity of consciousness. For it was a new claim that the unity of consciousness also depends on the brain. On the contrary, arguments were used in favor of the existence of the soul, stating that the brain cannot provide the unity of consciousness due to its multi-part structure, and therefore an indivisible soul is necessary. Whereas, in the split-brain case, patients whose brain hemispheres were separated from each other could think and act like two different people. This is interpreted as contrary to the soul view, which argues that the individual and the soul are indivisible. The present study considers whether the split-brain case does indeed offer a strong argument against dualism. In this paper, first of all, more detailed information about the split-brain case will be given. Then, the arguments of those who use this case against dualism and why the issue seems problematic in terms of the soul view will be discussed. Afterwards, some solutions offered by dualists to this problem will be evaluated. There are three different strategies that dualists follow at this point. The first one rejects the idea that consciousness is divided as a result of the split-brain phenomenon, the second rejects the idea that the soul is indivisible, and the third way accepts both, but argues that they are not contradictory, because a single soul can have a divided consciousness. This paper argues that even if it is accepted that more than one stream of consciousness emerges as a result of the split-brain case, this cannot be seen as a finishing blow to dualism. Despite this, the case in question can be regarded as a strong argument against dualism. For a counter-argument to be strong, it does not need to conclusively demonstrate the falsity of what it opposes. It suffices to show the weakness of its probability of being true. In this respect, the split-brain case greatly weakens the probability of dualism being true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of the internet has enabled the use of cryptocurrencies as an alternative to physical money. How to account for crypto currencies according to Turkish Accounting Standards/Turkish Financial Reporting Standards is still an open issue. The aim of the paper is to shed some light on this issue. This paper discusses different approaches to account for these items depending on whether they are treated as cash and cash equivalents, financial instruments, inventories, or intangible assets. We discuss explanations regarding account titles and sample accounting records and how they are presented in accordance with the standards of crypto currency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Relevance ranking algorithms rank retrieved documents based on the degrees of topical similarity (relevance) between search queries and documents. This paper aims to introduce a new relevance ranking method combining a probabilistic topic modeling algorithm with citation data. Data and Method: We applied this method to the iSearch corpus of c. 435,000 physics papers. We first ran the topic modeling algorithm on titles and summaries of all papers for 65 search queries and obtained the relevance ranking lists. We then used citation data with the existing relevance rankings, thereby incrementally refining the results. The outcome produced better relevance rankings with papers covering various aspects of the topic searched as well as the more marginal ones. Finally, we evaluated the retrieval performance of the proposed method. Findings: Findings suggest that the topic modeling algorithm might sometimes overlook the terms used in different contexts in the papers. However, the fusion of citation data to relevance ranking lists provides additional contextual information, thereby enriching the results further with various papers of higher relevance. Moreover, results can easily be re-ranked. Implications: We argue that once it is tested on dynamic corpora for computational load, robustness, replicability, and scalability, the proposed method can, in time, be used in both local and international information systems such as TR-Dizin, Web of Science, and Scopus. Originality: The proposed method is, as far as we know, the first one that shows that relevance rankings produced with a topic modeling algorithm can be incrementally refined using citation data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between financial development and economic growth has been one of the intensely discussed and emprically researched issues in academic world. The principle target of this paper is to examine the association between economic growth and financial development by utilising a non-linear technique, Markov Regime Switching Model, using annual data in nine market economies (Bulgaria, Crotia, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Ukraine) as stated by the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI). This article's research diverges from other articles and contributes to the existing liteature since i) this paper considers potential shifts in constant and parameters of economic growth function through a non-linear technique in which shifts in the function of economic growth are specified endogenously, ii) this research employs a nonlinear function of economic growth in comparison to other articles which utilise linear methods and Hi) this research is different in terms of analysed countries and time period. As for the findings, in most of the eight models established, the financial development growth proxy 1 negatively affects economic growth. In the case of the financial development growth proxy 2, its effect on economic growth is not clear, in some models the result is negative, in others the result is positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deviations from the public ethical values, on which public morality is built, can lead to corruption, unethical behaviors and irreparable losses in public management. There are responsibilities to maintain and sustain public morality in a society: Individuals should adopt public ethical values and comply with them in their interactions with public management. State officials also should deliver public services in compliance with those values. Adopting and sticking to public ethical values by state officials and other members of the society requires a structure of society and state administration, which consists of individuals internalizing these values as "requirements of virtue" and reflecting them to their routine behaviors as a habit. This paper focuses on Ahlâk-ı Alâî of Kınalızade Ali Çelebi, famous Ottoman Scholar of the 16th century, in order to gain understanding on how to develop an ethical management approach based on "virtue" in the public sector. In this study, Kınalızâde's work will be evaluated in terms of the management framework developed by the OECD on ethical management requirements in the public sector. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to raise awareness about the key issues deemed as necessary by the author in his work to strengthen an ethical management understanding based on virtue in the public sector. The paper concludes that Ahlâk-ı Alâî includes management approaches in order to provide ethical guidance, ethical management of state officials, monitor and control virtuous (ethical) behavior in public sector. Therefore, it is possible to say that Ahlâk-ı Alâî should be taken as a reference source in order to build a public management structure consisting of virtuous state officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While hundreds of scientific and artistic studies have been undertaken about Yunus Emre, one of the most important figures of Turkish culture and literature, only a few bibliographic studies have been chosen to compile these studies. Moreover, some of the studies are quite narrow in scope. There has been a rapid increase in the literature about Yunus Emre since the first comprehensive bibliographic study covering the period up to 1991. However, it remains a major shortcoming in the field that a comprehensive bibliography study has not been conducted. In this paper, which was written on the occasion of Yunus Emre Year, the author aimed to make a bibliographical master-text of the literature about Yunus Emre from 1991 to 2021. The bibliographic tags of the books, theses, articles, symposiums, and papers published between these years are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ahmet Mithat Efendi, who discussed the social, cultural and administrative structure of the period through his works, was one of the most prolific writers of his time. Focusing on public education, Ahmet Mithat Efendi wrote about different subjects such as Westernization, social life, education, women's education, marriage, superstitions, slavery, minorities and he aimed to be didactic through his characters. The stories and novels penned by Ahmet Mithat Efendi addressing the social and political structure, serve thus as a source of information on the society of his time. This paper seeks to analyze the perspective on the administration and civil service system in the novels of Ahmet Mithat Efendi as well as the positive and negative criticisms in these novels; and to provide insights into the social and political structure of the period. To that end, it examines the following works of Ahmet Mithat Efendi that are relevant for the research subject: Felâtun Bey ve Rakım Efendi, Paris'te Bir Türk, Esrâr-ı Cinâyat, Müşahedat and Jön Türk. This paper concludes that civil service was as a respectable profession in the Tanzimat period, that degenerated due to the unsuitability of people in this profession and lack of professional discipline. While Ahmet Mithat Efendi made some criticisms in his works on administration, he nevertheless never extended criticisms to the sultan to include any negative expression on his person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]